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Prof. Chen-Chi Tsai
National Ilan university, Taiwan

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0 biochar applications
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Journal article
Published: 25 August 2021 in Agronomy
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Poultry litter biochar (PLB) is a value-adding soil amendment and an economically sustainable approach that is used to enhance food safety and reduce environmental harm. Poultry litter biochar has promising potential but has been under-examined in regards to carbon (C) sequestration in relation to its type and application rate. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of PLB in enhancing the C sequestration of acid soils through a short-term incubation experiment. The soil was amended with different materials: PLB (1%, 5%, and 10%) and a control (non-amended). The results indicated that PLB application increased soil C mineralization relative to the control (19–1562%), it significantly increased with an increasing application rate (e.g., increased addition 29, 99, and 172% for 1, 5, and 10% of 400 °C PLB), and the soil C mineralization and applied carbon mineralized (ACM) significantly decreased with temperature (e.g., the cumulative C pool ranges of ACM with 1% PLB, added at pyrolysis temperatures of 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 °C, were 42.0, 34.4, 19.6, 6.16, and 4.04%, respectively). To assist sustainable soil management and to aid the achievement of multiple sustainable development goals (SDGs), as well as to maximize the benefits of PLB applications and minimize the potential environmental risk, it is suggested that application of PLB, pyrolyzed within 400–600 °C at a rate between 1% to 5%, should be adopted in acidic soils in Taiwan.

ACS Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. Quality Evaluation of Poultry Litter Biochar Produced at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures as a Sustainable Management Approach and Its Impact on Soil Carbon Mineralization. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1692 .

AMA Style

Chen-Chi Tsai, Yu-Fang Chang. Quality Evaluation of Poultry Litter Biochar Produced at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures as a Sustainable Management Approach and Its Impact on Soil Carbon Mineralization. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (9):1692.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. 2021. "Quality Evaluation of Poultry Litter Biochar Produced at Different Pyrolysis Temperatures as a Sustainable Management Approach and Its Impact on Soil Carbon Mineralization." Agronomy 11, no. 9: 1692.

Journal article
Published: 24 March 2021 in Agronomy
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The effects of a high biochar rate on soil carbon mineralization, when co-applied with excessive compost, have been reported in previous studies, but there is a dearth of studies focusing on soil nitrogen. In order to ascertain the positive or snegative effects of a higher biochar rate on excessive compost, compost (5 wt. %) and three slow pyrolysis (>700 °C) biochars (formosan ash (Fraxinus formosana Hayata), ash biochar; makino bamboo (Phyllostachys makino Hayata), bamboo biochar; and lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de. Wit), lead tree biochar) were applied (0, 2 and 5 wt. %) to three soils (one Oxisols and two Inceptisols). Destructive sampling occurred at 1, 3, 7, 28, 56, 84, 140, 196, 294, and 400 days to monitor for changes in soil chemistry. The overall results showed that, compared to the other rates, the 5% biochar application rate significantly reduced the concentrations of inorganic N (NO3-N + NH4+-N) in the following, decreasing order: lead tree biochar > bamboo biochar > ash biochar. The soil response in terms of ammonium and nitrate followed a similar declining trend in the three soils throughout the incubation periods, with this effect increasing in tandem with the biochar application rate. Over time, the soil NO3-N increased, probably due to the excessive compost N mineralization; however, the levels of soil NO3-N in the sample undergoing the 5% biochar application rate remained the lowest, to a significant degree. The soils’ original properties determined the degree of ammonium and nitrate reduction after biochar addition. To reduce soil NO3-N pollution and increase the efficiency of compost fertilizer use, a high rate of biochar application (especially with that pyrolyzed at high temperatures (>700 °C)) to excessively compost-fertilized soils is highly recommended.

ACS Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. Higher Biochar Rate Can Be Efficient in Reducing Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification in the Excessive Compost-Fertilized Soils. Agronomy 2021, 11, 617 .

AMA Style

Chen-Chi Tsai, Yu-Fang Chang. Higher Biochar Rate Can Be Efficient in Reducing Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification in the Excessive Compost-Fertilized Soils. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (4):617.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. 2021. "Higher Biochar Rate Can Be Efficient in Reducing Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification in the Excessive Compost-Fertilized Soils." Agronomy 11, no. 4: 617.

Journal article
Published: 10 November 2020 in Agronomy
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The aim of this work was to compare the carbon (C) mineralization kinetics of three biochars (Formosan ash (Fraxinus formosana Hayata), ash biochar; Makino bamboo (Phyllostachys makino Hayata), bamboo biochar; and lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de. Wit), lead tree biochar) applied with two addition rates (2 and 5 wt %) in three excessive compost-fertilized (5 wt %) soils (one Oxisols and two Inceptisols), and to ascertain the increasing or decreasing effect of biochar and soil type in the presence of excessive compost. The study results of 400 days incubation indicated that, in general, the potential of the three biochars for C sequestration is similar in the three studied soils. The presence of excessive compost stimulated the co-mineralization of the more labile components of biochar over the short term (first two months). The potential of biochar addition for neutralizing soil pH and regulating the release of Al from soil for preserving soil organic carbon (SOC) might be the important mechanisms in biochar-compost interactions, especially in the presence of excessive compost. Overall, 5% application rate of three high temperature-pyrolysis biochars showed the less detriments to studied soils. In these incubations of biochar, excessive compost, and soil, it is a decreasing effect overall, that is, the enhanced storage of both biochar-C and SOC, which is expected as a long-term carbon sequestration in soil. The recorded direction and magnitude of effect, both are strongly influenced by biochar and soil type. When co-applied with excessive compost, the negative (reducing CO2 release) effect with increasing biochar application rates was eliminated.

ACS Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. Kinetics of C Mineralization of Biochars in Three Excessive Compost-Fertilized Soils: Effects of Feedstocks and Soil Properties. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1749 .

AMA Style

Chen-Chi Tsai, Yu-Fang Chang. Kinetics of C Mineralization of Biochars in Three Excessive Compost-Fertilized Soils: Effects of Feedstocks and Soil Properties. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (11):1749.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. 2020. "Kinetics of C Mineralization of Biochars in Three Excessive Compost-Fertilized Soils: Effects of Feedstocks and Soil Properties." Agronomy 10, no. 11: 1749.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2020 in Agronomy
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Greenhouse production can contribute to the accumulation of salt and heavy metals and nutrient imbalance, thus, increasingly degrading greenhouse soils. The potential of rice husk biochar to increase carbon sequestration, neutralize soil pH, increase nutrient retention, and change nutrient/heavy metal sorption/desorption in greenhouse soils is promising. Therefore, we investigated three greenhouse soils (red soil) with 3, 14, and 24 cultivation years (3S, 14S, and 24S) in northern Taiwan to test the effects of rice husk biochar (RHB) on carbon dynamics and nutrient availability. A 100-day incubation study was conducted in which poultry-livestock manure compost (2% by wt.) and six rice-husk-based, slow-pyrolysis biochars pyrolyzed at different temperatures were applied (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 4.0%, 10%, and 20% by wt.) to three red soils. The study results indicated that the RHB pyrolyzed at high temperatures, with relatively high pH and Ca content, could lead to a higher neutralizing effect when applied to the soil. In addition, the high temperatures pyrolyzed RHB had a higher capacity to reduce the concentration of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the three soils, especially for the younger cultivation soil, which contributed to the higher pH and relatively high surface area of these RHB, and the relative lower soil pH of the younger soil. Furthermore, only adding 0.5% RHB could result in an evident change in soil characteristics for 3S and 24S soil, including cumulative C release, pH, EC, TC, and available K increase, but 4% RHB addition was needed for 14S soil. In the condition of co-application with 2% compost (by wt.), 4% RHB addition was necessary for carbon sequestration, at least 10% RHB addition was needed for 3S and 14S soil, but 1.0 to 4.0% would be sufficient for 24S. In conclusion, the RHB and compost co-application in greenhouse soil resulted in improved chemical properties, and the effect of the pyrolysis temperature, application rate, and cultivation age had varying improvements.

ACS Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. Effects of Rice Husk Biochar on Carbon Release and Nutrient Availability in Three Cultivation Age of Greenhouse Soils. Agronomy 2020, 10, 990 .

AMA Style

Chen-Chi Tsai, Yu-Fang Chang. Effects of Rice Husk Biochar on Carbon Release and Nutrient Availability in Three Cultivation Age of Greenhouse Soils. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (7):990.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. 2020. "Effects of Rice Husk Biochar on Carbon Release and Nutrient Availability in Three Cultivation Age of Greenhouse Soils." Agronomy 10, no. 7: 990.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2020 in Agronomy
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Positive effects of a biochar–compost mix on soil nutrient status in infertile soil have been reported, but the potential effect of biochar amendments in excessive compost-fertilized soils has not been extensively studied. Excessive application of compost can result in the accumulation of nutrients and heavy metals (Cu and Zn). Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of biochar–excessive compost co-application on soil nutrient status. We hypothesized that biochar co-application could have positive effects on the absorption of excessive nutrients of Cu and Zn. A 371-day laboratory incubation study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de. Wit) biochar produced at 750 °C on the dynamics of the soil nutrients. Three Taiwan rural soils were selected, including slightly acidic Oxisols (SAO), mildly alkaline Inceptisols (MAI), and slightly acid Inceptisols (SAI). The biochar treatments include control (0%) and 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% (w/w). In each treatment, 5% (w/w) poultry-livestock manure compost was added to test excessive application. The results indicated that the biochar treatments had a significant increase effect on soil pH, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), C:N ratio, and available K concentration. The effect of biochar on electrical conductivity (EC) and available P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Zn was insignificant. The effect of biochar, with relatively low application rates (

ACS Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. Effects of Biochar to Excessive Compost-Fertilized Soils on the Nutrient Status. Agronomy 2020, 10, 683 .

AMA Style

Chen-Chi Tsai, Yu-Fang Chang. Effects of Biochar to Excessive Compost-Fertilized Soils on the Nutrient Status. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (5):683.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. 2020. "Effects of Biochar to Excessive Compost-Fertilized Soils on the Nutrient Status." Agronomy 10, no. 5: 683.

Journal article
Published: 24 March 2020 in Agronomy
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Adding biochar to excessive compost amendments may affect compost mineralization rate and nitrogen (N) availability. The objective of this 371-day incubation study was to evaluate the effects of four proportions of woody biochar (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%) from lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de. Wit) biochar produced at 750 °C through dynamic mineral N and N mineralization rates in three rural soils (one Oxisol and two Inceptisols). In each treatment, 5% poultry–livestock manure compost was added to serve as an excessive application. The results indicated that the biochar decreased available total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) (NO3−-N+NH4+-N) by on average 6%, 9% and 19% for 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% treatments, respectively. The soil type strongly influenced the impact of the biochar addition on the soil nitrogen mineralization potential, especially the soil pH and clay content. This study showed that the co-application of biochar and excessive compost benefited the agricultural soils by improving NO3−-N retention in agroecosystems. The application of biochar to these soils to combine it with excessive compost appeared to be an effective method of utilizing these soil amendments, as it diminished the net N mineralization potential and reduced the nitrate loss of the excessive added compost.

ACS Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. Nitrogen Availability in Biochar-Amended Soils with Excessive Compost Application. Agronomy 2020, 10, 444 .

AMA Style

Chen-Chi Tsai, Yu-Fang Chang. Nitrogen Availability in Biochar-Amended Soils with Excessive Compost Application. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (3):444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. 2020. "Nitrogen Availability in Biochar-Amended Soils with Excessive Compost Application." Agronomy 10, no. 3: 444.

Preprint content
Published: 23 March 2020
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Taking into consideration economic viability, the doses of manure compost in Taiwan are recommended as 1% to 2%; however, some farmers apply more than 2% to 5% in intensive cultivation periods for short-term leafy crops, to add more N. Although many studies report positive effects of a biochar-compost mix on soil properties and plant growth, but there are no studies that have determined the changes in N availability over time after biochar (BC) application in compost over-applicated soil. In the present study, in vitro N mineralization kinetics were examined in further. We tested the hypothesis that BC addition may diminish mixed-soil N mineralization, enhance ammonium retention, reduce nitrate leaching, and decrease P and nutrients loss in compost over-applicated soils. The aim of our research was to evaluate the N and nutrient regulation or enhancement role of different BC addition rates in three compost over-applicated soils over time. The effect of four rates (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% w/w) of BC co-applied with swine manure compost (5.0% w/w) on three Taiwan rural soils (topsoil, slightly acid Oxisols (SAO), mildly alkaline Inceptisols (MAI), and slightly acid Inceptisols (SAI)) was investigated during 371-d incubation study. BC was produced from lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de. Wit) at 750 degree C. The incubation results indicated that soil, rate and interaction between soil and rate significantly influenced soil NO3-N and total inorganic N concentrations, but only soil significantly influenced soil NH4-N concentration. Soil NH4-Nand NO3-N concentrations on average during a 371-day incubation followed the order: SAO soil > SAI soil > MAI soil. In most cases the effect was insignificant and inconsistent in terms of time and rate of BC application, rendering it difficult to summarize the effects of BC on ammonium of our investigated soils. The negative effect of BC was prominent almost in all investigated soils during the incubation period and the amount of decline increased as the rate of BC application increased from 0.5% to 2%. In addition, only soil significantly influenced all Mehlich 3-extractable nutrient concentrations, and rate significantly influenced M3-K concentration. At the end of the incubation, adding 0.5% BC and 1.0% BC in SAI soil and 1.0% BC and 2.0% BC in MAI soil both had positive improvement on the nutrients (P, K, Mg, Fe and Mn), and application of BC in SAI soil led to improvement in Cu and Pb (2.0% BC), Zn and N mineralization (0.5% BC and 1.0% BC). In conclusion, the studied results confirmed the potential of biochar-compost blend is promising for preventing excess N and nutrients loss in compost over-applicated soil, as well as maintaining SOC. As adding a large amount of biochar in open fields would be unrealistic and not economically sustainable, we suggested that adding 0.5%~1.0% woody BC to three studied soils should be reasonable and appropriate.

ACS Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. Nitrogen availability in biochar-amended soils with excessive compost application. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Chen-Chi Tsai, Yu-Fang Chang. Nitrogen availability in biochar-amended soils with excessive compost application. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. 2020. "Nitrogen availability in biochar-amended soils with excessive compost application." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2019 in Agronomy
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In Taiwan, farmers often apply excessive compost to ensure adequate crop yield in frequent tillage, highly weathered, and lower fertility soils. The potential of biochar (BC) to decrease soil C mineralization and improve soil nutrient availability in excessive compost application soil is promising, but under-examined. To test this, a 434-day incubation experiment of in vitro C mineralization kinetics was conducted. We added 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% (w/w) woody BC composed of lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de. Wit) to one Oxisol and two Inceptisols in Taiwan. In each treatment, 5% swine manure compost was added to serve as excessive application. The results indicated that soil type strongly influences the impact of BC addition on soil carbon mineralization potential. Respiration per unit of total organic carbon (total mineralization coefficient) of the three studied soils significantly decreased with increase in BC addition. Principal component analysis suggested that to retain more plant nutrients in addition to the effects of carbon sequestration, farmers could use locally produced biochars and composts in highly weathered and highly frequent tillage soil. Adding 0.5% woody BC to Taiwan rural soils should be reasonable and appropriate.

ACS Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. Carbon Dynamics and Fertility in Biochar-Amended Soils with Excessive Compost Application. Agronomy 2019, 9, 511 .

AMA Style

Chen-Chi Tsai, Yu-Fang Chang. Carbon Dynamics and Fertility in Biochar-Amended Soils with Excessive Compost Application. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (9):511.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. 2019. "Carbon Dynamics and Fertility in Biochar-Amended Soils with Excessive Compost Application." Agronomy 9, no. 9: 511.

Preprint
Published: 18 June 2019
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In Taiwan, farmers often apply excess compost to ensure adequate crop yield in highly frequent tillage, highly weathered, and lower fertility soils. The potential of biochar (BC) for diminishing soil C mineralization, and improving soil nutrient availability in compost over-fertilized soil is promising, but the study is still under-examined. To test the hypothesis, 434 days in vitro C mineralization kinetics of incubation experiment were conducted. Woody BC 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% (w/w) made of lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de. Wit) were added to an Oxisols, and two Inceptisols of Taiwan. In each treatment, 5% swine manure compost (2 times recommended amount) was added and served as the over-fertilized soil. The results indicated that soil type strongly influenced the impact of BC addition on soil carbon mineralization potential. Respiration per unit of total organic carbon (total mineralization coefficient, TMC) of three studied soils significantly decreased with BC addition increased. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that for retaining more plant nutrients in addition to the effects of carbon sequestration, it is recommended that farmer could use locally produced biochars and composts in highly weathered and highly frequent tillage soil. Adding 0.5%-1% woody BC in soil should be reasonable and appropriate.

ACS Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. Impact of Biochar Application on Carbon Dynamics and Fertility of Soils Over-fertilization with Compost. 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Chen-Chi Tsai, Yu-Fang Chang. Impact of Biochar Application on Carbon Dynamics and Fertility of Soils Over-fertilization with Compost. . 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen-Chi Tsai; Yu-Fang Chang. 2019. "Impact of Biochar Application on Carbon Dynamics and Fertility of Soils Over-fertilization with Compost." , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 24 April 2015 in World Soils Book Series
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Inceptisols occupy 51.0 % of the rural soils area and 44.2 % of forest soils area in Taiwan. Among the 50 Taiwan representative soils (only in rural and hill land soils), 14 soil series were Inceptisols (13 rural soil series and 1 hill land soil series) and occupied about 140,000 ha in Taiwan. Endoaquepts, Epiaquepts, Dystrochrepts, Ustochrepts, and Eutrochrepts are the five dominant Great Groups of representative Inceptisols. Based on the forest soil survey database, Inceptisols are the dominant soil type and has two kinds of soil subgroup, Lithic Dystrudpets andTypic Dystrudepts. Most Inceptisols in Taiwan have cambic horizons and most are eluvial soils in that they have lost constituents by leaching. Similar to Entisols, Inceptisols also have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) content in soils and higher soil bulk density in subsurface soil layer (20–50 cm). The long-term tillage effects on rural Inceptisols are obvious in Taiwan.

ACS Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. Inceptisols. World Soils Book Series 2015, 63 -72.

AMA Style

Zueng-Sang Chen, Zeng-Yei Hseu, Chen-Chi Tsai. Inceptisols. World Soils Book Series. 2015; ():63-72.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. 2015. "Inceptisols." World Soils Book Series , no. : 63-72.

Book chapter
Published: 24 April 2015 in World Soils Book Series
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Mollisols and Vertisols are locally found in alluvial or marine terraces from basic or ultrabasic parent rocks in the Coastal Range of eastern Taiwan. According to the U.S. Soil Taxonomy, three soil orders can be identified on different levels of marine terraces in eastern Taiwan (Entisols, Mollisols, and Vertisols). Hapluderts are distributed on the first-level terrace. Hapludolls and are the main soil groups. These soils display a “post-incisive” type of soil chronosequence, suggesting a developmental sequence from Hapludolls to Hapluderts. This sequence is common to soils on marine terraces in a range of different climates. However, the advanced degree of development of the soils on the older terraces indicates very rapid soil development despite their Holocene ages in Taiwan. There are some lakes in closed depressions on high mountain areas along the Central Ridge in association with dense coniferous forests. Additionally, the climate is generally characterized by cool and humid conditions in these ecosystems, so that a large amount of organic matter from plant debris was accumulated in the lake to form Histosols.

ACS Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. Other Soils. World Soils Book Series 2015, 73 -82.

AMA Style

Zueng-Sang Chen, Zeng-Yei Hseu, Chen-Chi Tsai. Other Soils. World Soils Book Series. 2015; ():73-82.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. 2015. "Other Soils." World Soils Book Series , no. : 73-82.

Book chapter
Published: 24 April 2015 in World Soils Book Series
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Taiwan is located at the convergent boundary between the Philippine Sea plate and the continental margin of the Eurasian plate, which covers 36,000 km2 in area; however, there are more than 200 peaks over 3,000 m in altitude, whose geographical environment supports a rich fauna, flora, and biological diversity. There are over 4,000 vascular plant species and a spectrum of six forest types in the area. The climate is characterized by high temperature and humidity, substantial rainfall, and tropical cyclones in summer, alternated with the cool and dry condition of winter. The complex environment in Taiwan develops a wide variety of soils on the surfaces over the island. The soils in Taiwan consist of 11 of the 12 soil orders (except for Gelisol) in Soil Taxonomy. The various landforms and vegetation provide an excellent and convenient opportunity for studies on soil formation. There are five climatic regions in the main island of Taiwan, according to the Koppen classification system. In the case of soils affected by human activity in large-scale farming, the anthropogenic processes have been created in Taiwan for approximately 400 years, particularly based on puddling surface soils for paddy rice production. A total of 620 soil series in Taiwan rural soils can be classified into nine soil orders based on Soil Taxonomy. Also, nine soil orders were classified into this 620 soil series in Taiwan forest soils.

ACS Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. Factors and Soil Formation. World Soils Book Series 2015, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Zueng-Sang Chen, Zeng-Yei Hseu, Chen-Chi Tsai. Factors and Soil Formation. World Soils Book Series. 2015; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. 2015. "Factors and Soil Formation." World Soils Book Series , no. : 1-10.

Book chapter
Published: 24 April 2015 in World Soils Book Series
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Landscapes associated with Oxisols and Ultisols in Taiwan are stable and old, measured in hundred thousands of years, and the thickness can be up to 5 m. Plinthite may be present resulted from alternative wet and dry cycles by fluctuating water tables. However, plinthite only occurs in the Ultisols with seasonal high water tables on the Quaternary terraces of aged alluvium in northern and central Taiwan, particularly on paddy rice fields. Oxisols of Taiwan are generally well-drained and have no plinthite. Only three soil series of agricultural land have been confirmed as Oxisols in Taiwan, which are always for tea or pineapple production in land use. Ultisols are about 9.6 % (1,624 km2) of the rural soils in Taiwan, while Oxisols are only 2) of total rural soils. In forests, Ultisols are about 7.50 % (1,250 km2) of the total forest soils, and no Oxisol can be found. Land use type is very diverse on the Ultisols of Quaternary terrace of aged alluvium, because the landscape is flat and the soil quality is high for agricultural production. However, high clay content, low pH, and high concentrations of free oxides of Fe, Al, Mn are probably major limits in cropping. The area of these soils for agricultural decreases because of the increase in population and industry requirement. Many industrial parks have been set up on these areas. The industrial activities negatively affect the soil quality on these terraces.

ACS Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. Oxisols and Ultisols. World Soils Book Series 2015, 95 -109.

AMA Style

Zueng-Sang Chen, Zeng-Yei Hseu, Chen-Chi Tsai. Oxisols and Ultisols. World Soils Book Series. 2015; ():95-109.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. 2015. "Oxisols and Ultisols." World Soils Book Series , no. : 95-109.

Book chapter
Published: 24 April 2015 in World Soils Book Series
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The major types of soil degradation in Taiwan are soil erosion on slope land, soil acidification, poor drainage, soil compaction, soil salinity, deficiency of micronutrient, water shortage of sandy soil, and heavy metal contamination. In comparison to the issues of air and water pollution, contaminated lands have been solely paid clear attention in Taiwan for about three decades. The major anthropogenic sources of heavy metals in the rural soils of Taiwan are illegal wastewater discharged from industrial plants such as chemical, electroplate, and pigment and swine wastewater. Three remediation techniques were illustrated in this chapter according to the remediation experiences in the contaminated paddy soils of Taiwan, which are soil turnover and dilution, in situ stabilization by chemical amendments, and phytoremediation in the field. Until now, soil remediation technique and regulatory system are needed to be improved for soil contamination, particularly based on human and ecological health. Additionally, we use the concept of threshold values to evaluate soil quality of agricultural lands in Taiwan.

ACS Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. Soil Degradation. World Soils Book Series 2015, 111 -124.

AMA Style

Zueng-Sang Chen, Zeng-Yei Hseu, Chen-Chi Tsai. Soil Degradation. World Soils Book Series. 2015; ():111-124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. 2015. "Soil Degradation." World Soils Book Series , no. : 111-124.

Book chapter
Published: 24 April 2015 in World Soils Book Series
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Three groups in Soil Taxonomy are currently found in the Alfisols of Taiwan. They are Aqualfs, Udalfs, and Ustalfs. Certain Ultisols have been long-term fertilized for paddy production to increase the amounts of base cations (e.g., Ca, K) adsorbed on the surfaces of soil particles, so that the increase in base saturation results in the soils to become Alfisols. Soils derived from serpentinites may display strong chemical fertility limitations owing both to a low Ca/Mg ratio and to non-anthropogenic Cr and Ni enrichments. The active tectonics in Taiwan results in uplifted coral reefs to form Alfisols in Southern Taiwan. Alfisols are generally deep (>150 cm) in Taiwan. Clear illuviation is clearly identified by field morphology, micromorphology, and particle size distribution of profile. Clay coating was generally formed in their argillic horizons as clear orientation under polarized microscopy. The high base saturation resulted from parent materials in serpentine and coral reef areas and from high evaporation in the Taiwan clay area. Due to limited fertility, areas for crop production in Alfisols are rare in serpentines where only paddy and corn are grown in limited places in Eastern Taiwan. The major constraint in crop production is scarce availability of water for the Taiwan Clay Alfisols. The coral-reef soils are generally located in the ecologically preserved areas announced by the government, so that natural vegetation covers these soils and no clear human activities occur on these soils.

ACS Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. Alfisols. World Soils Book Series 2015, 25 -34.

AMA Style

Zueng-Sang Chen, Zeng-Yei Hseu, Chen-Chi Tsai. Alfisols. World Soils Book Series. 2015; ():25-34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. 2015. "Alfisols." World Soils Book Series , no. : 25-34.

Book chapter
Published: 24 April 2015 in World Soils Book Series
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Entisols occupied 6.8 % of the rural soils area and 35.3 % of forest soils area in Taiwan. Among the 50 Taiwan representative soils (only in rural and hill land soils), 20 soil series were Entisols (14 rural soil series and 6 hill land soil series) and occupied about 300,000 ha. Udorthents, Udipsamments, Ustipsamments, Udifluvents, and Ustifluvents were the five dominant Great Groups of representative Entisols. Based on the forest soil survey database, Entisols was the second dominant soil type and has only one kind of Soil Subgroup, Lithic Udorthents. The basic soil properties of Entisols in Taiwan are determined largely by the parent material. The lower soil organic carbon (SOC) content in soils and higher soil bulk density in subsurface soil layer (20–50 cm) both indicated that the long-term tillage affected on rural Entisols and resulted in SOC reduced and soil compaction increased.

ACS Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. Entisols. World Soils Book Series 2015, 55 -62.

AMA Style

Zueng-Sang Chen, Zeng-Yei Hseu, Chen-Chi Tsai. Entisols. World Soils Book Series. 2015; ():55-62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. 2015. "Entisols." World Soils Book Series , no. : 55-62.

Book chapter
Published: 24 April 2015 in World Soils Book Series
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In the last 50 years, soil survey in Taiwan has made great contribution to the soil database and to good interpretation of soil management, fertilizer recommendation, and environmental quality, especially the detailed soil survey of Taiwan rural soils (1962–1976, 1974–1979), Taiwan hill land (1980–1988), contaminated soils (1984–1990), productivity grade of Taiwan upland (1986–1990), Taiwan forest soils in mountains (1993–2002), and Taiwan rural soils (1998–2005). Now, we face the time to develop the strategies of soil survey in Taiwan for the future. The major elements discussed include the soil survey techniques developed for contaminated soils, the National Soil Information System, regional soil museum, and to decide in which direction we can go.

ACS Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. Soil Survey, Information System, and Soil Classification. World Soils Book Series 2015, 11 -23.

AMA Style

Zueng-Sang Chen, Zeng-Yei Hseu, Chen-Chi Tsai. Soil Survey, Information System, and Soil Classification. World Soils Book Series. 2015; ():11-23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. 2015. "Soil Survey, Information System, and Soil Classification." World Soils Book Series , no. : 11-23.

Book chapter
Published: 24 April 2015 in World Soils Book Series
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The Tatun Volcano Group (TVG) is one of the important Pleistocene andesitic volcano groups, and effusion of andesite lavas commonly alternated with explosive eruption of pyroclastic debris. Volcanic activity began to erupt in 2.8–2.5 Ma, then ceased for about one million years, and resurged in 1.5 Ma and lasted till 0.2 Ma. The Yangmingshan National Park (YMS-NP) was formally established in 1985. The latitude, land and water distribution, prevailing wind, typhoon and tropical depression, baiu rainfall, and topography are important climate factor in the region of YMS-NP. There are grassland, temperate deciduous forest, subtropical rain forest and freshwater ecosystems in this national park. According to the previous soil survey database, five Soil Great Groups (Melanudands, Fulvudands, Hapludands, Dystrudepts, and Hapludults) were formed in YMS-NP area. Climate is considered the overriding factor responsible for the observed altitudinal differences in soil development. At high elevation (>900 m a.s.l.), soils contained metastable poorly crystalline materials (e.g. allophane, ferrihydrite) and classified as Andisols/Andosols, whereas at low elevation (700 m a.s.l. in YMS-NP; Inceptisols was more dispersed, and could be found at elevation 500–700 m a.s.l. with slope 25–40° or at elevation 800–1,000 m a.s.l. with slope 5–40°; and Ultisols were specific and rare.

ACS Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. Andisols. World Soils Book Series 2015, 35 -54.

AMA Style

Zueng-Sang Chen, Zeng-Yei Hseu, Chen-Chi Tsai. Andisols. World Soils Book Series. 2015; ():35-54.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. 2015. "Andisols." World Soils Book Series , no. : 35-54.

Book chapter
Published: 24 April 2015 in World Soils Book Series
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Coarse textured Spodosols are not commonly found in Taiwan. Spodosols of Taiwan significantly differ from those of North American and European countries in terms of soil texture and precipitation. Taiwan’s Spodosols are developed in fine-textured materials such as shale and slate, and also in transported materials under heavy annual rainfall, which intensifies the lessivage and leaching processes. The Spodosols of Taiwan are distributed mostly along the Central Ridge, which is located at an elevation higher than 1,800 m, under cool and humid climate with high precipitation (>3,000 mm/year), and is covered dominantly with coniferous trees. The soils with various degrees in podzolization have been performed in the coniferous ecosystems. However, the Spodosols generally form at the flatter summit and backslope in microrelief where both spodic material formation and clay translocation occurred in the spodic horizons. Four types of podzolic soils can be extensively found in Taiwan attributed to various degrees of podzolization. These podzolic soils are Spodosols, Ultisols, Inceptisols without placic horizons, and Inceptisols with placic horizon.

ACS Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. Spodosols. World Soils Book Series 2015, 83 -94.

AMA Style

Zueng-Sang Chen, Zeng-Yei Hseu, Chen-Chi Tsai. Spodosols. World Soils Book Series. 2015; ():83-94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zueng-Sang Chen; Zeng-Yei Hseu; Chen-Chi Tsai. 2015. "Spodosols." World Soils Book Series , no. : 83-94.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2013 in Geoderma
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ACS Style

Chun-Chih Tsui; Chen-Chi Tsai; Zueng-Sang Chen. Soil organic carbon stocks in relation to elevation gradients in volcanic ash soils of Taiwan. Geoderma 2013, 209-210, 119 -127.

AMA Style

Chun-Chih Tsui, Chen-Chi Tsai, Zueng-Sang Chen. Soil organic carbon stocks in relation to elevation gradients in volcanic ash soils of Taiwan. Geoderma. 2013; 209-210 ():119-127.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chun-Chih Tsui; Chen-Chi Tsai; Zueng-Sang Chen. 2013. "Soil organic carbon stocks in relation to elevation gradients in volcanic ash soils of Taiwan." Geoderma 209-210, no. : 119-127.