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Dr. María Fernández-Raga
Department of Applied Physics, University of Leon, Leon, Spain

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0 Erosion
0 karstification
0 Rainfall characterization
0 Measurements of rainfall
0 Rainfall simulators

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Erosion
Weather types
Splash erosion
Disdrometers

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Review
Published: 22 June 2021 in Materials
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Most concrete studies are concentrated on mechanical properties especially strength properties either directly or indirectly (fresh and durability properties). Hence, the ratio of split tensile strength to compressive strength plays a vital role in defining the concrete properties. In this review, the impact of design parameters on the strength ratio of various grades of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with recycled aggregate is assessed. The design parameters considered for the study are Water to Cement (W/C) ratio, Water to Binder (W/B) ratio, Total Aggregates to Cement (TA/C) ratio, Fine Aggregate to Coarse Aggregate (FA/CA) ratio, Water to Solid (W/S) ratio in percentage, superplasticizer (SP) content (kg/cu.m), replacement percentage of recycled coarse aggregates (RCA), replacement percentage of recycled fine aggregates (RFA), fresh density and loading area of the specimen. It is observed that the strength ratio of SCC with recycled aggregates is affected by design parameters.

ACS Style

Rebeca Martínez-García; P. Jagadesh; Gabriel Búrdalo-Salcedo; Covadonga Palencia; María Fernández-Raga; Fernando Fraile-Fernández. Impact of Design Parameters on the Ratio of Compressive to Split Tensile Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete with Recycled Aggregate. Materials 2021, 14, 3480 .

AMA Style

Rebeca Martínez-García, P. Jagadesh, Gabriel Búrdalo-Salcedo, Covadonga Palencia, María Fernández-Raga, Fernando Fraile-Fernández. Impact of Design Parameters on the Ratio of Compressive to Split Tensile Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete with Recycled Aggregate. Materials. 2021; 14 (13):3480.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rebeca Martínez-García; P. Jagadesh; Gabriel Búrdalo-Salcedo; Covadonga Palencia; María Fernández-Raga; Fernando Fraile-Fernández. 2021. "Impact of Design Parameters on the Ratio of Compressive to Split Tensile Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete with Recycled Aggregate." Materials 14, no. 13: 3480.

Research article
Published: 25 January 2021 in Air, Soil and Water Research
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Water is one of the most important erosive agents in roadside hillslopes. When these are built with ineffective drainage systems, erosion occurs, reducing road’s service life. However, these systems are not receiving the appropriate importance, given their strategic value. Therefore, a new drainage system called ‘branched’ is proposed in this study. Its technical and economic feasibility is compared with those of the traditional system, which consists of drainages with lines that follow maximum hillslope, to assess differences in relation to erosion, construction and maintenance costs, and service life. Different parameters were analysed, such as the average velocity of water (mm−1) running through the channels, its average specific energy (kJ), and its drag force (N). A scale model was constructed and used to test these factors before implementing it in natural terrain for testing it under field conditions. According to the theoretical and measured results, these factors were lower in the branched drainage than in the traditional one (from 24% to 34% in speed, from 37% to 60% in energy, and from 51% to 73% in force). The service life of hillslopes with a branched system of up to 0.5 m high and 1:2 grade is significantly longer than in those with a traditional drainage. Although the initial economic expense for the construction of the branched system is higher (€3534/m3 as opposed to €2930/m3 for the traditional one), its maintenance cost will be lower than the traditional one (€1230/m3 per year for the branched one as opposed to €1332/m3 per year for the traditional one). Consequently, under our experimental conditions, the proposed drainage will be profitable from the eighth year of construction, saving on the road maintenance in the following 15 years of service life.

ACS Style

María Fernández-Raga; Iván García-Díez; Julian Campo; Julio Viejo; Covadonga Palencia. Effectiveness of a New Drainage System for Decreasing Erosion in Road Hillslopes. Air, Soil and Water Research 2021, 14, 1 .

AMA Style

María Fernández-Raga, Iván García-Díez, Julian Campo, Julio Viejo, Covadonga Palencia. Effectiveness of a New Drainage System for Decreasing Erosion in Road Hillslopes. Air, Soil and Water Research. 2021; 14 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Fernández-Raga; Iván García-Díez; Julian Campo; Julio Viejo; Covadonga Palencia. 2021. "Effectiveness of a New Drainage System for Decreasing Erosion in Road Hillslopes." Air, Soil and Water Research 14, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 December 2020 in Journal of Arid Environments
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This research aimed to estimate the splash erosion and its evolution during the first months in specific land uses after a forest fire. The study area was located in Congosto (North-West Spain), in the margins of Spanish drylands, after a wildfire occurred in May 2012, which burned 15.56 ha of scrubland and Pinus reforestation. Two different burned land uses were selected and compared to control areas: i) burned pine forest; and, scrublands. Rainfall intensity and the number, sizes and speed of raindrops were measured by an optical disdrometer and soil loss by funnels. Moreover, infiltration, soil moisture content, aggregate stability, water repellence, pH and organic matter were also measured. Results showed that the highest soil losses occurred in the burned areas, especially in the scrubland plots. The most influential factors were the presence of bare soil and the low vegetation recovery rate. Changes in soil properties did not significantly influence splash erosion, although an increase in the presence of smaller classes of aggregates could promote erosion in the scrubland. We conclude that the vegetation ecosystem restoration is the key issue to be considered after a wildfire, especially, in those types of land uses which are severely affected by the fire in the margins of drylands.

ACS Style

María Fernández-Raga; Estefanía García Gutiérrez; Saskia D. Keesstra; Reyes Tárrega; João P. Nunes; Elena Marcos; Jesús Rodrigo-Comino. Determining the potential impacts of fire and different land uses on splash erosion in the margins of drylands. Journal of Arid Environments 2020, 186, 104419 .

AMA Style

María Fernández-Raga, Estefanía García Gutiérrez, Saskia D. Keesstra, Reyes Tárrega, João P. Nunes, Elena Marcos, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino. Determining the potential impacts of fire and different land uses on splash erosion in the margins of drylands. Journal of Arid Environments. 2020; 186 ():104419.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Fernández-Raga; Estefanía García Gutiérrez; Saskia D. Keesstra; Reyes Tárrega; João P. Nunes; Elena Marcos; Jesús Rodrigo-Comino. 2020. "Determining the potential impacts of fire and different land uses on splash erosion in the margins of drylands." Journal of Arid Environments 186, no. : 104419.

Book chapter
Published: 23 November 2020 in Designing and implementing virtual exchange – a collection of case studies
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This case study describes two iterations of a cross-disciplinary Virtual Exchange (VE) project developed between the Universities of Bordeaux (France) and León (Spain), involving students of Applied Physics and Measurement Engineering (APME), and Electrical Engineering. The students worked together on designing a real garden in Bordeaux within ecological and sustainable parameters. This Project-Based Learning (PBL) activity helped them develop both their content knowledge and their competences in English, teamwork, time management, and self-evaluation.

ACS Style

María Fernández-Raga; Thierry Villard. Multidisciplinary and international virtual collaboration on the “Shared Garden” between the Universities of Bordeaux and León. Designing and implementing virtual exchange – a collection of case studies 2020, 59 -68.

AMA Style

María Fernández-Raga, Thierry Villard. Multidisciplinary and international virtual collaboration on the “Shared Garden” between the Universities of Bordeaux and León. Designing and implementing virtual exchange – a collection of case studies. 2020; ():59-68.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Fernández-Raga; Thierry Villard. 2020. "Multidisciplinary and international virtual collaboration on the “Shared Garden” between the Universities of Bordeaux and León." Designing and implementing virtual exchange – a collection of case studies , no. : 59-68.

Review article
Published: 02 October 2020 in Environmental Research
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Since the COVID-19 outbreak, researchers have tried to characterise the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms of the virus and prevent further dissemination. As a consequence, there has been a bloom in scientific research papers focused on the behaviour of the virus in different environmental contexts. Nevertheless, despite these efforts and due to its novelty, available information about this coronavirus is limited, as several research studies are still ongoing. This review aims to shed light on this issue. To that end, we have examined the scientific literature to date regarding the viability of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces and fluids or under different environmental conditions (temperature, precipitation and UV radiation). We have also addressed the role of animals in the transmission of this coronavirus.

ACS Style

María Fernández-Raga; Laura Díaz-Marugán; Marta García Escolano; Carlos Bort; Víctor Fanjul. SARS-CoV-2 viability under different meteorological conditions, surfaces, fluids and transmission between animals. Environmental Research 2020, 192, 110293 -110293.

AMA Style

María Fernández-Raga, Laura Díaz-Marugán, Marta García Escolano, Carlos Bort, Víctor Fanjul. SARS-CoV-2 viability under different meteorological conditions, surfaces, fluids and transmission between animals. Environmental Research. 2020; 192 ():110293-110293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Fernández-Raga; Laura Díaz-Marugán; Marta García Escolano; Carlos Bort; Víctor Fanjul. 2020. "SARS-CoV-2 viability under different meteorological conditions, surfaces, fluids and transmission between animals." Environmental Research 192, no. : 110293-110293.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2020 in Atmosphere
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Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations.

ACS Style

D. Peña-Angulo; E. Nadal-Romero; J.C. González-Hidalgo; J. Albaladejo; V. Andreu; H. Bahri; S. Bernal; M. Biddoccu; R. Bienes; J. Campo; Miguel Ángel Campo-Bescós; A. Canatário-Duarte; Y. Cantón; J. Casali; V. Castillo; E. Cavallo; A. Cerdà; P. Cid; N. Cortesi; G. Desir; Elvira Diaz Pereira; T. Espigares; J. Estrany; J. Farguell; M. Fernández-Raga; C.S. Ferreira; V. Ferro; F. Gallart; R. Giménez; E. Gimeno; J.A. Gómez; A. Gómez-Gutiérrez; H. Gómez-Macpherson; O. González-Pelayo; O. Kairis; G.P. Karatzas; S. Keesstra; S. Klotz; C. Kosmas; N. Lana-Renault; T. Lasanta; J. Latron; R. Lázaro; Y. Le Bissonnais; C. Le Bouteiller; F. Licciardello; J.A. López-Tarazón; A. Lucía; V.M. Marín-Moreno; C. Marín; M.J. Marqués; J. Martínez-Fernández; M. Martínez-Mena; L. Mateos; N. Mathys; L. Merino-Martín; M. Moreno-De Las Heras; N. Moustakas; J.M. Nicolau; V. Pampalone; D. Raclot; M.L. Rodríguez-Blanco; J. Rodrigo-Comino; A. Romero-Díaz; Encarnación Taguas Ruiz; J.L. Rubio; S. Schnabel; J.M. Senciales-González; A. Solé-Benet; E.V. Taguas; M.T. Taboada-Castro; F. Todisco; X. Úbeda; E.A. Varouchakis; L. Wittenberg; A. Zabaleta; M. Zorn. Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 609 .

AMA Style

D. Peña-Angulo, E. Nadal-Romero, J.C. González-Hidalgo, J. Albaladejo, V. Andreu, H. Bahri, S. Bernal, M. Biddoccu, R. Bienes, J. Campo, Miguel Ángel Campo-Bescós, A. Canatário-Duarte, Y. Cantón, J. Casali, V. Castillo, E. Cavallo, A. Cerdà, P. Cid, N. Cortesi, G. Desir, Elvira Diaz Pereira, T. Espigares, J. Estrany, J. Farguell, M. Fernández-Raga, C.S. Ferreira, V. Ferro, F. Gallart, R. Giménez, E. Gimeno, J.A. Gómez, A. Gómez-Gutiérrez, H. Gómez-Macpherson, O. González-Pelayo, O. Kairis, G.P. Karatzas, S. Keesstra, S. Klotz, C. Kosmas, N. Lana-Renault, T. Lasanta, J. Latron, R. Lázaro, Y. Le Bissonnais, C. Le Bouteiller, F. Licciardello, J.A. López-Tarazón, A. Lucía, V.M. Marín-Moreno, C. Marín, M.J. Marqués, J. Martínez-Fernández, M. Martínez-Mena, L. Mateos, N. Mathys, L. Merino-Martín, M. Moreno-De Las Heras, N. Moustakas, J.M. Nicolau, V. Pampalone, D. Raclot, M.L. Rodríguez-Blanco, J. Rodrigo-Comino, A. Romero-Díaz, Encarnación Taguas Ruiz, J.L. Rubio, S. Schnabel, J.M. Senciales-González, A. Solé-Benet, E.V. Taguas, M.T. Taboada-Castro, F. Todisco, X. Úbeda, E.A. Varouchakis, L. Wittenberg, A. Zabaleta, M. Zorn. Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (6):609.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Peña-Angulo; E. Nadal-Romero; J.C. González-Hidalgo; J. Albaladejo; V. Andreu; H. Bahri; S. Bernal; M. Biddoccu; R. Bienes; J. Campo; Miguel Ángel Campo-Bescós; A. Canatário-Duarte; Y. Cantón; J. Casali; V. Castillo; E. Cavallo; A. Cerdà; P. Cid; N. Cortesi; G. Desir; Elvira Diaz Pereira; T. Espigares; J. Estrany; J. Farguell; M. Fernández-Raga; C.S. Ferreira; V. Ferro; F. Gallart; R. Giménez; E. Gimeno; J.A. Gómez; A. Gómez-Gutiérrez; H. Gómez-Macpherson; O. González-Pelayo; O. Kairis; G.P. Karatzas; S. Keesstra; S. Klotz; C. Kosmas; N. Lana-Renault; T. Lasanta; J. Latron; R. Lázaro; Y. Le Bissonnais; C. Le Bouteiller; F. Licciardello; J.A. López-Tarazón; A. Lucía; V.M. Marín-Moreno; C. Marín; M.J. Marqués; J. Martínez-Fernández; M. Martínez-Mena; L. Mateos; N. Mathys; L. Merino-Martín; M. Moreno-De Las Heras; N. Moustakas; J.M. Nicolau; V. Pampalone; D. Raclot; M.L. Rodríguez-Blanco; J. Rodrigo-Comino; A. Romero-Díaz; Encarnación Taguas Ruiz; J.L. Rubio; S. Schnabel; J.M. Senciales-González; A. Solé-Benet; E.V. Taguas; M.T. Taboada-Castro; F. Todisco; X. Úbeda; E.A. Varouchakis; L. Wittenberg; A. Zabaleta; M. Zorn. 2020. "Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin." Atmosphere 11, no. 6: 609.

Journal article
Published: 28 April 2020 in Atmosphere
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This paper compares two different geographical sites, Aveiro and León, from different climatic regions, oceanic and continental, but which share the same type of weather (according to Lamb’s classification). The analysis was carried out over one year, and has revealed that rainfall in Aveiro is heavier and more abundant, with a higher number of raindrops and a longer duration of rain events (on average, 10 min longer than in Leon). Mean raindrop size is 0.45 mm in Aveiro and slightly smaller (0.37 mm) in Leon; in addition, the kinetic energy and linear momentum values in Aveiro are three times higher than those in Leon. A comparison of raindrop size distributions by weather type has shown that for both locations westerly weather presented a higher probability of rainfall, and the gamma distribution parameters for each weather type were independent of the study zone. When the analysis is done for the characteristics of rain related with erosion, the westerly cyclonic weather types (cyclonic west (CW) and cyclonic south-westerly (CSW)) are among the most energetic ones in both locations. However, comparing their five weather types with higher kinetic energy, in Aveiro a westerly component implies higher kinetic energy, while in Leon a southerly component involves more energy in the rain.

ACS Style

María Fernández-Raga; Roberto Fraile; Covadonga Palencia; Elena Marcos; Ana María Castañón; Amaya Castro. The Role of Weather Types in Assessing the Rainfall Key Factors for Erosion in Two Different Climatic Regions. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 443 .

AMA Style

María Fernández-Raga, Roberto Fraile, Covadonga Palencia, Elena Marcos, Ana María Castañón, Amaya Castro. The Role of Weather Types in Assessing the Rainfall Key Factors for Erosion in Two Different Climatic Regions. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (5):443.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Fernández-Raga; Roberto Fraile; Covadonga Palencia; Elena Marcos; Ana María Castañón; Amaya Castro. 2020. "The Role of Weather Types in Assessing the Rainfall Key Factors for Erosion in Two Different Climatic Regions." Atmosphere 11, no. 5: 443.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2019 in Water
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For the study of soil erosion it is important to set up the experiments well. In the experimental design one of the key factors is the choice of the measurement device. This is especially important when one part of the erosion process needs to be isolated, such as for splash erosion. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to list the general characteristics of the commonly used splash erosion devices and to discuss the performance, to be able to relate them, and make suggestions regarding their use. The devices we selected for this comparative comparison were: the splash cup, funnel, Morgan tray, Tübingen cup, tower, and the gutter. The devices were tested under the same conditions (rainfall characteristics, slope, and soil type) to assess their hydrological response under different intensities of simulated rainfall. All devices were installed on a sloping plot (10°) with sandy soil, and were exposed to 10 min. of simulated rain with intensities ranging from 60 to 172 mm/h to measure the splashed sediment, and to describe problems and differences among them. The results showed that the Tübingen cup was the best performing device to measure kinetic energy of the rain, but, because of its design, it is not possible to measure the detached splashed sediment under natural (field) conditions. On the other hand, the funnel device showed a significant relation with rain intensity because it loses little sediment to washing. In addition, the device is easy to use and cheap. Therefore, this device is highly recommended to estimated splash erosion. to the good performance measuring the actual splash erosion, because it loses little sediment by washing. The device is also cheap and easy to install and manage.

ACS Style

María Fernández-Raga; Julián Campo; Jesús Rodrigo-Comino; Saskia D. Keesstra. Comparative Analysis of Splash Erosion Devices for Rainfall Simulation Experiments: A Laboratory Study. Water 2019, 11, 1228 .

AMA Style

María Fernández-Raga, Julián Campo, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Saskia D. Keesstra. Comparative Analysis of Splash Erosion Devices for Rainfall Simulation Experiments: A Laboratory Study. Water. 2019; 11 (6):1228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Fernández-Raga; Julián Campo; Jesús Rodrigo-Comino; Saskia D. Keesstra. 2019. "Comparative Analysis of Splash Erosion Devices for Rainfall Simulation Experiments: A Laboratory Study." Water 11, no. 6: 1228.

Original research
Published: 24 May 2019 in Technology, Knowledge and Learning
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The globally widespread instant messaging (IM) mobile applications such as WhatsApp or Telegram were not originally educational tools, but they have become platforms for peer to peer assessment (P2P). The IM applications offer “chatbots” or “virtual assistant bots” that help students by providing them a multitude of services in the form of text or voice dialogs. A new method for integrating P2P assessment using voice recordings with the help of a chatbot is proposed. By using this system we can effectively improve both the typical learning and the P2P evaluation process of a massive open on-line course (MOOC). After a 2-month experiment, with 77 students that recorded 737 voice answers with a Telegram based chatbot, we describe in detail how to use a chatbot and the way to design voice-based challenges to perform a new kind of assignment in a MOOC, with 90% of the learners encouraging us to use chatbots in future courses.

ACS Style

Juanan Pereira; María Fernández-Raga; Sara Osuna-Acedo; Margarita Roura-Redondo; Oskar Almazán-López; Alejandro Buldón-Olalla. Promoting Learners’ Voice Productions Using Chatbots as a Tool for Improving the Learning Process in a MOOC. Technology, Knowledge and Learning 2019, 24, 545 -565.

AMA Style

Juanan Pereira, María Fernández-Raga, Sara Osuna-Acedo, Margarita Roura-Redondo, Oskar Almazán-López, Alejandro Buldón-Olalla. Promoting Learners’ Voice Productions Using Chatbots as a Tool for Improving the Learning Process in a MOOC. Technology, Knowledge and Learning. 2019; 24 (4):545-565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Juanan Pereira; María Fernández-Raga; Sara Osuna-Acedo; Margarita Roura-Redondo; Oskar Almazán-López; Alejandro Buldón-Olalla. 2019. "Promoting Learners’ Voice Productions Using Chatbots as a Tool for Improving the Learning Process in a MOOC." Technology, Knowledge and Learning 24, no. 4: 545-565.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2017 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Rainfall-induced soil erosion is a major threat, especially in agricultural soils. In the Mediterranean belt, vineyards are affected by high soil loss rates, leading to land degradation. Plantation of new vines is carried out after deep ploughing, use of heavy machinery, wheel traffic, and trampling. Those works result in soil physical properties changes and contribute to enhanced runoff rates and increased soil erosion rates. The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of the plantation of vineyards on soil hydrological and erosional response under low frequency - high magnitude rainfall events, the ones that under the Mediterranean climatic conditions trigger extreme soil erosion rates. We determined time to ponding, Tp; time to runoff, Tr; time to runoff outlet, Tro; runoff rate, and soil loss under simulated rainfall (55 mm h(-1), 1 h) at plot scale (0.25 m(2)) to characterize the runoff initiation and sediment detachment. In recent vine plantations (50 years; O). Slope gradient, rock fragment cover, soil surface roughness, bulk density, soil organic matter content, soil water content and plant cover were determined. Plantation of new vineyards largely impacted runoff rates and soil erosion risk at plot scale in the short term. Tp, Tr and Tro were much shorter in R plots. Tr-Tp and Tro-Tr periods were used as connectivity indexes of water flow, and decreased to 77.5 and 33.2% in R plots compared to O plots. Runoff coefficients increased significantly from O (42.94%) to R plots (71.92%) and soil losses were approximately one order of magnitude lower (1.8 and 12.6 Mg ha(-1) h(-1) for O and R plots respectively). Soil surface roughness and bulk density are two key factors that determine the increase in connectivity of flows and sediments in recently planted vineyards. Our results confirm that plantation of new vineyards strongly contributes to runoff initiation and sediment detachment, and those findings confirms that soil erosion control strategies should be applied immediately after or during the plantation of vines.

ACS Style

A. Cerdà; S.D. Keesstra; J. Rodrigo-Comino; A. Novara; P. Pereira; E. Brevik; A. Giménez-Morera; M. Fernández-Raga; M. Pulido; S. di Prima; A. Jordán. Runoff initiation, soil detachment and connectivity are enhanced as a consequence of vineyards plantations. Journal of Environmental Management 2017, 202, 268 -275.

AMA Style

A. Cerdà, S.D. Keesstra, J. Rodrigo-Comino, A. Novara, P. Pereira, E. Brevik, A. Giménez-Morera, M. Fernández-Raga, M. Pulido, S. di Prima, A. Jordán. Runoff initiation, soil detachment and connectivity are enhanced as a consequence of vineyards plantations. Journal of Environmental Management. 2017; 202 ():268-275.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Cerdà; S.D. Keesstra; J. Rodrigo-Comino; A. Novara; P. Pereira; E. Brevik; A. Giménez-Morera; M. Fernández-Raga; M. Pulido; S. di Prima; A. Jordán. 2017. "Runoff initiation, soil detachment and connectivity are enhanced as a consequence of vineyards plantations." Journal of Environmental Management 202, no. : 268-275.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2017 in Ambiociencias
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A lo largo de este trabajo se abordan varios aspectos relacionados con las medidas de las gotas que llegan a la superficie terrestre, determinadas mediante el uso de los disdrómetros ópticos. Se analizan también las incertidumbres y utilidades que estos datos pueden tener a nivel práctico. Se habla primeramente de la importancia del conocimiento del número y tamaño de las gostas de lluvia para poder determinar aspectos tan diferentes como la dispersión de la señal de las ondas de radio o la determinación de la erosión del suelo por salpicadura. Así mismo, también se aborda la historia de la mediciónde las gotas, de los principales hallazgos al respecto, así como del funcionamiento de los disdrómetros ópticos. Los disdrómetos son los actuales sistemas de medición automática terrestre del número, tamaño y velocidad de las gotas de lluvia, y gracias a ellos se pueden calcular variables características de la precipitación como son la reflectivilidad, la energía cinética y el momento lineal en cada minuto de lluvia. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, los profesores de la Unievrsidad de León han caracterizado los distintos episodios de precipitación con estos aparatos, y se han comparado cronológicamente los resultados obtenidos tanto en una misma zona como en áreas localizadas en puntos diversos. Así mismo también se han realizado diversos estudios de erosión de suelo y se han analizado posibles relaciones existentes entre las características de la lluvia y el tipo de tiempo determinado para cada uno de los días de precipitación.

ACS Style

Maria Fernandez-Raga. Estudio de la precipitación mediante disdrómetros. Ambiociencias 2017, 60 -73.

AMA Style

Maria Fernandez-Raga. Estudio de la precipitación mediante disdrómetros. Ambiociencias. 2017; (14):60-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Fernandez-Raga. 2017. "Estudio de la precipitación mediante disdrómetros." Ambiociencias , no. 14: 60-73.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2017 in Revista Infancia, Educación y Aprendizaje
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Resumen En la página web http://laboratorio.wesped.es/, se muestran vídeos de ensayos de propiedades físicas de minerales, realizados por alumnos como una práctica de la asignatura “Mineralogía y Petrografía” (Grado en Ingeniería Minera), en el marco de un proyecto de innovación docente. Los minerales utilizados en la experiencia pertenecen a la Colección Geológica de la Universidad de León, formada por más de 2000 ejemplares. La experiencia fue evaluada por dos vías: a) comparación de los resultados académicos de los alumnos en esta práctica con resultados equivalentes de cursos académicos anteriores y, b) realización de una encuesta de satisfacción. La evaluación de la experiencia, aunque muy satisfactoria, no es concluyente, dado el reducido número de alumnos participantes. Por ello, esta experiencia se prolongará en el tiempo y se ampliará a otras asignaturas de los Grados de Ingeniería Minera y de la Energía. ostrar diversos conceptos de integración y adaptación fisiológica.

ACS Style

Fernando Gómez-Fernández; María Fernández Raga; Héctor Alaiz Moretón; Gabriel Búrdalo Salcedo. Innovación en docencia de mineralogía a partir de la realización de vídeos sobre contenidos prácticos. Revista Infancia, Educación y Aprendizaje 2017, 3, 434 .

AMA Style

Fernando Gómez-Fernández, María Fernández Raga, Héctor Alaiz Moretón, Gabriel Búrdalo Salcedo. Innovación en docencia de mineralogía a partir de la realización de vídeos sobre contenidos prácticos. Revista Infancia, Educación y Aprendizaje. 2017; 3 (2):434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernando Gómez-Fernández; María Fernández Raga; Héctor Alaiz Moretón; Gabriel Búrdalo Salcedo. 2017. "Innovación en docencia de mineralogía a partir de la realización de vídeos sobre contenidos prácticos." Revista Infancia, Educación y Aprendizaje 3, no. 2: 434.

Conference paper
Published: 21 June 2017 in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Higher Education Advances
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In a framework in which teaching practice is a dynamic process, predisposed to continuous innovation, the Geological Collection of the University of León (CGULe), with 2000 copies of minerals, rocks and fossils, offers an opportunity for teaching innovation, in relationship with subjects of the geological disciplines that are taught in the Degrees of Mining Engineering and Energy Engineering. At http://laboratorio.wesped.es/, the first phase of development of the Virtual Museum of the CGULe is shown, where information and images of minerals and mineral deposits from León are offered. Likewise, videos of tests of characterization of minerals, made by students as a practice of the subject "Mineralogy and Petrography" (Degree in Mining Engineering), are offered as part of a teaching innovation. This teaching innovation was evaluated in two ways: a) comparing the academic results of students in this practice with equivalent results from previous courses and b) conducting a satisfaction survey. Given the small number of students who participated in this experience, the results of this evaluation are inconclusive. For this reason, teacher innovation will be extended in time and will be extended to other subjects of the above mentioned degrees.

ACS Style

María Fernández-Raga; Fernando Gómez-Fernández; Hector Alaiz-Moretón; Ana-María Castañon-García; Covadonga Palencia. The Interactivity of a Virtual Museum at the Service of the Teaching of Applied Geology. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Higher Education Advances 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

María Fernández-Raga, Fernando Gómez-Fernández, Hector Alaiz-Moretón, Ana-María Castañon-García, Covadonga Palencia. The Interactivity of a Virtual Museum at the Service of the Teaching of Applied Geology. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Higher Education Advances. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Fernández-Raga; Fernando Gómez-Fernández; Hector Alaiz-Moretón; Ana-María Castañon-García; Covadonga Palencia. 2017. "The Interactivity of a Virtual Museum at the Service of the Teaching of Applied Geology." Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Higher Education Advances , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 01 November 2016 in INTED2017 Proceedings
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ACS Style

Daniel Moya; Gema Barcenas-Moreno; Lazaro Entrenas; Covadonga Palencia; Maria Fernandez-Raga; Luis Gómez Chova; Agustín López Martínez; Ignacio Candel Torres. #MOOCINCENDIOS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO FOREST FIRES. INTED2017 Proceedings 2016, 1, 8359 -8365.

AMA Style

Daniel Moya, Gema Barcenas-Moreno, Lazaro Entrenas, Covadonga Palencia, Maria Fernandez-Raga, Luis Gómez Chova, Agustín López Martínez, Ignacio Candel Torres. #MOOCINCENDIOS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO FOREST FIRES. INTED2017 Proceedings. 2016; 1 ():8359-8365.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Moya; Gema Barcenas-Moreno; Lazaro Entrenas; Covadonga Palencia; Maria Fernandez-Raga; Luis Gómez Chova; Agustín López Martínez; Ignacio Candel Torres. 2016. "#MOOCINCENDIOS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO FOREST FIRES." INTED2017 Proceedings 1, no. : 8359-8365.

Journal article
Published: 08 July 2016 in International Journal of Climatology
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Lamb's weather types classification has been used here to analyse the characteristics of raindrops in relation with the meteorological situation. A rainfall gathering campaign has been carried out in Leon [northwesterly (NW) Spain] over 34 months. An optical disdrometer has been used to determine drop sizes and the meteorological situations have been classified from the pressure values at surface level in 16 grid points over the study zone. The results have revealed seasonal differences in the average duration of the rain events: 40 min in winter and 12 in summer. In the study period, the rainiest weather types were the cyclonic types, and the air flows from the north and the west. The raindrop sizes follow a gamma distribution with a higher mode in the case of the weather types with air masses from the west and the southwest. The only exception lies in the purely directional weather types, where a higher mode is found in the case of rain events with eastern flows.

ACS Style

Maria Fernandez-Raga; Amaya Castro; Elena Marcos; Covadonga Palencia; Roberto Fraile. Weather types and rainfall microstructure in Leon, Spain. International Journal of Climatology 2016, 37, 1834 -1842.

AMA Style

Maria Fernandez-Raga, Amaya Castro, Elena Marcos, Covadonga Palencia, Roberto Fraile. Weather types and rainfall microstructure in Leon, Spain. International Journal of Climatology. 2016; 37 (4):1834-1842.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Fernandez-Raga; Amaya Castro; Elena Marcos; Covadonga Palencia; Roberto Fraile. 2016. "Weather types and rainfall microstructure in Leon, Spain." International Journal of Climatology 37, no. 4: 1834-1842.

Research article
Published: 30 August 2015 in Advances in Meteorology
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A precipitation event that took place on 12 October 2008 in Madrid, Spain, is analyzed in detail. Three different devices were used to characterize the precipitation: a disdrometer, a rain gauge, and a Micro Rain Radar (MRR). These instruments determine precipitation intensity indirectly, based on measuring different parameters in different sampling points in the atmosphere. A comparative study was carried out based on the data provided by each of these devices, revealing that the disdrometer and the rain gauge measure similar precipitation intensity values, whereas the MRR measures different rain fall volumes. The distributions of drop sizes show that the mean diameter of the particles varied considerably depending on the altitude considered. The level at which saturation occurs in the atmosphere is decisive in the distribution of drop sizes between 2,700 m and 3,000 m. As time passes, the maximum precipitation intensities are registered at a lower height and are less intense. The maximum precipitation intensities occurred at altitudes above 1,000 m, while the maximum fall speeds are typically found at altitudes below 700 m.

ACS Style

Roberto Fraile; Amaya Castro; Miguel González-Colino; Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco; Maria Fernandez-Raga; Covadonga Palencia; Ana Isabel Calvo. Vertical Raindrop Size Distribution in Central Spain: A Case Study. Advances in Meteorology 2015, 2015, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Roberto Fraile, Amaya Castro, Miguel González-Colino, Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco, Maria Fernandez-Raga, Covadonga Palencia, Ana Isabel Calvo. Vertical Raindrop Size Distribution in Central Spain: A Case Study. Advances in Meteorology. 2015; 2015 ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roberto Fraile; Amaya Castro; Miguel González-Colino; Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco; Maria Fernandez-Raga; Covadonga Palencia; Ana Isabel Calvo. 2015. "Vertical Raindrop Size Distribution in Central Spain: A Case Study." Advances in Meteorology 2015, no. : 1-9.

Research article
Published: 09 June 2013 in The Scientific World Journal
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The aim of this study is to improve the estimation of the characteristic uncertainties of optic disdrometers in an attempt to calculate the efficient sampling area according to the size of the drop and to study how this influences the computation of other parameters, taking into account that the real sampling area is always smaller than the nominal area. For large raindrops (a little over 6 mm), the effective sampling area may be half the area indicated by the manufacturer. The error committed in the sampling area is propagated to all the variables depending on this surface, such as the rain intensity and the reflectivity factor. Both variables tend to underestimate the real value if the sampling area is not corrected. For example, the rainfall intensity errors may be up to 50% for large drops, those slightly larger than 6 mm. The same occurs with reflectivity values, which may be up to twice the reflectivity calculated using the uncorrected constant sampling area. TheZ-Rrelationships appear to have little dependence on the sampling area, because both variables depend on it the same way. These results were obtained by studying one particular rain event that occurred on April 16, 2006.

ACS Style

Roberto Fraile; Amaya Castro; Maria Fernandez-Raga; Covadonga Palencia; Ana Isabel Calvo. Error in the Sampling Area of an Optical Disdrometer: Consequences in Computing Rain Variables. The Scientific World Journal 2013, 2013, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Roberto Fraile, Amaya Castro, Maria Fernandez-Raga, Covadonga Palencia, Ana Isabel Calvo. Error in the Sampling Area of an Optical Disdrometer: Consequences in Computing Rain Variables. The Scientific World Journal. 2013; 2013 ():1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roberto Fraile; Amaya Castro; Maria Fernandez-Raga; Covadonga Palencia; Ana Isabel Calvo. 2013. "Error in the Sampling Area of an Optical Disdrometer: Consequences in Computing Rain Variables." The Scientific World Journal 2013, no. : 1-8.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2012 in Aerosol and Air Quality Research
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Ana Isabel Calvo; V. Pont; F.J. Olmo; Amaya Castro; Lucas Alados-Arboledas; Ana Vicente; Maria Fernandez-Raga; Roberto Fraile. Air Masses and Weather Types: A Useful Tool for Characterizing Precipitation Chemistry and Wet Deposition. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 2012, 12, 856 -878.

AMA Style

Ana Isabel Calvo, V. Pont, F.J. Olmo, Amaya Castro, Lucas Alados-Arboledas, Ana Vicente, Maria Fernandez-Raga, Roberto Fraile. Air Masses and Weather Types: A Useful Tool for Characterizing Precipitation Chemistry and Wet Deposition. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2012; 12 (5):856-878.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Isabel Calvo; V. Pont; F.J. Olmo; Amaya Castro; Lucas Alados-Arboledas; Ana Vicente; Maria Fernandez-Raga; Roberto Fraile. 2012. "Air Masses and Weather Types: A Useful Tool for Characterizing Precipitation Chemistry and Wet Deposition." Aerosol and Air Quality Research 12, no. 5: 856-878.

Journal article
Published: 18 October 2011 in International Journal of Climatology
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The variability of winter precipitation in the west of the Iberian Peninsula is strongly affected by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This study focuses on identifying the relationship that exists between precipitation registered in the city of León (in northwestern Spain), the NAO index and the associated weather type during the same period. In order to achieve this objective, the prevailing weather type has been calculated for each day in León from January 1948 to March 2009, using the objective Lamb Weather Types classification method. The most significant results appear in winter (from December to March). During these months an increase has been observed in the frequency of ‘anticyclonic’ weather type (A) (very dry), and a decrease in the ‘cyclonic’ (C), ‘south‐westerly’ (SW) and ‘westerly’ (W) types (the three rainiest weather types). The positive trend in the NAO index could be the main cause of the decrease in the frequency of the three rainiest weather types (C, SW and W) and therefore, responsible for the relevant decline in winter precipitation observed in the city of León. The high correlation coefficients between the NAO index, the frequency of the three rainiest weather types and winter precipitation suggests an interesting method to forecast rainfall. Using a binary logistic regression model, a downscaling model for daily precipitation has been obtained based on the weather types and the NAO index. The daily results obtained for the winter months are good (TSS = 0.64) bearing in mind that only sea level pressure data were used in the logistic model. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society

ACS Style

Sergio Fernández-González; Sara DEL Rio; Amaya Castro; Angel Penas; Maria Fernandez-Raga; Ana Isabel Calvo; Roberto Fraile. Connection between NAO, weather types and precipitation in León, Spain (1948-2008). International Journal of Climatology 2011, 32, 2181 -2196.

AMA Style

Sergio Fernández-González, Sara DEL Rio, Amaya Castro, Angel Penas, Maria Fernandez-Raga, Ana Isabel Calvo, Roberto Fraile. Connection between NAO, weather types and precipitation in León, Spain (1948-2008). International Journal of Climatology. 2011; 32 (14):2181-2196.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sergio Fernández-González; Sara DEL Rio; Amaya Castro; Angel Penas; Maria Fernandez-Raga; Ana Isabel Calvo; Roberto Fraile. 2011. "Connection between NAO, weather types and precipitation in León, Spain (1948-2008)." International Journal of Climatology 32, no. 14: 2181-2196.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2010 in Atmospheric Research
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Amaya Castro; Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco; Miguel González-Colino; Ana Isabel Calvo; Maria Fernandez-Raga; Roberto Fraile. Aerosol size distribution in precipitation events in León, Spain. Atmospheric Research 2010, 96, 421 -435.

AMA Style

Amaya Castro, Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco, Miguel González-Colino, Ana Isabel Calvo, Maria Fernandez-Raga, Roberto Fraile. Aerosol size distribution in precipitation events in León, Spain. Atmospheric Research. 2010; 96 (2-3):421-435.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amaya Castro; Elisabeth Alonso-Blanco; Miguel González-Colino; Ana Isabel Calvo; Maria Fernandez-Raga; Roberto Fraile. 2010. "Aerosol size distribution in precipitation events in León, Spain." Atmospheric Research 96, no. 2-3: 421-435.