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Microcystins (MCs) and nodularins (NODs) exhibit high structural variability, including modifications of the Adda (3S-amino-9S-methoxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid) moiety. Variations include 9-O-desmethylAdda (DMAdda) and 9-O-acetylDMAdda (ADMAdda) which, unless targeted, may go undetected. Therefore, reference standards were prepared of [ADMAdda5]MCs and [DMAdda5]MCs, which were analyzed using multiple approaches. The cross-reactivities of the [DMAdda5]- and [ADMAdda5]MC standards were similar to that of MC-LR when analyzed with a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition assay, but were <0.25% when analyzed with an Adda enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oxidative cleavage experiments identified compounds that could be used in the analysis of total MCs/NODs in a similar fashion to the 2R-methyl-3S-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid (MMPB) technique. Products from oxidative cleavage of both the 4,5- and 6,7-ene of Adda, DMAdda and ADMAdda were observed, and three oxidation products, one from each Adda variant, were chosen for analysis and applied to three field samples and a Nostoc culture. Results from the oxidative cleavage method for total Adda, DMAdda, and ADMAdda were similar to those from the Adda-ELISA, PP2A inhibition, and LC-MS/MS analyses, except for the Nostoc culture where the Adda-ELISA greatly underestimated microcystin levels. This oxidative cleavage method can be used for routine analysis of field samples and to assess the presence of the rarely reported, but toxic, DMAdda/ADMAdda-containing MCs and NODs.
Amanda J. Foss; Christopher O. Miles; Alistair L. Wilkins; Frode Rise; Kristian W. Trovik; Kamil Cieslik; Mark T. Aubel. Analysis of total microcystins and nodularins by oxidative cleavage of their ADMAdda, DMAdda, and Adda moieties. Analytica Chimica Acta: X 2020, 6, 100060 .
AMA StyleAmanda J. Foss, Christopher O. Miles, Alistair L. Wilkins, Frode Rise, Kristian W. Trovik, Kamil Cieslik, Mark T. Aubel. Analysis of total microcystins and nodularins by oxidative cleavage of their ADMAdda, DMAdda, and Adda moieties. Analytica Chimica Acta: X. 2020; 6 ():100060.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda J. Foss; Christopher O. Miles; Alistair L. Wilkins; Frode Rise; Kristian W. Trovik; Kamil Cieslik; Mark T. Aubel. 2020. "Analysis of total microcystins and nodularins by oxidative cleavage of their ADMAdda, DMAdda, and Adda moieties." Analytica Chimica Acta: X 6, no. : 100060.
In the summer of 2018, six dogs exposed to a harmful algal bloom (HAB) of Microcystis in Martin County Florida (USA) developed clinicopathological signs of microcystin (MC) intoxication (i.e., acute vomiting, diarrhea, severe thrombocytopenia, elevated alanine aminotransferase, hemorrhage). Successful supportive veterinary care was provided and led to survival of all but one patient. Confirmation of MC intoxication was made through interpretation of clinicopathological abnormalities, pathological examination of tissues, microscopy (vomitus), and analytical MC testing of antemortem/postmortem samples (vomitus, blood, urine, bile, liver, kidney, hair). Gross and microscopic examination of the deceased patient confirmed massive hepatic necrosis, mild multifocal renal tubular necrosis, and hemorrhage within multiple organ systems. Microscopy of a vomitus sample confirmed the presence of Microcystis. Three analytical MC testing approaches were used, including the MMPB (2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid) technique, targeted congener analysis (e.g., liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry of MC-LR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total Adda MCs (as MMPB) were confirmed in the liver, bile, kidney, urine, and blood of the deceased dog. Urinalysis (MMPB) of one surviving dog showed a high level of MCs (32,000 ng mL−1) 1-day post exposure, with MCs detectable >2 months post exposure. Furthermore, hair from a surviving dog was positive for MMPB, illustrating another testable route of MC elimination in canines. The described cases represent the first use of urine as an antemortem, non-invasive specimen to diagnose microcystin toxicosis. Antemortem diagnostic testing to confirm MC intoxication cases, whether acute or chronic, is crucial for providing optimal supportive care and mitigating MC exposure.
Amanda J. Foss; Mark T. Aubel; Brandi Gallagher; Nancy Mettee; Amanda Miller; Susan B. Fogelson. Diagnosing Microcystin Intoxication of Canines: Clinicopathological Indications, Pathological Characteristics, and Analytical Detection in Postmortem and Antemortem Samples. Toxins 2019, 11, 456 .
AMA StyleAmanda J. Foss, Mark T. Aubel, Brandi Gallagher, Nancy Mettee, Amanda Miller, Susan B. Fogelson. Diagnosing Microcystin Intoxication of Canines: Clinicopathological Indications, Pathological Characteristics, and Analytical Detection in Postmortem and Antemortem Samples. Toxins. 2019; 11 (8):456.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda J. Foss; Mark T. Aubel; Brandi Gallagher; Nancy Mettee; Amanda Miller; Susan B. Fogelson. 2019. "Diagnosing Microcystin Intoxication of Canines: Clinicopathological Indications, Pathological Characteristics, and Analytical Detection in Postmortem and Antemortem Samples." Toxins 11, no. 8: 456.
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic and potentially carcinogenic cyanotoxins. They exhibit high structural variability, with nearly 250 variants described to date. This variability can result in incomplete detection of MC variants during lake surveys due to the frequent use of targeted analytical methods and a lack of standards available for identification and quantitation. In this study, Lake Uluabat in Turkey was sampled during the summer of 2015. Phylogenetic analysis of the environmental mcyA sequences suggested Microcystis spp. were the major MC contributors. A combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography with UV detection and mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS), and a novel liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method, together with thiol and periodate reactivity, revealed more than 36 MC variants in the lake samples and a strain of M. aeruginosa (AQUAMEB-24) isolated from Lake Uluabat. Only MCs containing arginine at position-4 were detected in the culture, while MC-LA, -LY, -LW and -LF were also detected in the lake samples, suggesting the presence of other MC producers in the lake. The previously unreported MCs MC-(H2)YR (dihydrotyrosine at position-2) (17), [epoxyAdda5]MC-LR, [DMAdda5]MC-RR (1) and [Mser7]MC-RR (8) were detected in the culture and/or field samples. This study is a good example of how commonly used targeted LC-MS methods can underestimate the diversity of MCs in freshwater lakes and cyanobacteria cultures and how untargeted LC-MS methods can be used to comprehensively assess MC diversity present in a new system.
Mete Yilmaz; Amanda J. Foss; Christopher O. Miles; Mihriban Özen; Nilsun Demir; Muharrem Balcı; Daniel G. Beach. Comprehensive multi-technique approach reveals the high diversity of microcystins in field collections and an associated isolate of Microcystis aeruginosa from a Turkish lake. Toxicon 2019, 167, 87 -100.
AMA StyleMete Yilmaz, Amanda J. Foss, Christopher O. Miles, Mihriban Özen, Nilsun Demir, Muharrem Balcı, Daniel G. Beach. Comprehensive multi-technique approach reveals the high diversity of microcystins in field collections and an associated isolate of Microcystis aeruginosa from a Turkish lake. Toxicon. 2019; 167 ():87-100.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMete Yilmaz; Amanda J. Foss; Christopher O. Miles; Mihriban Özen; Nilsun Demir; Muharrem Balcı; Daniel G. Beach. 2019. "Comprehensive multi-technique approach reveals the high diversity of microcystins in field collections and an associated isolate of Microcystis aeruginosa from a Turkish lake." Toxicon 167, no. : 87-100.
In the summer of 2012, over 750 dead and dying birds were observed at the Paul S. Sarbanes Ecosystem Restoration Project at Poplar Island, Maryland, USA (Chesapeake Bay). Clinical signs suggested avian botulism, but an ongoing dense Microcystis bloom was present in an impoundment on the island. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of a water sample indicated 6000 ng mL−1 of microcystins (MCs). LC-UV/MS analysis confirmed the presence of MC-LR and a high concentration of an unknown MC congener (m/z 1037.5). The unknown MC was purified and confirmed to be [D-Leu1]MC-LR using NMR spectroscopy, LC-HRMS and LC–MS2, which slowly converted to [D-Leu1,Glu(OMe)6]MC-LR during storage in MeOH. Lyophilized algal material from the bloom was further characterized using LC-HRMS and LC–MS2 in combination with chemical derivatizations, and an additional 24 variants were detected, including MCs conjugated to Cys, GSH and γ-GluCys and their corresponding sulfoxides. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) livers were tested to confirm MC exposure. Two broad-specificity MC ELISAs and LC–MS2 were used to measure free MCs, while ‘total’ MCs were estimated by both MMPB (3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid) and thiol de-conjugation techniques. Free microcystins in the livers (63–112 ng g−1) accounted for 33–41% of total microcystins detected by de-conjugation and MMPB techniques. Free [D-Leu1]MC-LR was quantitated in tissues at 25–67 ng g−1 (LC–MS2). The levels of microcystin varied based on analytical method used, highlighting the need to develop a comprehensive analysis strategy to elucidate the etiology of bird mortality events when microcystin-producing HABs are present.
Amanda J. Foss; Christopher O. Miles; Ingunn A. Samdal; Kjersti E. Løvberg; Alistair L. Wilkins; Frode Rise; J. Atle H. Jaabæk; Peter C. McGowan; Mark T. Aubel. Analysis of free and metabolized microcystins in samples following a bird mortality event. Harmful Algae 2018, 80, 117 -129.
AMA StyleAmanda J. Foss, Christopher O. Miles, Ingunn A. Samdal, Kjersti E. Løvberg, Alistair L. Wilkins, Frode Rise, J. Atle H. Jaabæk, Peter C. McGowan, Mark T. Aubel. Analysis of free and metabolized microcystins in samples following a bird mortality event. Harmful Algae. 2018; 80 ():117-129.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda J. Foss; Christopher O. Miles; Ingunn A. Samdal; Kjersti E. Løvberg; Alistair L. Wilkins; Frode Rise; J. Atle H. Jaabæk; Peter C. McGowan; Mark T. Aubel. 2018. "Analysis of free and metabolized microcystins in samples following a bird mortality event." Harmful Algae 80, no. : 117-129.
β-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has been identified as the potential cause of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism–dementia complex (ALS/PDC) observed in the Chamorro people of Guam. The principal hypothesis for BMAA exposure and intoxication relies on the biomagnification of BMAA in flying fox specimens ingested by the Chamorro people. Although high levels of BMAA were quantitated in flying fox specimens utilizing liquid chromatography-fluorescence (LC-FL), there have not been any confirmatory analyses conducted to date. Therefore, a method for the tissue homogenization, extraction and direct analysis of BMAA (including BAMA, 2,4-DAB and AEG) was utilized. The approach was applied to mammalian dried skin and hair from various rodent species (negative controls) and archived flying fox (Pteropus mariannus mariannus) specimens. A positive control sample of homogenized mussel (Mytelius edulis) with native BMAA was used to verify the method. It was determined that the direct analysis using HILIC MS/MS required additional quality control in order to allow for the confident identification of BMAA due to the near co-elution of BAMA. BMAA was not present above 0.2 μg g−1 (free fraction) or 2.8 μg g−1 (total fraction) in the flying fox specimens. While analysis did not result in BMAA detection in flying fox or negative control samples, the positive control sample and spiked samples were successfully detected.
Amanda J. Foss; Neil Chernoff; Mark T. Aubel. The analysis of underivatized β-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), BAMA, AEG & 2,4-DAB in Pteropus mariannus mariannus specimens using HILIC-LC-MS/MS. Toxicon 2018, 152, 150 -159.
AMA StyleAmanda J. Foss, Neil Chernoff, Mark T. Aubel. The analysis of underivatized β-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), BAMA, AEG & 2,4-DAB in Pteropus mariannus mariannus specimens using HILIC-LC-MS/MS. Toxicon. 2018; 152 ():150-159.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda J. Foss; Neil Chernoff; Mark T. Aubel. 2018. "The analysis of underivatized β-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), BAMA, AEG & 2,4-DAB in Pteropus mariannus mariannus specimens using HILIC-LC-MS/MS." Toxicon 152, no. : 150-159.
In 2016, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection conducted a limited survey of streams in the Susquehanna River basin in Pennsylvania, USA, to screen for microcystins/nodularins and anatoxin-a (ATX) and homoanatoxin-a (HTX). Testing revealed the presence of HTX in samples collected from the Pine Creek basin, with ATX present at lower levels. Microcystins/nodularins (MCs/NODs) were also tested and found to be concomitant, with NOD-R confirmed present by LC-MS/MS.
Amanda J. Foss; Jeffery Butt; Mark T. Aubel. Benthic periphyton from Pennsylvania, USA is a source for both hepatotoxins (microcystins/nodularin) and neurotoxins (anatoxin-a/homoanatoxin-a). Toxicon 2018, 150, 13 -16.
AMA StyleAmanda J. Foss, Jeffery Butt, Mark T. Aubel. Benthic periphyton from Pennsylvania, USA is a source for both hepatotoxins (microcystins/nodularin) and neurotoxins (anatoxin-a/homoanatoxin-a). Toxicon. 2018; 150 ():13-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda J. Foss; Jeffery Butt; Mark T. Aubel. 2018. "Benthic periphyton from Pennsylvania, USA is a source for both hepatotoxins (microcystins/nodularin) and neurotoxins (anatoxin-a/homoanatoxin-a)." Toxicon 150, no. : 13-16.
Aphanizomenon gracile is one of the most widespread Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST) producing cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies in the Northern Hemisphere. It has been shown to produce various PST congeners, including saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NEO), decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) and gonyautoxin 5 (GTX5) in Europe, North America and Asia. Three cyanobacteria strains were isolated in Lake Iznik in northwestern Turkey. Morphological characterization of these strains suggested all three strains conformed to classical taxonomic identification of A. gracile with some differences such as clumping of filaments, partially hyaline cells in some filaments and longer than usual vegetative cells. Sequences of 16S rRNA gene of these strains were placed within an A. gracile cluster including the majority of PST producing strains, confirming the identification of these strains as A. gracile. These new strains possessed saxitoxin biosynthesis genes sxtA, sxtG and their sequences clustered with those of other A. gracile. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis demonstrated the presence of NEO, STX, dcSTX and decarbamoylneosaxitoxin (dcNEO) in all strains. This is the first report of a PST producer in any water body in Turkey and first observation of dcNEO in an A. gracile culture.
Mete Yilmaz; Amanda J. Foss; Andrew I. Selwood; Mihriban Özen; Michael Boundy. Paralytic shellfish toxin producing Aphanizomenon gracile strains isolated from Lake Iznik, Turkey. Toxicon 2018, 148, 132 -142.
AMA StyleMete Yilmaz, Amanda J. Foss, Andrew I. Selwood, Mihriban Özen, Michael Boundy. Paralytic shellfish toxin producing Aphanizomenon gracile strains isolated from Lake Iznik, Turkey. Toxicon. 2018; 148 ():132-142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMete Yilmaz; Amanda J. Foss; Andrew I. Selwood; Mihriban Özen; Michael Boundy. 2018. "Paralytic shellfish toxin producing Aphanizomenon gracile strains isolated from Lake Iznik, Turkey." Toxicon 148, no. : 132-142.
In 2013 and 2015, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection conducted a survey of lotic habitats within the Susquehanna, Delaware, and Ohio River basins in Pennsylvania, USA, to screen for microcystins/nodularins (MCs/NODs) in algae communities and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Periphyton (68 from 41 sites), juvenile whole fish (153 from 19 sites) and adult fish liver (115 from 16 sites) samples were collected and screened using an Adda enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples that were positive for MCs/NODs were further analyzed using LC-MS/MS, including 14 variants of microcystin and NOD-R and the MMPB technique. The ELISA was positive for 47% of the periphyton collections, with NOD-R confirmed (0.7-82.2 ng g-1 d.w.) in 20 samples. NOD-R was confirmed in 10 of 15 positive juvenile whole fish samples (0.8-16.7 ng g-1 w.w.) and in 2 of 8 liver samples (1.7 & 2.8 ng g-1 w.w.). The MMPB method resulted in total MCs/NODs measured in periphyton (2.2-1269 ng g-1 d.w.), juvenile whole fish (5.0-210 ng g-1 d.w.) and adult livers (8.5-29.5 ng g-1 d.w.). This work illustrates that NOD-R is present in freshwater benthic algae in the USA, which has broader implications for monitoring and trophic transfer.
Amanda J. Foss; Jeffery Butt; Sarah Fuller; Kamil Cieslik; Mark T. Aubel; Tim Wertz. Nodularin from benthic freshwater periphyton and implications for trophic transfer. Toxicon 2017, 140, 45 -59.
AMA StyleAmanda J. Foss, Jeffery Butt, Sarah Fuller, Kamil Cieslik, Mark T. Aubel, Tim Wertz. Nodularin from benthic freshwater periphyton and implications for trophic transfer. Toxicon. 2017; 140 ():45-59.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda J. Foss; Jeffery Butt; Sarah Fuller; Kamil Cieslik; Mark T. Aubel; Tim Wertz. 2017. "Nodularin from benthic freshwater periphyton and implications for trophic transfer." Toxicon 140, no. : 45-59.
Harmful Algal Bloom species are ubiquitous and their blooms occur in the Arabian Gulf. In this study, two cruises were performed in 2012 and 2013 to collect phytoplankton samples from 4 sites in the Arabian Gulf. Toxin analyses of phytoplankton samples for 32 algal toxins from 5 different toxin groups were conducted on the samples using both enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), diarrhetic shellfish toxin (DST), amnesic shellfish toxin (AST), cyclic imines (CIs) and polyether-lactone toxins in freeze-dried phytoplankton samples. Four Vulcanodinium rugosum cultures were established from field samples and these proved to contain between 603 and 981 ng pinnatoxin (PnTx) H per mg dry weight in addition to being positive for portimine. These strains from Qatar clustered with strains from Japan and Florida based on large subunit rRNA and rRNA internal transcribed spacer gene sequences.
Abdulrahman Al Muftah; Andrew I. Selwood; Amanda J. Foss; Hareb Mohammed S.J. Al-Jabri; Malcolm Potts; Mete Yilmaz. Algal toxins and producers in the marine waters of Qatar, Arabian Gulf. Toxicon 2016, 122, 54 -66.
AMA StyleAbdulrahman Al Muftah, Andrew I. Selwood, Amanda J. Foss, Hareb Mohammed S.J. Al-Jabri, Malcolm Potts, Mete Yilmaz. Algal toxins and producers in the marine waters of Qatar, Arabian Gulf. Toxicon. 2016; 122 ():54-66.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdulrahman Al Muftah; Andrew I. Selwood; Amanda J. Foss; Hareb Mohammed S.J. Al-Jabri; Malcolm Potts; Mete Yilmaz. 2016. "Algal toxins and producers in the marine waters of Qatar, Arabian Gulf." Toxicon 122, no. : 54-66.
Microcystins have been detected in raw and finished drinking water using a variety of techniques, including assays (immunoassay, phosphatase inhibition) and HPLC (UV, MS/(MS)). The principal challenge to microcystin analysis is accounting for the over 150 variants that have been described. A confirmatory individual variant HPLC analysis is prone to under-reporting total microcystins due to method specificity. One method that allows for total microcystin quantitation is the MMPB technique. In this study, water samples with native microcystins were oxidized to cleave the Adda moiety, common to all microcystin variants. LC-MS/MS analysis was conducted on the subsequent MMPB (3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid) molecule and calibrated using a certified reference standard (microcystin-LR) and 4-phenylbutyric acid. Total microcystin concentrations from MMPB were compared to Adda ELISA and individual variant analyses (LC-UV, LC-MS/(MS)). Variants of microcystin, including [DAsp(3)]MC-RR, [Dha(7)]MC-RR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LR, [DAsp(3)]MC-LR, [Dha(7)]MC-LR, MC-WR, MC-LA, and MC-LY were detected and quantified in samples. The individual variant analyses did not account for total microcystins present in samples, as indicated by ELISA and MMPB data. Results demonstrated the MMPB technique is a simple and valuable approach to confirm ELISA data when analyzing microcystins, with method detection limits of 0.05 μg L(-1) for total microcystins.
Amanda J. Foss; Mark T. Aubel. Using the MMPB technique to confirm microcystin concentrations in water measured by ELISA and HPLC (UV, MS, MS/MS). Toxicon 2015, 104, 91 -101.
AMA StyleAmanda J. Foss, Mark T. Aubel. Using the MMPB technique to confirm microcystin concentrations in water measured by ELISA and HPLC (UV, MS, MS/MS). Toxicon. 2015; 104 ():91-101.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda J. Foss; Mark T. Aubel. 2015. "Using the MMPB technique to confirm microcystin concentrations in water measured by ELISA and HPLC (UV, MS, MS/MS)." Toxicon 104, no. : 91-101.
Amanda J. Foss; Mark T. Aubel. The extraction and analysis of cylindrospermopsin from human serum and urine. Toxicon 2013, 70, 54 -61.
AMA StyleAmanda J. Foss, Mark T. Aubel. The extraction and analysis of cylindrospermopsin from human serum and urine. Toxicon. 2013; 70 ():54-61.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda J. Foss; Mark T. Aubel. 2013. "The extraction and analysis of cylindrospermopsin from human serum and urine." Toxicon 70, no. : 54-61.
Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) are highly toxic metabolic by-products of cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates. The filamentous cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei produces a unique set of PSTs, including L. wollei toxins (LWT) 1–6. The accurate identification and quantification of PSTs from Lyngbya filaments is challenging, but critical for understanding toxin production and associated risk, as well as for providing baseline information regarding the potential for trophic transfer. This study evaluated several approaches for the extraction and analysis of PSTs from field-collected L. wollei dominated algal mats. Extraction of PSTs from lyophilized Lyngbya biomass was assessed utilizing hydrochloric acid and acetic acid at concentrations of 0.001–0.1 M. Toxin profiles were then compared utilizing two analysis techniques: pre-column oxidation (peroxide and periodate) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Fluorescence (FL) detection and LC coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MS). While both acid approaches efficiently extracted PSTs, hydrochloric acid was found to convert the less toxic LWT into the more toxic decarbamoylgonyautoxins 2&3 (dcGTX2&3) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX). In comparison, extraction with 0.1 M acetic acid preserved the original toxin profile and limited the presence of interfering co-extractants. Although pre-chromatographic oxidation with HPLC/FL was relatively easy to setup and utilize, the method did not resolve the individual constituents of the L. wollei derived PST profile. The LC/MS method allowed characterization of the PSTs derived from L. wollei, but without commercially available LWT 1–6 standards, quantitation was not possible for the LWT. In future work, evaluation of the risk associated with L. wollei derived PSTs will require commercially available standards of LWT 1–6 for accurate determinations of total PST content and potency.
Amanda J. Foss; Edward J. Phlips; Mark T. Aubel; Nancy J. Szabo. Investigation of extraction and analysis techniques for Lyngbya wollei derived Paralytic Shellfish Toxins. Toxicon 2012, 60, 1148 -1158.
AMA StyleAmanda J. Foss, Edward J. Phlips, Mark T. Aubel, Nancy J. Szabo. Investigation of extraction and analysis techniques for Lyngbya wollei derived Paralytic Shellfish Toxins. Toxicon. 2012; 60 (6):1148-1158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda J. Foss; Edward J. Phlips; Mark T. Aubel; Nancy J. Szabo. 2012. "Investigation of extraction and analysis techniques for Lyngbya wollei derived Paralytic Shellfish Toxins." Toxicon 60, no. 6: 1148-1158.
Lyngbya wollei, a commonly observed cyanobacterium in Florida's spring fed systems, is considered a nuisance organism due to its formation of large benthic and floating mats. Standing crops and mats of Lyngbya from two Florida springs, Silver Glen Springs (Ocala National Forest) and Blue Hole Spring (Ichetucknee Springs State Park), were sampled and characterized via microscopy. A near full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence recovered from genomic DNA preparation of a filament collected from Silver Glen Natural Well was 99% identical to another L. wollei sequence. Paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) biosynthesis genes sxtA and sxtG were also detected in the filament DNA and were 97% and 98% identical in sequence, respectively, to those of L. wollei. PSTs were characterized utilizing High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MS). Analysis of extracted algal material with LC/MS/MS verified that PSTs decarbamoylgonyautoxin 2&3 (dcGTX2&3) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) were present in L. wollei mats in Florida springs and provided evidence supporting the presence of all L. wollei toxins (LWT 1-6). Levels of quantifiable toxins (dcGTX2&3 & dcSTX) ranged from 19 to 73 μg STX-eq (g dry weight)−1. Although L. wollei toxins 1–6 could not be quantified due to a lack of available standards, their presence indicates samples may be higher in toxicity. This is the first detailed study confirming PST presence in L. wollei dominated mats in Florida spring systems.
Amanda J. Foss; Edward J. Phlips; Mete Yilmaz; Andrew Chapman. Characterization of paralytic shellfish toxins from Lyngbya wollei dominated mats collected from two Florida springs. Harmful Algae 2012, 16, 98 -107.
AMA StyleAmanda J. Foss, Edward J. Phlips, Mete Yilmaz, Andrew Chapman. Characterization of paralytic shellfish toxins from Lyngbya wollei dominated mats collected from two Florida springs. Harmful Algae. 2012; 16 ():98-107.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanda J. Foss; Edward J. Phlips; Mete Yilmaz; Andrew Chapman. 2012. "Characterization of paralytic shellfish toxins from Lyngbya wollei dominated mats collected from two Florida springs." Harmful Algae 16, no. : 98-107.