This study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to maximize the extraction yield, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity from Moringa oleifera. The four UAE factors, solvent ratio (A), solvent–solid ratio (B), extraction temperature (C), and extraction time (D), were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A Box–Behnken design was used for the experimental design. The optimal conditions were found to be a 50% v/v solvent ratio, a 30% v/w solvent–solid ratio, 35 °C extraction temperature, and 45 min extraction time. The experimental value of extraction yield (R₁), TFC (R₂), TPC (R₃), and DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity (R₄) (87.99% w/w, 56.63 mg QE/g extract, 97.26 mg GAE/g extract, and 93.32% inhibition, respectively) agreed with those predicted by RSM models (88.10% w/w, 56.61 mg QE/g extract, 97.16 mg GAE/g extract, and93.38% inhibition, respectively), thus demonstrating the appropriateness of the model used and the ability of the RSM to optimize the extraction conditions. Excellent DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity was exhibited by M. oleifera compared with the standard, sitagliptin. While the modeled equation fits the data, the t-test is not significant, suggesting that the experimental values agree with those predicted by the RSM–BBD

Background. The product combination of Piper crocatum Ruiz. and Pav., Phyllanthus niruri Linn., and Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) BL ethanolic extract (SKM) exerts immunomodulatory activity. However, the toxicity profile of the combination has never been investigated. Objective. This study aimed to establish the acute toxicity profile of the SKM product on SpragueDawley (SD) rats and its subchronic toxicity profile on female SD rats. Method. The acute and subchronic toxicity tests were conducted in accordance with OECD 423 and OECD 408, respectively. Result. The SKM product was safe up to 5000mg/kg b.w. in male and female SD rats. In repeated doses of SKM for 90days, the administration of 22.5, 45, and 90mg/kg b.w. per day of the SKM product to female SD rats did not affect clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, hematological parameters, clinical chemical parameters, urinalysis, relative organ weights, and gross pathological and histopathological features compared with the control group. Conclusion. Analyses of these results suggest that the long-term oral administration of the SKM product for 90days does not cause subchronic toxicity.

Indonesia memiliki sekitar 200 jenis bajakah; 4 di antaranya yaitu bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.), kalalawit (Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb.), bajakah jari lima (Schefflera petiolosa (Miq.) Harms), dan longkur (Spatholobus ferrugineus (Zoll. & Moritzi) Benth.) yang telah digunakan oleh suku Dayak untuk pengobatan kanker payudara. Studi ini menguji sitotoksisitas antikanker payudara ekstrak akar dari keempat bajakah di atas. Ekstraksi menggunakan sample grinding pestle dengan pelarut air, air panas, etanol 96%, dan n-heksan. Uji sitotoksisitas ekstrak dilakukan secara in vitro terhadap sel T47D dengan pembanding tamoksifen. Nilai IC50 dari uji sitotoksik ekstrak etanol, air panas, air, dan n-heksan berturut-turut: 1136; 1871,5; 2294,25; dan 3975,5 µg/mL (R2 = 0,962; 0,943; 0,943; dan 0,956), tamoksifen 9 µg/mL (R2 = 0,9581). Ekstrak etanol bajakah merupakan yang paling toksik dibanding lainnya. Sehingga untuk perbaikan nilai IC50 dilakukan ekstraksi reflux menggunakan etanol 96% pada keempat akar bajakah. Hasil menunjukkan nilai IC50 bajakah kalalawit, tampala, longkur, dan jari lima yang membaik yaitu berturut-turut adalah 407; 708; 881; dan 1.096 µg/mL (R2 = 0,9717; 0,952; 0,9367; 0,9369). Keempat ekstrak bajakah mengandung zat aktif antikanker payudara (mengingat nilai R2 uji sitotoksisitas > 0,93), namun kadar yang terekstraksi sangat kecil sehingga perlu dilakukan ekstraksi dengan menggunakan soxhlet.

Curcumin, the yellow pigment isolated from turmeric has been reported to suppress migration through inhibition of β-catenin and GSK-3β, which is activated in metastasis breast cancer. However, the effects of its analog pentagamavunon-1 (PGV-1) on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway have not been investigated. This present study aims to determine the effect of curcumin and its analog to inhibition of breast cancer cell migration. Step of procedure was cultured 4T1 cell and simulation in silico study. This study showed that PGV-1 suppressed migration of 4T1 breast cancer cell. Besides, molecular docking study revealed that curcumin showed interaction with Asn516 and PGV-1 interact with His470, Asn430, and Lys435 of β-catenin active site. Moreover, curcumin interacts with GSK-3β at Phe67, Asp 90 and Glu97 while PGV-1 interact at Asp200. Thus, our findings suggest that curcumin and PGV-1 inhibit migration of 4T1 breast cancer by modulating the interaction with β-catenin and GSK-3β.

Curcumin Analogs Induce Apoptosis and G2/M Arrest In 4T1 Murine Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells