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Cycas debaoensis Y. C. Zhong et C. J. Chen is an endemic species in China that is listed among China’s national key preserved wild plants (Class I) (Xie et al. 2005). It is mainly distributed in south China (Guangxi, Guizhou, and other regions). In April 2017, a new leaf disease of C. debaoensis was found in Chengdu (30°35′32″ N; 104°05′11″E) in China with an incidence over 40%. Symptoms on C. debaoensis initially appeared as brown necrotic lesions on the margin or in the center of leaves. The lesions then enlarged gradually and developed into brown spots, necrotic lesions with dark brown margins. Many small and black dots were observed on necrotic lesions. Eventually, the diseased leaves withered and died. Ten samples were collected and surface-sterilized by 3% NaClO and 75% ehanol respectively for 60s and 90s, rinsed with autoclaved distilled water and then blot-dried with autoclaved paper towels. Five isolates from diseased leaves with similar morphology were isolated from single spores. Morphological characteristics were recorded from pure cultures grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) incubated at 25°C for 3-9 days. Initially, the colonies grown on PDA were white, then, became pale gray with concentric zones and greenish black beneath. Conidia were single-celled, smooth-walled, straight, colorless, cylindrical with both ends bluntly rounded,13.0-16.5 × 4.7-5.8 μm in size (n = 100 spores). For molecular identification, the genomic DNA of the isolates was extracted using a DNeasyTM Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (ITS1/ITS4 White et al., 1990), β-tubulin (TUB2) (BT2A/BT2B (O’Donnell et al., 1997)), actin (ACT) (ACT512F/ACT (Carbone & Kohn, 1999)), calmodulin (CAL) (CL1C/CL2C (Weir et al., 2012)), mating type protein and chitin synthase (CHS-1) (CHS-1) (CHS-9 79F/CHS-345R (Carbone & Kohn, 1999)) were amplified. BLAST results indicated that the ITS, TUB2, ACT, CAL, CHS-1 sequences (GenBank MN305712, MN605072, MT478663, MT465591 and MT478664) showed 99-100% identity with C. siamense sequences at NCBI (GenBank JF710564, MK341542, MK855094, MH351155 and MK471373). The Phylogenetic tree inferred from the combined dataesets (TEF, TUB and ACT) show that the isolate belongs to C. siamense clade with a credibility value of 99%. Two-year-old potted plants of C. debaoensis (10 plants) were used for pathogenicity test. On each plant, 5 leaves were sprayed with a conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml) on both sides of the leaves. Autoclaved distilled water was used as negative control (10 plants). Plants were kept in the greenhouse at 25 °C under 16h/8h photoperiod and 70-75% relative humidity (RH). The symptoms observed on the inoculated plants were similar to those observed in the field, while the controls remained asymptomatic. C. siamense was re-isolated from all diseased inoculated plants, and the culture and fungus characteristics were the same as the original isolate. The morphological characteristics and molecular analyses of the isolate matched the description of C. siamense (Prihastuti et al., 2009). C. siamense was previously reported infecting Citrus reticulata (Cheng et al. 2013), but this is the first report of brown leaf spot on C. debaoensis caused by C. siamense in China. This finding provides important basis for further research on the control of the disease.
Shan Han; Jimin Ma; Yanyue Li; Shujiang Li; Yinggao Liu; Tianmin Qiao; Tiantian Lin; Chunlin Yang; Tingting Luo; Lei Xiang; Tianhui Zhu. Brown Leaf Spot of Cycas debaoensis Caused by Colletotrichum siamense in Sichuan, China. Plant Disease 2021, 1 -10.
AMA StyleShan Han, Jimin Ma, Yanyue Li, Shujiang Li, Yinggao Liu, Tianmin Qiao, Tiantian Lin, Chunlin Yang, Tingting Luo, Lei Xiang, Tianhui Zhu. Brown Leaf Spot of Cycas debaoensis Caused by Colletotrichum siamense in Sichuan, China. Plant Disease. 2021; ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShan Han; Jimin Ma; Yanyue Li; Shujiang Li; Yinggao Liu; Tianmin Qiao; Tiantian Lin; Chunlin Yang; Tingting Luo; Lei Xiang; Tianhui Zhu. 2021. "Brown Leaf Spot of Cycas debaoensis Caused by Colletotrichum siamense in Sichuan, China." Plant Disease , no. : 1-10.
Phoenix canariensis Chabaud is a vital ornamental and widely planted in the urban landscape of China (Lan et al. 2019). In December 2019, six of seven P. canariensis plants exhibited typical symptoms of leaf spot in Chengdu campus of Sichuan Agricultural University in Sichuan, China, with roughly 80% leaves per plant affected. Symptomatic leaves initially showed dark brown spots with a yellow halo at the periphery. As the disease progressed, spots gradually expanded and eventually formed necrotic spots, with the whole leaf dying when severely infected. 10 diseased leaves from different plants were collected in December 2019 and deposited in Sichuan Agricultural University Herbarium. A single spore isolation was performed following Chomnunti et al. (2014) and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA). Five fungal isolates were obtained from five different infected leaves respectively and deposited in Sichuan Agricultural University Culture Collection. The fungal colonies were incipiently greyish-white becoming pale brown at the margins and dark brown in the center. The reverse was the same as the obverse with radial cracking at the center. Morphological characteristics on the host were examined by light microscopy. Ascomata were semi-immersed to immersed, black, pyriform to subglobose, and measured 180-310 × 140-260 μm. The peridium comprised several layers of hyaline cells of textura angularis and measured 9-27 μm wide. Pseudoparaphyses were numerous, septate, hyaline, usually longer than asci. Asci were 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindric-clavate, and measured 50-95 × 8-11.5 μm (n=35). Ascospores were 1-septate, straight or slightly curved, hyaline, usually with globose appendages at both ends, and measured 14-18.5 × 4-6.5 μm (n=50). Conidiogenesis was not observed on PDA incubated four months at 25℃ and 95 % relative humidity on a 12-h fluorescent light/dark incubation. Morphology was consistent with the sexual stage of Neovaginatispora fuckelii (Sacc.) A. Hashim. et al. described by Hashimoto et al. 2018, Tennakoon et al. 2018, and Hyde et al. 2020. The rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), 28S large subunit (LSU), 18S small subunit (SSU), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF 1-α), and RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (RPB2) gene regions were amplified by using the primers ITS5/ITS4, LR0R/LR5, NS1/NS4, EF1-983F/EF1-2218R, and fRPB2-5F/fRPB2-7cR, respectively. The DNA amplification products of the representative isolate SICAUCC 20-0008 isolated from SICAU 20-0008 were sequenced and accessioned in GenBank, viz MT427731, MT427734, MT427738, MT441923, and MT441920, respectively. The sequences were compared with the GenBank database using nucleotide BLAST, and these five sequences were great identical with the sequences of the fungus N. fuckelii (GenBank accession no. ITS, LC001732, 522/524, 99.62%; LSU, AB619009, 839/840, 99.88%; SSU, AB618690, 976/976, 100%; TEF 1-α, LC001750, 895/912, 98.14%; RPB2, MN482130, 935/935, 100%). Using phylogenetic analysis in which reference sequences collected from GenBank were included, the isolate SICAUCC 20-0008 clustered within N. fuckelii with high bootstrap support (Fig. 1). To conduct Koch’s postulates, fifteen healthy P. canariensis 2 to 3-year-old plants were inoculated by placing a mycelium plug from the growing margin of 15-day-old colonies upside down directly onto fresh wounds punctured with a fine needle. Five healthy plants were inoculated with a sterile agar plug as the control. Plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 25 ± 1℃ and 95% relative humidity on a 12-h fluorescent light/dark regimen. After ten days, the leaves of inoculated plants turned brown and gradually expanded and became necrotic spots, similar to symptoms observed in the field. The control plants were symptomless. The pathogen was re-isolated from leaf lesions and identified by morphological characteristics, whereas no fungus was recovered from control treatments. N. fuckelii has been often reported as a saprobe on numerous hosts including species of Acer, Carpinus, Carya, Epilobium, Prunus, Quercus, Rhus, Salix, and Vitis, as well as other genera (Thambugala et al. 2015, Hashimoto et al. 2018, Hyde et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. fuckelii causing leaf spot on P. canariensis. Some proteaceous plants and other palms are known to be infected by this fungus (Hyde et al. 2000, Taylor et al. 2000), which may result in a great threat to ornamental horticulture. Fungicides treatments should be considered to prevent the damage to plants and spread of this fungus.
Chunlin Yang; Ms. Xiulan Xu; Miss Qian Zeng; Miss Yicong Lv; Miss Siyi Liu; Yinggao Liu; Ms. Tianmin Qiao; Shan Han. First Report ofNeovaginatispora fuckeliiCausing Leaf Spot onPhoenix canariensis. Plant Disease 2021, 105, 223 .
AMA StyleChunlin Yang, Ms. Xiulan Xu, Miss Qian Zeng, Miss Yicong Lv, Miss Siyi Liu, Yinggao Liu, Ms. Tianmin Qiao, Shan Han. First Report ofNeovaginatispora fuckeliiCausing Leaf Spot onPhoenix canariensis. Plant Disease. 2021; 105 (1):223.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChunlin Yang; Ms. Xiulan Xu; Miss Qian Zeng; Miss Yicong Lv; Miss Siyi Liu; Yinggao Liu; Ms. Tianmin Qiao; Shan Han. 2021. "First Report ofNeovaginatispora fuckeliiCausing Leaf Spot onPhoenix canariensis." Plant Disease 105, no. 1: 223.
Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) turf is the most widely used turfgrass in urban landscapes. Large amounts of fertilizer are usually applied for maximum turf performance, while relatively little attention has been paid to efficient nutrient management of bermudagrass turf. The design opted for was a 3-factor and 5-level Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) consisting of 24 experimental runs in the greenhouse with response surface methodology (RSM) and simulated regression modeling. The experiment covered in this study was carried out at Sichuan Agricultural University with the objectives of understanding the interactive effects of nitrogen, (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization on the bermudagrass integrated turf performance (ITP) and optimizing the amount of N, P, and K required for optimum turf performance during establishment. The qualitative and quantitative relationships between bermudagrass and fertilization significantly affected the ITP. The N, P, and K Fertilization significantly influenced the percent grass cover, turf height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and total chlorophyll content. Fertilization with N and P significantly enhanced the tiller length, turf density, color, and total protein levels. Root length was augmented with the application of P and K. We found that 3-D surface plots indicated significant interactive effects of NP, NK, and PK on the ITP. A simulation optimization and frequency analysis indicated that the optimal combined amounts of these nutrients were N: 26.0–27.6 g m−2, P: 24.2–26.4 g m–2, and K: 3.1–5.0 g m–2 during the establishment phase. The results suggest that optimized fertilization is key to sustainable nutrient management of bermudagrass integrated turf performance.
Muhammad Ihtisham; Shiliang Liu; Muhammad Shahid; Nawab Khan; Bingyang Lv; Mohammad Sarraf; Siyad Ali; Longqing Chen; Yinggao Liu; Qibing Chen. The Optimized N, P, and K Fertilization for Bermudagrass Integrated Turf Performance during the Establishment and Its Importance for the Sustainable Management of Urban Green Spaces. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10294 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Ihtisham, Shiliang Liu, Muhammad Shahid, Nawab Khan, Bingyang Lv, Mohammad Sarraf, Siyad Ali, Longqing Chen, Yinggao Liu, Qibing Chen. The Optimized N, P, and K Fertilization for Bermudagrass Integrated Turf Performance during the Establishment and Its Importance for the Sustainable Management of Urban Green Spaces. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10294.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Ihtisham; Shiliang Liu; Muhammad Shahid; Nawab Khan; Bingyang Lv; Mohammad Sarraf; Siyad Ali; Longqing Chen; Yinggao Liu; Qibing Chen. 2020. "The Optimized N, P, and K Fertilization for Bermudagrass Integrated Turf Performance during the Establishment and Its Importance for the Sustainable Management of Urban Green Spaces." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10294.
Neostagonosporellasichuanensis sp. nov. was found on Phyllostachysheteroclada collected from Sichuan Province in China and is introduced in a new genus Neostagonosporella gen. nov. in this paper. Evidence for the placement of the new taxon in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae is supported by morphology and phylogenetic analysis of a combined LSU, SSU, ITS and TEF 1-α DNA sequence dataset. Maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony and Bayesian inference phylogenetic analyses support Neostagonosporella as a distinct genus within this family. The new genus is compared with related genera of Phaeosphaeriaceae and full descriptions and illustrations are provided. Neostagonosporella is characterised by its unique suite of characters, such as multiloculate ascostromata and cylindrical to fusiform, transversely multiseptate, straight or curved ascospores, which are widest at the central cells. Conidiostromata are multiloculate, fusiform to long fusiform or rhomboid, with two types conidia; macroconidia vermiform or subcylindrical to cylindrical, transversely multiseptate, sometimes curved, almost equidistant between septa and microconidia oval, ellipsoidal or long ellipsoidal, aseptate, rounded at both ends. An updated phylogeny of the Phaeosphaeriaceae based on multigene analysis is provided.
Chun-Lin Yang; Xiu-Lan Xu; Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe; Rajesh Jeewon; Rungtiwa Phookamsak; Ying-Gao Liu; Li-Juan Liu; Kevin D. Hyde. Neostagonosporella sichuanensis gen. et sp. nov. (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales) on Phyllostachys heteroclada (Poaceae) from Sichuan Province, China. MycoKeys 2019, 46, 119 -150.
AMA StyleChun-Lin Yang, Xiu-Lan Xu, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe, Rajesh Jeewon, Rungtiwa Phookamsak, Ying-Gao Liu, Li-Juan Liu, Kevin D. Hyde. Neostagonosporella sichuanensis gen. et sp. nov. (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales) on Phyllostachys heteroclada (Poaceae) from Sichuan Province, China. MycoKeys. 2019; 46 ():119-150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChun-Lin Yang; Xiu-Lan Xu; Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe; Rajesh Jeewon; Rungtiwa Phookamsak; Ying-Gao Liu; Li-Juan Liu; Kevin D. Hyde. 2019. "Neostagonosporella sichuanensis gen. et sp. nov. (Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales) on Phyllostachys heteroclada (Poaceae) from Sichuan Province, China." MycoKeys 46, no. : 119-150.
Tropical forests play an important role in carbon cycle. However, the temporal and spatial variation in soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of tropical forest remains uncertain, especially near the Tropic of Cancer. In this research, we studied the annual soil CO2 fluxes from three tropical montane rainforests on the Hainan Island of China (pristine montane rainforest, PF; secondary montane rainforest, SF; and Podocarpus imbricatus plantation, PP). The results showed a lower annual average soil CO2 flux as 6.85 ± 0.52 Mg C-CO2 ha−1 (9.17 Mg C-CO2 ha−1 in the wet season and 4.50 Mg C-CO2 ha−1 in the dry season). The CO2 fluxes exhibited obviously seasonal variation during the study period. Among the three forest types, PF had the highest average CO2 flux rate of 317.77 ± 147.71 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 (433.08 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 in the wet season and 202.47 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 in the dry season), followed by PP of 286.84 ± 137.48 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 (367.12 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 in the wet season and 206.56 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 in the dry season) and SF of 255.09 ± 155.26 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 (351.48 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 in the wet season and 155.71 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 in the dry season). We found between CO2 fluxes and soil temperature a highly significant linear relation (P < 0.01) at 5 cm depth and a highly significant exponential correlation (P < 0.01) at 10 cm depth for all three forest types; a significant linear relation (P < 0.05) between CO2 fluxes and soil moisture content was found for SF and PF, but not for PP (P > 0.05). The CO2 flux was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with water-filled pore space only for PF. In conclusion, our results suggested soil CO2 fluxes in the three forest types that exhibit obviously spatial and temporal variation, and the temperature is the major factor affecting soil CO2 fluxes from this region.
Xinhua Jiang; Huai Chen; Changhui Peng; Yide Li; Yixin He; Dexiang Chen; Mingxian Lin; Ji Hu; Tianli Ma; Liangfeng Liu; Xinwei Liu; Miao Xia; Yinggao Liu. Soil Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from Three Forest Types of the Tropical Montane Rainforest on Hainan Island, China. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2016, 227, 1 .
AMA StyleXinhua Jiang, Huai Chen, Changhui Peng, Yide Li, Yixin He, Dexiang Chen, Mingxian Lin, Ji Hu, Tianli Ma, Liangfeng Liu, Xinwei Liu, Miao Xia, Yinggao Liu. Soil Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from Three Forest Types of the Tropical Montane Rainforest on Hainan Island, China. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2016; 227 (6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXinhua Jiang; Huai Chen; Changhui Peng; Yide Li; Yixin He; Dexiang Chen; Mingxian Lin; Ji Hu; Tianli Ma; Liangfeng Liu; Xinwei Liu; Miao Xia; Yinggao Liu. 2016. "Soil Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from Three Forest Types of the Tropical Montane Rainforest on Hainan Island, China." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 227, no. 6: 1.