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Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are notifiable diseases which are highly transmissible and have the potential for rapid spread regardless of national borders. Many TADs are shared between domestic animals and wildlife, with the potential to affect both livestock sector and wildlife conservation and eventually, public health in the case of zoonosis. The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), a commission of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), has grouped six TADs as ‘Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) And Similar Transboundary animal diseases’ (FAST diseases). FAST diseases are ruminant infections caused by viruses, for which vaccination is a control option. The EuFMD hold-FAST strategy aims primarily at addressing the threat represented by FAST diseases for Europe. Prevention and control of FAST diseases might benefit from assessing the role of wildlife. We reviewed the role of wildlife as indicators, victims, bridge hosts or maintenance hosts for the six TADs included in the EuFMD hold-FAST strategy: FMD, peste des petits ruminants, lumpy skin disease, sheep and goatpox, Rift Valley fever and bovine ephemeral fever. We observed that wildlife can act as indicator species. In addition, they are occasionally victims of disease outbreaks, and they are often relevant for disease management as either bridge or maintenance hosts. Wildlife deserves to become a key component of future integrated surveillance and disease control strategies in an ever-changing world. It is advisable to increase our knowledge on wildlife roles in relevant TADs to improve our preparedness in case of an outbreak in previously disease-free regions, where wildlife may be significant for disease surveillance and control.
Christian Gortázar; Patricia Barroso; Rodrigo Nova; Germán Cáceres. The role of wildlife in the epidemiology and control of Foot‐and‐mouth‐disease And Similar Transboundary (FAST) animal diseases: a review. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleChristian Gortázar, Patricia Barroso, Rodrigo Nova, Germán Cáceres. The role of wildlife in the epidemiology and control of Foot‐and‐mouth‐disease And Similar Transboundary (FAST) animal diseases: a review. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristian Gortázar; Patricia Barroso; Rodrigo Nova; Germán Cáceres. 2021. "The role of wildlife in the epidemiology and control of Foot‐and‐mouth‐disease And Similar Transboundary (FAST) animal diseases: a review." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
We found severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA in 6 (8.4%) of 71 ferrets in central Spain and isolated and sequenced virus from 1 oral and 1 rectal swab specimen. Natural infection occurs in kept ferrets when virus circulation among humans is high. However, small ferret collections probably cannot maintain virus circulation.
Christian Gortázar; Sandra Barroso-Arévalo; Elisa Ferreras-Colino; Julio Isla; Gabriela de la Fuente; Belén Rivera; Lucas Domínguez; José de la Fuente; José M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Kept Ferrets, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2021, 27, 1994 -1996.
AMA StyleChristian Gortázar, Sandra Barroso-Arévalo, Elisa Ferreras-Colino, Julio Isla, Gabriela de la Fuente, Belén Rivera, Lucas Domínguez, José de la Fuente, José M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Kept Ferrets, Spain. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021; 27 (7):1994-1996.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristian Gortázar; Sandra Barroso-Arévalo; Elisa Ferreras-Colino; Julio Isla; Gabriela de la Fuente; Belén Rivera; Lucas Domínguez; José de la Fuente; José M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. 2021. "Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Kept Ferrets, Spain." Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 7: 1994-1996.
Mycobacteriosis affects wild fish and aquaculture worldwide, and alternatives to antibiotics are needed for an effective and environmentally sound control of infectious diseases. Probiotics have shown beneficial effects on fish growth, nutrient metabolism, immune responses, disease prevention and control, and gut microbiota with higher water quality. However, the identification and characterization of the molecules and mechanisms associated with probiotics is a challenge that requires investigation. To address this challenge, herein we used the zebrafish model for the study of the efficacy and mechanisms of probiotic interventions against tuberculosis. First, bacteria from fish gut microbiota were identified with high content of the surface glycotope Galα1-3Galβ1-(3)4GlcNAc-R (α-Gal) that has been shown to induce protective immune responses. The results showed that probiotics of selected bacteria with high α-Gal content, namely Aeromonas veronii and Pseudomonas entomophila, were biosafe and effective for the control of Mycobacterium marinum. Protective mechanisms regulating immunity and metabolism activated in response to α-Gal and probiotics with high α-Gal content included modification of gut microbiota composition, B-cell maturation, anti-α-Gal antibodies-mediated control of mycobacteria, induced innate immune responses, beneficial effects on nutrient metabolism and reduced oxidative stress. These results support the potential of probiotics with high α-Gal content for the control of fish mycobacteriosis and suggested the possibility of exploring the development of combined probiotic treatments alone and in combination with α-Gal for the control of infectious diseases.
Iván Pacheco; Sandra Díaz-Sánchez; Marinela Contreras; Margarita Villar; Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz; Christian Gortázar; José de la Fuente. Probiotic Bacteria with High Alpha-Gal Content Protect Zebrafish against Mycobacteriosis. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 635 .
AMA StyleIván Pacheco, Sandra Díaz-Sánchez, Marinela Contreras, Margarita Villar, Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz, Christian Gortázar, José de la Fuente. Probiotic Bacteria with High Alpha-Gal Content Protect Zebrafish against Mycobacteriosis. Pharmaceuticals. 2021; 14 (7):635.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIván Pacheco; Sandra Díaz-Sánchez; Marinela Contreras; Margarita Villar; Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz; Christian Gortázar; José de la Fuente. 2021. "Probiotic Bacteria with High Alpha-Gal Content Protect Zebrafish against Mycobacteriosis." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 7: 635.
Recently, the survival of Mycobacterium bovis on livestock mineral blocks has been confirmed, but little is known about its implication in the transmission of animal tuberculosis (TB) under field conditions. The objective of this study was to describe the shared use of mineral supplements in four extensive beef cattle farms from a high TB prevalence area in South Central Spain, to identify the main factors explaining their use, and characterize its potential role for the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTC). This is relevant to design control measures at the wildlife-livestock interface. Animal activity was monitored by camera-trapping at 12 mineral supplementation points during spring and fall. Additionally, swabs were periodically taken from the mineral substrates and analyzed by PCR searching for MTC DNA. Cattle, pig, goat, sheep, wild boar, and red deer were all recorded licking on mineral supplementation points. Livestock species were the main users and presented a diurnal use pattern. Wild ungulates presented a nocturnal-crepuscular use pattern, with scarce overlapping with livestock. Wild boar presence was positively related to cattle presence at mineral supplementation points, whereas red deer presence was higher in supplemental points closer to forested areas and in farms without hunting pressure. We recorded 266 indirect wildlife-livestock interactions (i.e., two consecutive visits that occurred within 78 h), all of them derived from 21 unique wildlife visits. All the analyzed swabs resulted negative to MTC DNA. Comparing to other environmental sources of MTC in our study area, mainly water ponds, this research evidenced that mineral blocks are less attractive to wildlife. However, the potential for interspecific transmission of MTC or other pathogens cannot be discarded. The risk for interaction at mineral supplementation points and further transmission can be prevented by implementing specific measures in the context of integral biosecurity plans at the wildlife-livestock interface, which are proposed.
Jordi Martínez-Guijosa; Adrián López-Alonso; Christian Gortázar; Pelayo Acevedo; María José Torres; Joaquín Vicente. Shared use of mineral supplement in extensive farming and its potential for infection transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface. European Journal of Wildlife Research 2021, 67, 1 -9.
AMA StyleJordi Martínez-Guijosa, Adrián López-Alonso, Christian Gortázar, Pelayo Acevedo, María José Torres, Joaquín Vicente. Shared use of mineral supplement in extensive farming and its potential for infection transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 2021; 67 (3):1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJordi Martínez-Guijosa; Adrián López-Alonso; Christian Gortázar; Pelayo Acevedo; María José Torres; Joaquín Vicente. 2021. "Shared use of mineral supplement in extensive farming and its potential for infection transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface." European Journal of Wildlife Research 67, no. 3: 1-9.
We extend the classical compartmental frameworks for susceptible-infected-susceptible (
Xander O’Neill; Andy White; Damian Clancy; Francisco Ruiz-Fons; Christian Gortázar. The Influence of Latent and Chronic Infection on Pathogen Persistence. Mathematics 2021, 9, 1007 .
AMA StyleXander O’Neill, Andy White, Damian Clancy, Francisco Ruiz-Fons, Christian Gortázar. The Influence of Latent and Chronic Infection on Pathogen Persistence. Mathematics. 2021; 9 (9):1007.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXander O’Neill; Andy White; Damian Clancy; Francisco Ruiz-Fons; Christian Gortázar. 2021. "The Influence of Latent and Chronic Infection on Pathogen Persistence." Mathematics 9, no. 9: 1007.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a multiplex bead assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella suis, and Trichinella spiralis. Sera from Eurasian wild boar of known serological status for TB (64 seropositive, 106 seronegative), Brucella (30 seropositive, 39 seronegative), and Trichinella (21 seropositive, 97 seronegative) were used for the development and evaluation of the assay. Magnetic beads coated with recombinant MPB83 antigen (TB), a whole-cell B. suis 1330 antigen, and an E/S T. spiralis antigen were used for the detection of specific antibodies using Bio-Rad Bio-Plex technology. The sensitivities (Se) and specificities (Sp) of the multiplex assay were, for M. bovis, 0.98 and 0.86; for B. suis, 1.00 and 0.97; and for T. spiralis, 0.90 and 0.99 (Se and Sp, respectively). The results show the diagnostic potential of this assay for the simultaneous detection of antibodies against M. bovis, B. suis, and T. spiralis in wild boar.
Antonia Touloudi; George Valiakos; Shaun Cawthraw; Polychronis Kostoulas; Christian Gortázar; Mariana Boadella; Alexios Giannakopoulos; Periklis Birtsas; Marina Sofia; Labrini Athanasiou; Maria Satra; Zoi Athanasakopoulou; Maria Kantere; Vassiliki Spyrou; Liljana Petrovska; Charalambos Billinis. Development of a Multiplex Bead Assay for Simultaneous Serodiagnosis of Antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella suis, and Trichinella spiralis in Wild Boar. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 904 .
AMA StyleAntonia Touloudi, George Valiakos, Shaun Cawthraw, Polychronis Kostoulas, Christian Gortázar, Mariana Boadella, Alexios Giannakopoulos, Periklis Birtsas, Marina Sofia, Labrini Athanasiou, Maria Satra, Zoi Athanasakopoulou, Maria Kantere, Vassiliki Spyrou, Liljana Petrovska, Charalambos Billinis. Development of a Multiplex Bead Assay for Simultaneous Serodiagnosis of Antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella suis, and Trichinella spiralis in Wild Boar. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (5):904.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonia Touloudi; George Valiakos; Shaun Cawthraw; Polychronis Kostoulas; Christian Gortázar; Mariana Boadella; Alexios Giannakopoulos; Periklis Birtsas; Marina Sofia; Labrini Athanasiou; Maria Satra; Zoi Athanasakopoulou; Maria Kantere; Vassiliki Spyrou; Liljana Petrovska; Charalambos Billinis. 2021. "Development of a Multiplex Bead Assay for Simultaneous Serodiagnosis of Antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella suis, and Trichinella spiralis in Wild Boar." Microorganisms 9, no. 5: 904.
Coronavirus-like organisms have been previously identified in Arthropod ectoparasites (such as ticks and unfed cat flea). Yet, the question regarding the possible role of these arthropods as SARS-CoV-2 passive/biological transmission vectors is still poorly explored. In this study, we performed in silico structural and binding energy calculations to assess the risks associated with possible ectoparasite transmission. We found sufficient similarity between ectoparasite ACE and human ACE2 protein sequences to build good quality 3D-models of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike:ACE complex to assess the impacts of ectoparasite mutations on complex stability. For several species (e.g., water flea, deer tick, body louse), our analyses showed no significant destabilisation of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike:ACE complex, suggesting these species would bind the viral Spike protein. Our structural analyses also provide structural rationale for interactions between the viral Spike and the ectoparasite ACE proteins. Although we do not have experimental evidence of infection in these ectoparasites, the predicted stability of the complex suggests this is possible, raising concerns of a possible role in passive transmission of the virus to their human hosts.
Su Lam; Paul Ashford; Sandra Díaz-Sánchez; Margarita Villar; Christian Gortázar; José de la Fuente; Christine Orengo. Arthropod Ectoparasites Have Potential to Bind SARS-CoV-2 via ACE. Viruses 2021, 13, 708 .
AMA StyleSu Lam, Paul Ashford, Sandra Díaz-Sánchez, Margarita Villar, Christian Gortázar, José de la Fuente, Christine Orengo. Arthropod Ectoparasites Have Potential to Bind SARS-CoV-2 via ACE. Viruses. 2021; 13 (4):708.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu Lam; Paul Ashford; Sandra Díaz-Sánchez; Margarita Villar; Christian Gortázar; José de la Fuente; Christine Orengo. 2021. "Arthropod Ectoparasites Have Potential to Bind SARS-CoV-2 via ACE." Viruses 13, no. 4: 708.
African Swine Fever (ASF) was detected in South Korean pig farms in September 2019. Currently, ASF occurs mostly in wild boar (Sus scrofa). We describe the ASF dynamics in wild boar in South Korea from October 2019 to October 2020 and use case studies to evidence the advantages and limitations of the control measures applied. During 2019, ASF remained confined in fenced areas of three counties. Since January 2020 however, the ASF management policy changed from fencing with limited disturbance to culling (with more disturbance), and ASF spread east and south. Until 31 October 2020, a total of 775 wild boar ASF cases have been confirmed, affecting 9 counties. Interventions for ASF control in wild boar included silent (trapping) and non‐silent (shooting) population control, local and large‐scale fencing, and carcass destruction. Pre‐ASF wild boar densities were close to 10 per km2. Biosafety risks arose from the movements of people and vehicles, swill feeding of wild boar, destroying pig herds, handling wild boar during trapping and hunting, and searching for and disposing of carcasses. Despite training efforts, biosafety regulations were sometimes ignored. We observed differences between counties regarding disease control. While interventions apparently succeeded in controlling ASF in one site where geographical features and fast decision making facilitated an early and efficient fencing, and culling was performed silently, biosafety problems and habitat‐ and management‐related delays hindered ASF control in other situations. Given that carcass destruction faces specific limitations in South Korea, fencing and trapping (under appropriate biosafety conditions) might represent the most effective intervention option.
Yeong‐Seok Jo; Christian Gortázar. African Swine Fever in wild boar: Assessing interventions in South Korea. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleYeong‐Seok Jo, Christian Gortázar. African Swine Fever in wild boar: Assessing interventions in South Korea. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeong‐Seok Jo; Christian Gortázar. 2021. "African Swine Fever in wild boar: Assessing interventions in South Korea." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Current results do not provide conclusive evidence on the effect of BCG vaccination on COVID‐19 alone or in combination with other factors. To address this limitation, in this study we used a citizen science initiative on the COVID‐19 pandemic to collect data worldwide during October 2‐30, 2020 (1,233 individuals) in a structured way for analyzing factors and characteristics of affected individuals in relation to BCG vaccination. For the first time, the results of our study suggested that vaccination with BCG may increase the risk for COVID‐19 at certain age, particularly in individuals vaccinated at childhood. Childhood BCG vaccination increased the likelihood of being diagnosed with COVID‐19 fivefold in COVID‐19 low‐incidence countries and threefold in high‐incidence countries. A reasonable explanation for this effect is the activation of certain innate immunity mechanisms associated with inflammatory reactions. These factors should be considered when analyzing the risks associated with this global pandemic.
José de la Fuente; Octavio Armas; Luis Sánchez‐Rodríguez; Christian Gortázar; Alexander N. Lukashev; Consuelo Almazán; Isabel G. Fernández de Mera; Margarita Villar; Marinela Contreras; Elisa Ferreras‐Colino; Jānis Ancāns; Alejandro Cabezas‐Cruz; José M. Urra; Carmen M. Cabrera; Francisco J. Rodríguez del Río; Lorena Torres; Andrei Daniel Mihalca; Fredrick Kabi; Dibesh Karmacharya; Espiridión Ramos; Vidal Montoro; Katherine M. Kocan; Edmour F. Blouin; Hugo Fragoso; Sergio Bermúdez; Agustín Estrada‐Peña; Luis M. Hernández‐Triana; Michalis Kotsyfakis; Libor Grubhoffer; Gabriela de la Fuente; Karelia Deulofeu; Leticia Deulofeu; Anna Zelinska‐Fedorovych; Zorica Zivkovic; Ana Domingos; Anna Papa; Ard M. Nijhof; Mónica Florin‐Christensen; Lucas Domínguez; Mercedes Domínguez; Juan Mosqueda; Octavio Merino; Ala E. Tabor; Albert Mulenga; Ernesto Doncel‐Pérez; Gervacio H. Bechara; Srikant Ghosh; Alessandra Torina; Guido Sireci; Rodrigo Nova; Joao Queirós; COVID‐BCG Collaborative Working Group. Citizen science initiative points at childhood BCG vaccination as a risk factor for COVID‐19. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJosé de la Fuente, Octavio Armas, Luis Sánchez‐Rodríguez, Christian Gortázar, Alexander N. Lukashev, Consuelo Almazán, Isabel G. Fernández de Mera, Margarita Villar, Marinela Contreras, Elisa Ferreras‐Colino, Jānis Ancāns, Alejandro Cabezas‐Cruz, José M. Urra, Carmen M. Cabrera, Francisco J. Rodríguez del Río, Lorena Torres, Andrei Daniel Mihalca, Fredrick Kabi, Dibesh Karmacharya, Espiridión Ramos, Vidal Montoro, Katherine M. Kocan, Edmour F. Blouin, Hugo Fragoso, Sergio Bermúdez, Agustín Estrada‐Peña, Luis M. Hernández‐Triana, Michalis Kotsyfakis, Libor Grubhoffer, Gabriela de la Fuente, Karelia Deulofeu, Leticia Deulofeu, Anna Zelinska‐Fedorovych, Zorica Zivkovic, Ana Domingos, Anna Papa, Ard M. Nijhof, Mónica Florin‐Christensen, Lucas Domínguez, Mercedes Domínguez, Juan Mosqueda, Octavio Merino, Ala E. Tabor, Albert Mulenga, Ernesto Doncel‐Pérez, Gervacio H. Bechara, Srikant Ghosh, Alessandra Torina, Guido Sireci, Rodrigo Nova, Joao Queirós, COVID‐BCG Collaborative Working Group. Citizen science initiative points at childhood BCG vaccination as a risk factor for COVID‐19. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé de la Fuente; Octavio Armas; Luis Sánchez‐Rodríguez; Christian Gortázar; Alexander N. Lukashev; Consuelo Almazán; Isabel G. Fernández de Mera; Margarita Villar; Marinela Contreras; Elisa Ferreras‐Colino; Jānis Ancāns; Alejandro Cabezas‐Cruz; José M. Urra; Carmen M. Cabrera; Francisco J. Rodríguez del Río; Lorena Torres; Andrei Daniel Mihalca; Fredrick Kabi; Dibesh Karmacharya; Espiridión Ramos; Vidal Montoro; Katherine M. Kocan; Edmour F. Blouin; Hugo Fragoso; Sergio Bermúdez; Agustín Estrada‐Peña; Luis M. Hernández‐Triana; Michalis Kotsyfakis; Libor Grubhoffer; Gabriela de la Fuente; Karelia Deulofeu; Leticia Deulofeu; Anna Zelinska‐Fedorovych; Zorica Zivkovic; Ana Domingos; Anna Papa; Ard M. Nijhof; Mónica Florin‐Christensen; Lucas Domínguez; Mercedes Domínguez; Juan Mosqueda; Octavio Merino; Ala E. Tabor; Albert Mulenga; Ernesto Doncel‐Pérez; Gervacio H. Bechara; Srikant Ghosh; Alessandra Torina; Guido Sireci; Rodrigo Nova; Joao Queirós; COVID‐BCG Collaborative Working Group. 2021. "Citizen science initiative points at childhood BCG vaccination as a risk factor for COVID‐19." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 likely emerged from a wildlife source with transmission to humans followed by rapid geographic spread throughout the globe and severe impacts on both human health and the global economy. Since the onset of the pandemic, there have been many instances of human-to-animal transmission involving companion, farmed and zoo animals, and limited evidence for spread into free-living wildlife. The establishment of reservoirs of infection in wild animals would create significant challenges to infection control in humans and could pose a threat to the welfare and conservation status of wildlife. We discuss the potential for exposure, onward transmission and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in an initial selection of wild mammals (bats, canids, felids, mustelids, great apes, rodents and cervids). Dynamic risk assessment and targeted surveillance are important tools for the early detection of infection in wildlife, and here we describe a framework for collating and synthesising emerging information to inform targeted surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife. Surveillance efforts should be integrated with information from public and veterinary health initiatives to provide insights into the potential role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.
R. J. Delahay; J. de la Fuente; G. C. Smith; K. Sharun; E. L. Snary; L. Flores Girón; J. Nziza; A. R. Fooks; S. M. Brookes; F. Z. X. Lean; A. C. Breed; C. Gortazar. Assessing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife. One Health Outlook 2021, 3, 1 -14.
AMA StyleR. J. Delahay, J. de la Fuente, G. C. Smith, K. Sharun, E. L. Snary, L. Flores Girón, J. Nziza, A. R. Fooks, S. M. Brookes, F. Z. X. Lean, A. C. Breed, C. Gortazar. Assessing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife. One Health Outlook. 2021; 3 (1):1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. J. Delahay; J. de la Fuente; G. C. Smith; K. Sharun; E. L. Snary; L. Flores Girón; J. Nziza; A. R. Fooks; S. M. Brookes; F. Z. X. Lean; A. C. Breed; C. Gortazar. 2021. "Assessing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife." One Health Outlook 3, no. 1: 1-14.
A mathematical model is developed and analysed to examine the impacts of African swine fever (ASF) introduction into a wild boar population that supports endemic animal tuberculosis (TB). TB is a widespread infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) that can persist in reservoir wildlife hosts. Wild boar (sus scrofa) are a key reservoir for MTC, and an increasing trend in wild boar density is expected to lead to an increase in TB prevalence with spill‐over to livestock. MTC infection is presently controlled through a variety of strategies, including culling. African swine fever (ASF) is a virulent, viral infection which affects wild boar and is spreading across Eurasia and Oceania. ASF infection leads to near 100% mortality at the individual level, can cause a dramatic decrease in population density and may therefore lead to TB control. We extend an established model that captures the key demographic and infection processes for TB in wild boar to consider the impact of ASF introduction on wild boar populations that support different levels of endemic TB. Our model results indicate that an ASF infection will reduce wild boar population density and lead to a decrease in the prevalence of TB. If ASF persists in the local host population the model predicts the long‐term decline of TB prevalence in wild boar. If ASF is eradicated, or fades‐out in the local host population, the model predicts a slower recovery of TB prevalence in comparison to wild boar density after an ASF epidemic. This may open a window of opportunity to apply TB management to maintain low TB prevalence.
Xander O'Neill; Andrew White; Francisco Ruiz‐Fons; Christian Gortázar. The impact of an African swine fever outbreak on endemic tuberculosis in wild boar populations: A model analysis. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleXander O'Neill, Andrew White, Francisco Ruiz‐Fons, Christian Gortázar. The impact of an African swine fever outbreak on endemic tuberculosis in wild boar populations: A model analysis. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXander O'Neill; Andrew White; Francisco Ruiz‐Fons; Christian Gortázar. 2021. "The impact of an African swine fever outbreak on endemic tuberculosis in wild boar populations: A model analysis." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Sarcoptic mange, a skin infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is an emerging disease for some species of wildlife, potentially jeopardizing their welfare and conservation. Sarcoptes scabiei has a near‐global distribution facilitated by its forms of transmission and use of a large diversity of host species (many of those with broad geographic distribution). In this review, we synthesize the current knowledge concerning the geographic and host taxonomic distribution of mange in wildlife, the epidemiological connections between species, and the potential threat of sarcoptic mange for wildlife conservation. Recent sarcoptic mange outbreaks in wildlife appear to demonstrate ongoing geographic, increase in the number of hosts, and increased virulence. Sarcoptic mange has been reported in at least 12 Orders, 39 Families, and 148 species of domestic and wild mammals, making it one of the most generalist ectoparasites of mammals. Taxonomically, ungulates (Perissodactyla=67%, Artiodactyla=47%) and marsupials (Diprotodontia=67%) are the mammal groups with the highest percentage of susceptible host species with evidence of cross‐species transmission in many of them. We propose a new agenda for the study of sarcoptic mange in wildlife, including the study of the global phylogeography of S. scabiei, linkages between ecological host traits and sarcoptic mange susceptibility, immunology of individuals and species, development of control strategies in wildlife outbreaks, and the effects of global environmental change on the sarcoptic mange system. The ongoing transmission globally and sustained spread among areas and wildlife species make sarcoptic mange an emerging panzootic in wildlife. A better understanding of sarcoptic mange could illuminate aspects of ecological and evolutionary drivers in cross‐species transmission for many emerging diseases.
Luis E. Escobar; Scott Carver; Paul C. Cross; Luca Rossi; Emily S. Almberg; Michael J. Yabsley; Kevin D. Niedringhaus; Peach Van Wick; Ernesto Dominguez‐Villegas; Francis Gakuya; Yue Xie; Samer Angelone; Christian Gortázar; Francisca Astorga. Sarcoptic mange: An emerging panzootic in wildlife. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleLuis E. Escobar, Scott Carver, Paul C. Cross, Luca Rossi, Emily S. Almberg, Michael J. Yabsley, Kevin D. Niedringhaus, Peach Van Wick, Ernesto Dominguez‐Villegas, Francis Gakuya, Yue Xie, Samer Angelone, Christian Gortázar, Francisca Astorga. Sarcoptic mange: An emerging panzootic in wildlife. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis E. Escobar; Scott Carver; Paul C. Cross; Luca Rossi; Emily S. Almberg; Michael J. Yabsley; Kevin D. Niedringhaus; Peach Van Wick; Ernesto Dominguez‐Villegas; Francis Gakuya; Yue Xie; Samer Angelone; Christian Gortázar; Francisca Astorga. 2021. "Sarcoptic mange: An emerging panzootic in wildlife." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
José De La Fuente; Christian Gortázar; Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz. Immunity to glycan α-Gal and possibilities for the control of COVID-19. Immunotherapy 2021, 13, 185 -188.
AMA StyleJosé De La Fuente, Christian Gortázar, Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz. Immunity to glycan α-Gal and possibilities for the control of COVID-19. Immunotherapy. 2021; 13 (3):185-188.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé De La Fuente; Christian Gortázar; Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz. 2021. "Immunity to glycan α-Gal and possibilities for the control of COVID-19." Immunotherapy 13, no. 3: 185-188.
Prevalence and temporal evolution of the infection by the acanthocephalan Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus is studied in the Valencian Community (Eastern Spain), a region only recently fully colonized by the expanding native Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa). For 8 years, a total of 1486 wild boars were sampled in order to look for the parasite. The mean prevalence was 20.7% (95% CI, 18.6–22.8; 307/1486). We observed an increasing trend through time, both in the number of wild boars and affected districts. The prevalence of M. hirudinaceus rose in parallel to the annual capture of wild boars, and its presence has been expanding towards the East. A hotspot of M. hirudinaceus is located to the west of the study area, in Muela de Cortes Game Reserve, where 89.6% of the wild boars were positive for the infection, constituting one of the world’s highest known prevalence areas.
Victor Lizana; Christian Gortazar; Raquel Prats; Miguel Angel Sáchez-Isarria; Maria José Carrión; Jesus Cardells. Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus in expanding wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations in Eastern Spain. Parasitology Research 2021, 120, 919 -927.
AMA StyleVictor Lizana, Christian Gortazar, Raquel Prats, Miguel Angel Sáchez-Isarria, Maria José Carrión, Jesus Cardells. Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus in expanding wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations in Eastern Spain. Parasitology Research. 2021; 120 (3):919-927.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictor Lizana; Christian Gortazar; Raquel Prats; Miguel Angel Sáchez-Isarria; Maria José Carrión; Jesus Cardells. 2021. "Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus in expanding wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations in Eastern Spain." Parasitology Research 120, no. 3: 919-927.
We found SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 6 of 71 ferrets (8.4%) and isolated the virus from one rectal swab. Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection does occur in kept ferrets, at least under circumstances of high viral circulation in the human population. However, small ferret collections are probably unable to maintain prolonged virus circulation.
Christian Gortázar; Sandra Barroso-Arévalo; Elisa Ferreras-Colino; Julio Isla; Gabriela De La Fuente; Belén Rivera; Lucas Domínguez; José De La Fuente; José M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in kept ferrets, Spain. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleChristian Gortázar, Sandra Barroso-Arévalo, Elisa Ferreras-Colino, Julio Isla, Gabriela De La Fuente, Belén Rivera, Lucas Domínguez, José De La Fuente, José M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in kept ferrets, Spain. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristian Gortázar; Sandra Barroso-Arévalo; Elisa Ferreras-Colino; Julio Isla; Gabriela De La Fuente; Belén Rivera; Lucas Domínguez; José De La Fuente; José M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. 2021. "Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in kept ferrets, Spain." , no. : 1.
Christian Gortázar; Javier Fernández-De-Simón. Introducción al papel de la caza en la gestión de la sobreabundancia de especies cinegéticas. El papel de la caza en la gestión de la sobreabundancia de especies cinegéticas 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleChristian Gortázar, Javier Fernández-De-Simón. Introducción al papel de la caza en la gestión de la sobreabundancia de especies cinegéticas. El papel de la caza en la gestión de la sobreabundancia de especies cinegéticas. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristian Gortázar; Javier Fernández-De-Simón. 2021. "Introducción al papel de la caza en la gestión de la sobreabundancia de especies cinegéticas." El papel de la caza en la gestión de la sobreabundancia de especies cinegéticas , no. : 1.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously 2019-nCoV) is suspected of having originated in 2019 in China from a coronavirus infected bat of the genus Rhinolophus. Following the initial emergence, possibly facilitated by a mammalian bridge host, SARS-CoV-2 is currently transmitted across the globe via efficient human-to-human transmission. Results obtained from experimental studies indicate that animal species such as cats, ferrets, raccoon dogs, cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, white-tailed deer, rabbits, Egyptian fruit bats, and Syrian hamsters are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that cat-to-cat and ferret-to-ferret transmission can take place via contact and air. However, natural infections of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported only in pet dogs and cats, tigers, lions, snow leopards, pumas, and gorillas at zoos, and farmed mink and ferrets. Even though human-to-animal spillover has been reported at several instances, SARS-CoV-2 transmission from animals-to-humans has only been reported from mink-to-humans in mink farms. Following the rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within the mink population, a new mink-associated SARS-CoV-2 variant emerged that was identified in both humans and mink. The increasing reports of SARS-CoV-2 in carnivores indicate the higher susceptibility of animal species belonging to this order. The sporadic reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection in domestic and wild animal species require further investigation to determine if SARS-CoV-2 or related Betacoronaviruses can get established in kept, feral or wild animal populations, which may eventually act as viral reservoirs. This review analyzes the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in domestic and wild animal species and their possible implications on public health.
Khan Sharun; Kuldeep Dhama; Abhijit M. Pawde; Christian Gortázar; Ruchi Tiwari; D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana; Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales; José de la Fuente; Izabela Michalak; Youssef A. Attia. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications. Veterinary Quarterly 2021, 41, 181 -201.
AMA StyleKhan Sharun, Kuldeep Dhama, Abhijit M. Pawde, Christian Gortázar, Ruchi Tiwari, D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, José de la Fuente, Izabela Michalak, Youssef A. Attia. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications. Veterinary Quarterly. 2021; 41 (1):181-201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan Sharun; Kuldeep Dhama; Abhijit M. Pawde; Christian Gortázar; Ruchi Tiwari; D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana; Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales; José de la Fuente; Izabela Michalak; Youssef A. Attia. 2021. "SARS-CoV-2 in animals: potential for unknown reservoir hosts and public health implications." Veterinary Quarterly 41, no. 1: 181-201.
Pasture-based livestock farming generates income in regions with limited resources and is key to biodiversity conservation. However, costs derived from fighting disease can make the difference between profit and loss, eventually compromising farm survival. Animal TB (TB), a chronic infection of cattle and other domestic and wild hosts, is one of the primary limitations of beef cattle farming in some parts of Europe. When an animal tests positive for TB, a loss of profit is caused in the farm, which is due mainly to the animal’s slaughter, replacement of the slaughtered animal and the need to immobilize the rest of the herd. We estimated the economic impact in terms of loss of profit as a result of incremental costs and forgone incomes. We show that farms with a larger number of heads are more capable of dealing with the loss of profit caused by the disease. The quantification of the loss of profit contributes to the ongoing debate on the co-sharing of TB costs between government and farmers. The compensation farmers receive from the public administration to mitigate the economic effects of the disease control interventions is only intended to balance the loss due to slaughter of the infected cattle, being the loss of profit a more global concept.
Rosario Pérez-Morote; Carolina Pontones-Rosa; Christian Gortázar-Schmidt; Álvaro Ignacio Muñoz-Cardona. Quantifying the Economic Impact of Bovine Tuberculosis on Livestock Farms in South-Western Spain. Animals 2020, 10, 2433 .
AMA StyleRosario Pérez-Morote, Carolina Pontones-Rosa, Christian Gortázar-Schmidt, Álvaro Ignacio Muñoz-Cardona. Quantifying the Economic Impact of Bovine Tuberculosis on Livestock Farms in South-Western Spain. Animals. 2020; 10 (12):2433.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosario Pérez-Morote; Carolina Pontones-Rosa; Christian Gortázar-Schmidt; Álvaro Ignacio Muñoz-Cardona. 2020. "Quantifying the Economic Impact of Bovine Tuberculosis on Livestock Farms in South-Western Spain." Animals 10, no. 12: 2433.
A large‐scale study was carried out to determine the prevalence of antibodies against Pestivirus species in wild ruminants and describe their spatial variation in mainland Spain. Serum samples of 1,874 wild ruminants from different regions of this country were collected between the years 2000 and 2017. A total of 6.6% (123/1,874) animals showed antibodies against Pestivirus by both blocking ELISA (bELISA) and virus neutralization tests (VNT). The prevalence of antibodies against pestiviruses was different both among species and regions. Seroprevalence by species was 30.0% (75/250) in Southern chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica), 7.0% (25/357) in fallow deer (Dama dama), 2.5% (10/401) in red deer (Cervus elaphus), 2.4% (8/330) in Iberian wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), 1.1% (4/369) in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 0.8% (1/130) in mouflon (Ovis aries musimon), not detecting seropositivity (0/37) in Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia). The results confirm that exposure to pestiviruses was detected throughout mainland Spain, with significantly higher seroprevalence in Northern regions associated with presence of Southern chamois. This indicates an endemic circulation of pestiviruses in Southern chamois and a limited circulation of these viruses in the remaining wild ruminant species during the last two decades, thus suggesting that non‐chamois species are not true Pestivirus reservoirs in Spain. Nonetheless, the high spatial spread of these viruses points out that new epidemic outbreaks in naïve wild ruminant populations or transmission to livestock may occur, evidencing the usefulness of monitoring pestiviruses in wild ruminants, especially at the wildlife‐livestock interface.
Saúl Jiménez‐Ruiz; Joaquín Vicente; Ignacio García‐Bocanegra; Óscar Cabezón; María Cruz Arnal; Ana Balseiro; Francisco Ruiz‐Fons; Félix Gómez‐Guillamón; Sonia Lázaro; Fernando Escribano; Pelayo Acevedo; Lucas Domínguez; Christian Gortázar; Daniel Fernández de Luco; María A. Risalde. Distribution of Pestivirus exposure in wild ruminants in Spain. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020, 68, 1577 -1585.
AMA StyleSaúl Jiménez‐Ruiz, Joaquín Vicente, Ignacio García‐Bocanegra, Óscar Cabezón, María Cruz Arnal, Ana Balseiro, Francisco Ruiz‐Fons, Félix Gómez‐Guillamón, Sonia Lázaro, Fernando Escribano, Pelayo Acevedo, Lucas Domínguez, Christian Gortázar, Daniel Fernández de Luco, María A. Risalde. Distribution of Pestivirus exposure in wild ruminants in Spain. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020; 68 (3):1577-1585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaúl Jiménez‐Ruiz; Joaquín Vicente; Ignacio García‐Bocanegra; Óscar Cabezón; María Cruz Arnal; Ana Balseiro; Francisco Ruiz‐Fons; Félix Gómez‐Guillamón; Sonia Lázaro; Fernando Escribano; Pelayo Acevedo; Lucas Domínguez; Christian Gortázar; Daniel Fernández de Luco; María A. Risalde. 2020. "Distribution of Pestivirus exposure in wild ruminants in Spain." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 68, no. 3: 1577-1585.
Since March 2020, Spain (along with many other countries) has been severely affected by the ongoing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) pandemic caused by the rapid spread of a new virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS‐CoV‐2). As part of global efforts to improve disease surveillance, we investigated how readily SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA could be detected in environmental samples collected from an isolated rural community in Spain with a high COVID‐19 prevalence (6% of the population of 883 inhabitants). The first diagnosis of COVID‐19‐compatible symptoms in the village was recorded on March 3, 2020 and the last known active case resolved on June 5, 2020. By May 15, two months after strict movement constraints were imposed (“lockdown”) the cumulative number of symptomatic cases had increased to 53. Of those cases, 22 (41%) had been tested and confirmed by RT‐PCR. On May 13 and June 5, samples were collected from high‐use surfaces and clothes in the homes of 13 confirmed cases, from surfaces in nine public service sites (e.g. supermarket and petrol station), and from the wastewater of the village sewage system. SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA was detected in 7 of 57 (12%) samples, including three households and three public sites. While there is not yet sufficient evidence to recommend environmental surveillance as a standard approach for COVID‐19 epidemiology, environmental surveillance research may contribute to advance knowledge about COVID‐19 by further elucidating virus shedding dynamics and environmental contamination, including the potential identification of animal reservoirs.
Isabel G. Fernández‐De‐Mera; Francisco J. Rodríguez Del‐Río; José de la Fuente; Marta Pérez‐Sancho; Dolores Hervás; Inmaculada Moreno; Mercedes Domínguez; Lucas Domínguez; Christian Gortázar. Detection of environmental SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in a high prevalence setting in Spain. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020, 68, 1487 -1492.
AMA StyleIsabel G. Fernández‐De‐Mera, Francisco J. Rodríguez Del‐Río, José de la Fuente, Marta Pérez‐Sancho, Dolores Hervás, Inmaculada Moreno, Mercedes Domínguez, Lucas Domínguez, Christian Gortázar. Detection of environmental SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in a high prevalence setting in Spain. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020; 68 (3):1487-1492.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsabel G. Fernández‐De‐Mera; Francisco J. Rodríguez Del‐Río; José de la Fuente; Marta Pérez‐Sancho; Dolores Hervás; Inmaculada Moreno; Mercedes Domínguez; Lucas Domínguez; Christian Gortázar. 2020. "Detection of environmental SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in a high prevalence setting in Spain." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 68, no. 3: 1487-1492.