Agroforestry benefits farmers, making it a sustainable alternative to monoculture. To create a viable Eucalyptus clone-based agroforestry system, a field experiment was carried out in Tamil Nadu, India. The economics and changes in the soil qualities were evaluated by growing agricultural and horticultural crops, namely pearl millet, sorghum, maize, sesame, small onions, green gram, and red gram, as intercrops under eight-month-old eucalyptus clone trees using a randomised block design in three replications at a spacing of 3 m × 1.5 m. The plots for the intercrops and the eucalyptus clones were kept apart for comparison. Maize showed the greatest drop in plant height during all the phases, including 30 DAS, 60 DAS, and harvest, while small onions showed the least reduction in plant height. Sesame and small onions showed the greatest drop in dry matter production, whereas sorghum showed the least. In terms of the intercrop yield reduction, maize had the biggest reduction and green gram had the lowest. Red gram had the largest crop equivalent yield, whereas maize had the lowest. The volume of the trees was generally increased more favourably by red gram than by green gram. The intercrops had some effects on the nutrients in the soil. Red gram intercropping had the highest levels of EC, soil organic carbon, available soil nitrogen, available soil phosphorus, and available soil potassium, while the sole tree treatment had the lowest levels. Small onions, red gram, and sesame were the crops; tree + small onion, tree + red gram, and tree + sesame were the intercrop combinations with the highest gross income, net income, and B:C in the intercropping treatment alone. Tree + green gram had the highest land equivalent ratio (LER) and the red gram, sesame, and small onion intercrops were shown to be the most profitable. Although the present study supports a complementary relationship, the lack of awareness among farmers of Eucalyptus allelopathy formed the major limitation.

A study was carried out in moist temperate forest of Cedrus deodara in different parts of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of soils. The random sampling was carried out in ten different forests sites by laying out three 0.1 ha sample plots in each sites. Soil samples were collected from each sample plot at three different soil depths viz. (i) ‘Upper’ (0–10 cm), (ii) ‘Middle’ (11–30 cm), and (iii) ‘Lower’ (31–60 cm) in all the selected forest types. Values of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH and Electrical conductivity ranged between 1.34 and 1.61%, 0.40 and 0.49%, 5.22 and 7.22 kg acre⁻¹, 84.56 and 243.44 kg acre⁻¹, 6.28 and 7, 0.07 and 0.17 dS m⁻¹ respectively. The values of soil chemical properties of the present study in most of sites are on the higher end than the previously recorded values for the other similar forests of the region. The possible reason being luxuriant vegetation and undisturbed nature of these forest types, which is evident from higher values of diversity and other parameters.

The present study was conducted by recognizing GPS location of the earlier study as the re-visitation study, which was aimed to understand the changes in population structure and growing stock of Cedrus deodara forests of Garhwal Himalayas over a period of 15 years. The changes in population structure and growing stock was assessed by laying out five 0.1 ha sample plots on each location. Thus, a total of 25 sample plots (five on each site) were laid out to observe the changes in structure of growing stock under different sets of environment conditions. Enumeration of trees for volume, population structure and growing stock variation was done by measuring girth and height individually for all the tress in the sample plots. The results have shown that the highest total growing stock value (1132.8 ± 35.58 m³/ha) among all the diameter classes was recorded in Dewarikhal area (2300 m amsl) in Uttarkashi district with the highest total basal cover (T.B.C.) (79.61 ± 1.78 m²/ha) of C. deodara. On the other hand, the lowest growing stock value (484.32 m³/ha) was observed in Devidhar area (1900 m amsl) in Rudraprayag district where as the lowest T.B.C. (53.22 ± 8.38 mm²/ha) and highest density (420 ± 8.94 trees/ha) of C. deodara was also recorded in Devidhar. There was a net increment in growing stock of 218.08 m³/ha at Ghimtoli, 302.8 m³/ha at Dhanolti, 371.15 m³/ha at Dewarikhal, 216.57 m³/ha at Devidhar and 484.32 m³/ha at Jhandidhar in a re-visitation study over 15 years.

Deodar is typically gregarious and is usually found in pure stands. It is one of the most important timber species in the forests of North Indian Himalayas. The objective of the present study was the assessment of variation in volume and biomass along with the carbon holding capacity of different deodar forests. The present study was undertaken in ten different forests sites, assessed by laying out three 0.1 ha sample plots randomly on each location. Total enumeration of trees within the sample plot was done by measuring girth and height of all the trees. Further, data collected from stand were computed for dbh, basal area, volume, stand density and canopy cover. The above ground biomass densities (AGBD), below ground biomass density (BGBD), total biomass density (TBD), total carbon density (TCD) were examined for variation of biomass and carbon stock. The results derived from field data during the study revealed that the values range from 42.10 to 57.07 cm (diameter at breast height), 1.37 to 2.84 m2 trees-1 (basal area), 19.68 to 37.64 m (height), 1.44 m3 tree-1 to 4.27 m3 tree-1 (volume), 227 to 407 individual ha-1 (stand density) and 57.91% to 80.60% (canopy cover) respectively. The values of AGBD (428.57 to 1279.51 Mg ha-1), BGBD (97.41 to 256.14 Mg ha-1), TBD (525.98 to 1535.65 Mg ha-1), and TCD (767.83 to 262.99 Mg ha-1) were recorded in different study sites and highest values was observed in Kanasar-I site. On the basis of above results it can be concluded that the healthy stand growth means presence of trees in all diameter classes. The Kanasar-I has more prominent capacity to storage biomass and carbon stock. Deodar being a slow growing conifer will provide a long term and high carbon storage than broadleaf species forest. Therefore, protecting deodar forest would have the largest impact, per unit area, on reducing carbon emission from deforestation.