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Finite-time cycle period for a quantum Otto machine implies that either an adiabatic stroke or an isochoric process proceeds in finite time duration. The quantum Otto refrigerators under consideration consist of two adiabatic strokes, where the system (isolated from the heat reservoir) undergoes finite-time unitary transformation, and two isochoric steps, where the system may not reach thermal equilibrium even at the respective ends of the two stages due to finite-time interaction intervals. Using two-time projective measurement method, we find the probability distribution functions of both coefficient of performance and cooling load, which are dependent on the time duration along each process. With these distributions we find the analytical expressions for the performance parameters as well as their fluctuations. We then numerically determine the performance and fluctuations for the refrigerator operating with a two-level system employed in a recent experimental implementation. Our results clarify the role of finite-time durations of four processes on the performance and fluctuations of the quantum Otto refrigerators.
Guangqian Jiao; Yang Xiao; Jizhou He; Yongli Ma; Jianhui Wang. Quantum Otto refrigerators in finite-time cycle period. New Journal of Physics 2021, 23, 063075 .
AMA StyleGuangqian Jiao, Yang Xiao, Jizhou He, Yongli Ma, Jianhui Wang. Quantum Otto refrigerators in finite-time cycle period. New Journal of Physics. 2021; 23 (6):063075.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuangqian Jiao; Yang Xiao; Jizhou He; Yongli Ma; Jianhui Wang. 2021. "Quantum Otto refrigerators in finite-time cycle period." New Journal of Physics 23, no. 6: 063075.
In an adiabatic process, the change in energies of select states may be inhomogenously scaled due to energy quantization. To illustrate this, we introduce a [Formula: see text] barrier turning up (turning down) in an adiabatic expansion (compression). We consider a quantum-mechanical Carnot engine employing a single particle confined in an infinite potential, assuming only the lowest two energy levels to be occupied. This cyclic engine model consists of two isoenergetic strokes where the system is alternatively coupled to two energy baths, and two adiabatic processes where the potential is adiabatically deformed with turning up or down a [Formula: see text] barrier. Having obtained the work output and efficiency, we analyze the efficiency at maximum power under the assumption that the potential moves at a very slow speed. We show that the efficiency at maximum power can be enhanced by energy quantization.
Shou-Bao Zhu; Guang-Qian Jiao; Jian-Hui Wang. Efficiency at maximum power of quantum-mechanical Carnot engine enhanced by energy quantization. Modern Physics Letters B 2021, 35, 1 .
AMA StyleShou-Bao Zhu, Guang-Qian Jiao, Jian-Hui Wang. Efficiency at maximum power of quantum-mechanical Carnot engine enhanced by energy quantization. Modern Physics Letters B. 2021; 35 (19):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShou-Bao Zhu; Guang-Qian Jiao; Jian-Hui Wang. 2021. "Efficiency at maximum power of quantum-mechanical Carnot engine enhanced by energy quantization." Modern Physics Letters B 35, no. 19: 1.
We derive the general probability distribution function of stochastic work for quantum Otto engines in which both the isochoric and driving processes are irreversible due to finite time duration. The time-dependent work fluctuations, average work, and thermodynamic efficiency are explicitly obtained for a complete cycle operating with an analytically solvable two-level system. The effects of the irreversibility originating from finite-time cycle operation on the thermodynamic efficiency, work fluctuations, and relative power fluctuations are discussed.
Guangqian Jiao; Shoubao Zhu; Jizhou He; Yongli Ma; Jianhui Wang. Fluctuations in irreversible quantum Otto engines. Physical Review E 2021, 103, 032130 .
AMA StyleGuangqian Jiao, Shoubao Zhu, Jizhou He, Yongli Ma, Jianhui Wang. Fluctuations in irreversible quantum Otto engines. Physical Review E. 2021; 103 (3):032130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuangqian Jiao; Shoubao Zhu; Jizhou He; Yongli Ma; Jianhui Wang. 2021. "Fluctuations in irreversible quantum Otto engines." Physical Review E 103, no. 3: 032130.
A quantum Otto engine using two-interacting spins as its working medium is analyzed within framework of stochastic thermodynamics. The time-dependent power fluctuations and average power are explicitly derived for a complete cycle of engine operation. We find that the efficiency and power fluctuations are affected significantly by interparticle interactions, but both of them become interaction-independent under maximal power via optimizing the external control parameter. The behavior of the efficiency at maximum power is further explained by analyzing the optimal protocol of the engine.
Yingying Hong; Yuling Xiao; Jizhou He; Jianhui Wang. Quantum Otto engine working with interacting spin systems: Finite power performance in stochastic thermodynamics. Physical Review E 2020, 102, 022143 .
AMA StyleYingying Hong, Yuling Xiao, Jizhou He, Jianhui Wang. Quantum Otto engine working with interacting spin systems: Finite power performance in stochastic thermodynamics. Physical Review E. 2020; 102 (2):022143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYingying Hong; Yuling Xiao; Jizhou He; Jianhui Wang. 2020. "Quantum Otto engine working with interacting spin systems: Finite power performance in stochastic thermodynamics." Physical Review E 102, no. 2: 022143.
We consider the finite-time performance of a quantum Otto engine working between a hot squeezed and a cold thermal bath at inverse temperatures βh and βc(>βh) with (kB≡1)β=1/T. We derive the analytical expressions for work, efficiency, power, and power fluctuations, in which the squeezing parameter is involved. By optimizing the power output with respect to two frequencies, we derive the efficiency at maximum power as ηmp=(ηCgen)2/[ηCgen−(1−ηCgen)ln(1−ηCgen)], where the generalized Carnot efficiency ηCgen in the high-temperature or small squeezing limit simplifies to an analytic function of squeezing parameter γ: ηCgen=1−βh/[βccosh(2γ)]. Within the context of irreversible thermodynamics, we demonstrate that the expression of efficiency at maximum power satisfies a general form derived from nonlinear steady state heat engines. We show that, the power fluctuations are considerably increased, although the engine efficiency is enhanced by squeezing.
Jianhui Wang; Jizhou He; Yongli Ma. Finite-time performance of a quantum heat engine with a squeezed thermal bath. Physical Review E 2019, 100, 052126 .
AMA StyleJianhui Wang, Jizhou He, Yongli Ma. Finite-time performance of a quantum heat engine with a squeezed thermal bath. Physical Review E. 2019; 100 (5):052126.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJianhui Wang; Jizhou He; Yongli Ma. 2019. "Finite-time performance of a quantum heat engine with a squeezed thermal bath." Physical Review E 100, no. 5: 052126.
We study the minimally nonlinear irreversible heat engines in which the time-reversal symmetry for the systems may be broken. The expressions for the power and the efficiency are derived, in which the effects of the nonlinear terms due to dissipations are included. We show that, as within the linear responses, the minimally nonlinear irreversible heat engines can enable attainment of Carnot efficiency at positive power. We also find that the Curzon-Ahlborn limit imposed on the efficiency at maximum power can be overcome if the time-reversal symmetry is broken.
Qin Liu; Wei Li; Min Zhang; Jizhou He; Jianhui Wang. Efficiency Bounds for Minimally Nonlinear Irreversible Heat Engines with Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry. Entropy 2019, 21, 717 .
AMA StyleQin Liu, Wei Li, Min Zhang, Jizhou He, Jianhui Wang. Efficiency Bounds for Minimally Nonlinear Irreversible Heat Engines with Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry. Entropy. 2019; 21 (7):717.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin Liu; Wei Li; Min Zhang; Jizhou He; Jianhui Wang. 2019. "Efficiency Bounds for Minimally Nonlinear Irreversible Heat Engines with Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry." Entropy 21, no. 7: 717.
We investigate the finite-power performance of quantum heat engines working in the linear response regime where the temperature gradient is small. The engine cycles with working substances of ideal harmonic systems consist of two heat transfer and two adiabatic processes, such as the Carnot cycle, Otto cycle, and Brayton cycle. By analyzing the optimal protocol under maximum power we derive the explicitly analytic expression for the irreversible entropy production, which becomes the low dissipation form in the long duration limit. Assuming the engine to be endoreversible, we derive the universal expression for the efficiency at maximum power, which agrees well with that obtained from the phenomenological heat transfer laws holding in the classical thermodynamics. Through appropriate identification of the thermodynamic fluxes and forces that a linear relation connects, we find that the quantum engines under consideration are tightly coupled, and the universality of efficiency at maximum power is confirmed at the linear order in the temperature gradient.
Qin Liu; Jizhou He; Yongli Ma; Jianhui Wang. Finite-power performance of quantum heat engines in linear response. Physical Review E 2019, 100, 012105 .
AMA StyleQin Liu, Jizhou He, Yongli Ma, Jianhui Wang. Finite-power performance of quantum heat engines in linear response. Physical Review E. 2019; 100 (1):012105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin Liu; Jizhou He; Yongli Ma; Jianhui Wang. 2019. "Finite-power performance of quantum heat engines in linear response." Physical Review E 100, no. 1: 012105.
Zhengshuo Li; Qinglai Guo; HongBin Sun; Jianhui Wang; Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI); Department of Electrical Engineering at Southern Methodist University. Extended sufficient conditions for exact relaxation of the complementarity constraints in storage-concerned economic dispatch. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2018, 4, 504 -512.
AMA StyleZhengshuo Li, Qinglai Guo, HongBin Sun, Jianhui Wang, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Department of Electrical Engineering at Southern Methodist University. Extended sufficient conditions for exact relaxation of the complementarity constraints in storage-concerned economic dispatch. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems. 2018; 4 (4):504-512.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhengshuo Li; Qinglai Guo; HongBin Sun; Jianhui Wang; Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI); Department of Electrical Engineering at Southern Methodist University. 2018. "Extended sufficient conditions for exact relaxation of the complementarity constraints in storage-concerned economic dispatch." CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 4, no. 4: 504-512.
Jianhui Wang; Mina Zhang; Xin Zhao; Hai Lu. Screening of Extractant for Determining Active Sludge Trehalose in Sewage Treatment. Analytical Sciences 2018, 34, 1433 -1437.
AMA StyleJianhui Wang, Mina Zhang, Xin Zhao, Hai Lu. Screening of Extractant for Determining Active Sludge Trehalose in Sewage Treatment. Analytical Sciences. 2018; 34 (12):1433-1437.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJianhui Wang; Mina Zhang; Xin Zhao; Hai Lu. 2018. "Screening of Extractant for Determining Active Sludge Trehalose in Sewage Treatment." Analytical Sciences 34, no. 12: 1433-1437.
This paper uses the dictionary learning of sparse representation algorithm to detect the arc fault. Six kinds of characteristics, that is, the normalized amplitudes of 0Hz, 50Hz, 100Hz, 150Hz, 200Hz, and 250Hz in the current amplitude spectrum, are used as inputs. The output is normal work or arc fault. Increasing the number of training samples can improve the accuracy of the tests. But if the training samples are too many, it is difficult to be expressed by single dictionary. This paper designs a multidictionary learning method to solve the problem. Firstly, n training samples are selected to form s overcomplete dictionaries. Then a dictionary library consisting of s dictionaries is constructed. Secondly, t (t≤s) dictionaries are randomly selected from the dictionary library to judge the test results, respectively. Finally, the final detest result is obtained through the maximum number of votes, that is, the modality with the most votes is the detest result. Simulation results show that the accuracy of detection can be improved.
Na Qu; Jianhui Wang; Jinhai Liu; Zhi Wang. An Arc Fault Detection Method Based on Multidictionary Learning. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018, 2018, 1 -8.
AMA StyleNa Qu, Jianhui Wang, Jinhai Liu, Zhi Wang. An Arc Fault Detection Method Based on Multidictionary Learning. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2018; 2018 ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNa Qu; Jianhui Wang; Jinhai Liu; Zhi Wang. 2018. "An Arc Fault Detection Method Based on Multidictionary Learning." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018, no. : 1-8.
FaXiang Wang; Yan Chen; Sai Chen; Xianghong Li; Jian Yu; Jianhui Wang; Yongle Liu. Effect of Cold Storage on Composition and Properties of Grass Carp Muscle Proteins. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 2018, 51, 1 .
AMA StyleFaXiang Wang, Yan Chen, Sai Chen, Xianghong Li, Jian Yu, Jianhui Wang, Yongle Liu. Effect of Cold Storage on Composition and Properties of Grass Carp Muscle Proteins. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 2018; 51 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaXiang Wang; Yan Chen; Sai Chen; Xianghong Li; Jian Yu; Jianhui Wang; Yongle Liu. 2018. "Effect of Cold Storage on Composition and Properties of Grass Carp Muscle Proteins." Pakistan Journal of Zoology 51, no. 1: 1.
We present a perfect formulation for a single generator in the unit commitment problem, inspired by the dynamic programming approach taken by Frangioni and Gentile. This generator can have characteristics such as ramp-up/ramp-down constraints, time-dependent start-up costs, and start-up/shut-down limits. To develop this perfect formulation, we extend the result of Balas on unions of polyhedra to present a framework allowing for flexible combinations of polyhedra using indicator variables. We use this perfect formulation to create a cut-generating linear program, similar in spirit to lift-and-project cuts, and demonstrate computational efficacy of these cuts in a utility-scale unit commitment problem.The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2017.0802.
Ben Knueven; Jim Ostrowski; Jianhui Wang. The Ramping Polytope and Cut Generation for the Unit Commitment Problem. INFORMS Journal on Computing 2018, 30, 739 -749.
AMA StyleBen Knueven, Jim Ostrowski, Jianhui Wang. The Ramping Polytope and Cut Generation for the Unit Commitment Problem. INFORMS Journal on Computing. 2018; 30 (4):739-749.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBen Knueven; Jim Ostrowski; Jianhui Wang. 2018. "The Ramping Polytope and Cut Generation for the Unit Commitment Problem." INFORMS Journal on Computing 30, no. 4: 739-749.
Cascade utilization of natural gas, electric power, and heat could leverage synergetic effects among them, precipitating the advent of integrated energy systems. In such infrastructures, energy hub is an interface among different energy systems, with functionalities of energy production, conversion, and storage. The capacity of energy hub determines how tightly the energy systems are coupled and how flexible the whole system would behave. This paper proposes a data-driven two-stage stochastic programming model for energy hub capacity planning with distributional robustness guarantee. Renewable generation and load uncertainties are modelled by a family of ambiguous probability distributions near a reference distribution. The objective is to minimize the sum of the construction cost and the expected life-cycle operating cost under the worst-case distribution restricted in the ambiguity set. Network energy flow in normal operating conditions is considered; demand supply reliability in extreme conditions are taken into account via robust chance constraints. Through duality theory and sampling average approximation, the proposed model is transformed into an equivalent convex program with a nonlinear objective and linear constraints, and is solved by an outer-approximation algorithm which entails solving linear programs. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and method.
Yang Cao; Wei Wei; Jianhui Wang; Shengwei Mei; Miadreza Shafie-Khah; Joao P. S. Catalao. Capacity Planning of Energy Hub in Multi-Carrier Energy Networks: A Data-Driven Robust Stochastic Programming Approach. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2018, 11, 3 -14.
AMA StyleYang Cao, Wei Wei, Jianhui Wang, Shengwei Mei, Miadreza Shafie-Khah, Joao P. S. Catalao. Capacity Planning of Energy Hub in Multi-Carrier Energy Networks: A Data-Driven Robust Stochastic Programming Approach. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2018; 11 (1):3-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang Cao; Wei Wei; Jianhui Wang; Shengwei Mei; Miadreza Shafie-Khah; Joao P. S. Catalao. 2018. "Capacity Planning of Energy Hub in Multi-Carrier Energy Networks: A Data-Driven Robust Stochastic Programming Approach." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 11, no. 1: 3-14.
Earthquake is a kind of natural disaster, which will have a great impact on the building structure. In the vibration control field of building structures, the timeliness of system stability is extremely important. In traditional control methods, the timeliness is not paid enough attention for systems with uncertain seismic waves. For setting this problem, fuzzy adaptive compensation control for uncertain building structural systems by sliding-mode technology is proposed. It is combined with fuzzy adaptive control and sliding-mode control to ensure that the system can be stable with satisfied timeliness. Also, saturation function is used to ensure the feasible physical implementation of the control system. Compared with the traditional LQR (linear quadratic regulator) control, the simulation results showed that the proposed method can make the system reach a stable state with rapid convergence performance and has a feasible physical implementation.
Houyao Zhu; Zicong Chen; Jianhui Wang; Yunchang Huang; Wenli Chen; Zheng Huang; Huaqi Zhao. Fuzzy Adaptive Compensation Control for Uncertain Building Structural Systems by Sliding-Mode Technology. Complexity 2018, 2018, 1 -6.
AMA StyleHouyao Zhu, Zicong Chen, Jianhui Wang, Yunchang Huang, Wenli Chen, Zheng Huang, Huaqi Zhao. Fuzzy Adaptive Compensation Control for Uncertain Building Structural Systems by Sliding-Mode Technology. Complexity. 2018; 2018 ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHouyao Zhu; Zicong Chen; Jianhui Wang; Yunchang Huang; Wenli Chen; Zheng Huang; Huaqi Zhao. 2018. "Fuzzy Adaptive Compensation Control for Uncertain Building Structural Systems by Sliding-Mode Technology." Complexity 2018, no. : 1-6.
The synthesis of tertiary alcohol via chelation‐assisted nickel‐catalyzed addition of arylboronic acids to unactivated ketones was reported in this study. A series of substituted arylboronic acids was reacted with 1‐(quinolin‐8‐yl)ethan‐1‐one and its derivatives to provide various substituted 1‐aryl‐1‐(quinolin‐8‐yl)ethan‐1‐ols and relevant compounds in medium to good yields. The N‐directing group is essential for the addition reaction of arylboronic acids to these unactivated ketones.
Shutao Wu; Weijie Guo; Tao Wang; Qingxiao Xie; Jianhui Wang; Guiyan Liu. Formation of Tertiary Alcohol via Chelation-Assisted Nickel(II)-Catalyzed Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Unactivated 1-(Quinolin-8-yl)ethan-1-one. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 2018, 360, 4533 -4542.
AMA StyleShutao Wu, Weijie Guo, Tao Wang, Qingxiao Xie, Jianhui Wang, Guiyan Liu. Formation of Tertiary Alcohol via Chelation-Assisted Nickel(II)-Catalyzed Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Unactivated 1-(Quinolin-8-yl)ethan-1-one. Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis. 2018; 360 (23):4533-4542.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShutao Wu; Weijie Guo; Tao Wang; Qingxiao Xie; Jianhui Wang; Guiyan Liu. 2018. "Formation of Tertiary Alcohol via Chelation-Assisted Nickel(II)-Catalyzed Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Unactivated 1-(Quinolin-8-yl)ethan-1-one." Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 360, no. 23: 4533-4542.
Recently, interest in the potential applications of tin disulphide nanoflowers (SnS2 NFs) in the treatment of waste water and their antibacterial properties has increased.
Disi Bai; Qingzhao Li; Jianhui Wang; Junjian Zhao; Xuenan Deng; Lu Yuan; Ping Wu. Neurotoxicity, behavioral changes and gene-expression profile of mice exposed to SnS2 nanoflowers. Toxicology Research 2018, 7, 1267 -1279.
AMA StyleDisi Bai, Qingzhao Li, Jianhui Wang, Junjian Zhao, Xuenan Deng, Lu Yuan, Ping Wu. Neurotoxicity, behavioral changes and gene-expression profile of mice exposed to SnS2 nanoflowers. Toxicology Research. 2018; 7 (6):1267-1279.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDisi Bai; Qingzhao Li; Jianhui Wang; Junjian Zhao; Xuenan Deng; Lu Yuan; Ping Wu. 2018. "Neurotoxicity, behavioral changes and gene-expression profile of mice exposed to SnS2 nanoflowers." Toxicology Research 7, no. 6: 1267-1279.
Mahdi Khodayar; Saeed Mohammadi; Mohammad Khodayar; Jianhui Wang; Guangyi Liu. Convolutional Graph Auto-encoder: A Deep Generative Neural Architecture for Probabilistic Spatio-temporal Solar Irradiance Forecasting. 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleMahdi Khodayar, Saeed Mohammadi, Mohammad Khodayar, Jianhui Wang, Guangyi Liu. Convolutional Graph Auto-encoder: A Deep Generative Neural Architecture for Probabilistic Spatio-temporal Solar Irradiance Forecasting. . 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahdi Khodayar; Saeed Mohammadi; Mohammad Khodayar; Jianhui Wang; Guangyi Liu. 2018. "Convolutional Graph Auto-encoder: A Deep Generative Neural Architecture for Probabilistic Spatio-temporal Solar Irradiance Forecasting." , no. : 1.
Mahdi Khodayar; Jianhui Wang; Zhaoyu Wang. Energy Disaggregation via Deep Temporal Dictionary Learning. 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleMahdi Khodayar, Jianhui Wang, Zhaoyu Wang. Energy Disaggregation via Deep Temporal Dictionary Learning. . 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahdi Khodayar; Jianhui Wang; Zhaoyu Wang. 2018. "Energy Disaggregation via Deep Temporal Dictionary Learning." , no. : 1.
Aning Zhao; Jianhui Wang; Huaqing Chen; Jianghua Zhang. Environmental Problems and Countermeasures for Sustainable Development in a Declining Mining City Tongchuan. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Management Society (EMIM 2018) 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleAning Zhao, Jianhui Wang, Huaqing Chen, Jianghua Zhang. Environmental Problems and Countermeasures for Sustainable Development in a Declining Mining City Tongchuan. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Management Society (EMIM 2018). 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAning Zhao; Jianhui Wang; Huaqing Chen; Jianghua Zhang. 2018. "Environmental Problems and Countermeasures for Sustainable Development in a Declining Mining City Tongchuan." Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Management Society (EMIM 2018) , no. : 1.
Emerging computation and communication technologies ubiquitously deployed in smart grids introduce unprecedented opportunities by enabling vigorous development of innovative business models and applications that aim for improving system efficiency, reliability, resiliency, and interoperability. Smart grids are typical cyber–physical systems (CPSs). The heterogeneous and complex nature of smart grids presents significant challenges introduced by the tight coupling of computation, communication, and physical systems. Here, the authors first provide an overview of smart grids from a CPS perspective. Then, the authors discuss the opportunities and challenges in smart grid design and operation. Next, a co-design framework is introduced and used for designing wide-area damping controller as one of many CPS applications that can be abstracted from various power system layers. The authors conclude that developing a theoretical modelling framework is critical for understanding and managing the complexity and interoperability of smart grids.
Bo Chen; Jianhui Wang; Mohammad Shahidehpour. Cyber–physical perspective on smart grid design and operation. IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications 2018, 3, 129 -141.
AMA StyleBo Chen, Jianhui Wang, Mohammad Shahidehpour. Cyber–physical perspective on smart grid design and operation. IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications. 2018; 3 (3):129-141.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBo Chen; Jianhui Wang; Mohammad Shahidehpour. 2018. "Cyber–physical perspective on smart grid design and operation." IET Cyber-Physical Systems: Theory & Applications 3, no. 3: 129-141.