The world has experienced urban changes rapidly, and this phenomenon encourages authors to contribute to the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2030 and geospatial information. This study presents a proposed algorithm of change detection and extracting the borders of buildings. This proposed algorithm provides a set of instructions to describe the method of solving the problem of how extracting the boundary of buildings from the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) input data incorporating with the firefly and ant colony algorithms. The method has used two different epochs to compare buildings and to identify the type of changes in selected buildings. These changes are based on the newly built or demolished buildings. We also used drone images and mask the region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) method to compare the results of roof extraction of buildings vs. the proposed algorithm. This study shows that the proposed algorithm identifies the changes of all buildings with higher accuracy of extracting border of buildings than the existing methods, successfully. This study also determines that the amount of root mean square error (RMSE) is 2.40 m² when we use LiDAR. This proposed algorithm contributes to identifying rapidly changed buildings, and it is helpful for global geospatial information of urban management that can add best practice and solution toward the UN SDGs connectivity dilemma of urban settlement, resilience, and sustainability.

Separating point clouds into ground and non-ground points is a necessary step to generate digital terrain model (DTM) from LiDAR dataset. In this research, a new method based on multi-scale analysis of height difference threshold is proposed for ground filtering of LiDAR data. The proposed method utilizes three windows with different sizes in small, average and large to cover the entire LiDAR point clouds, then with a height difference threshold, point clouds can be separated to ground and non-ground in each local window. Meanwhile, the best threshold values for size of windows are considered based on physical characteristics of the ground surface and size of objects. Also, the minimum of height of object in each window selected as height difference threshold. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, two datasets in rural and urban area were applied. The overall accuracy in rural and urban area was 96.06% and 94.88% respectively. These results of the filtering showed that the proposed method can successfully filters non-ground points from LiDAR point clouds despite of the data area.