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Annually, there are between 2500 and 3000 Christmas markets in Germany. While claiming to be rooted in century-old tradition, the current concept of the markets, shaped in the 1930s, gradually transformed from primarily mercantile operations to experiential events. In contemporary times, these markets also have quantifiable social and experiential dimensions. The last of these, the experiential dimension, is a mélange of visual, auditory, and olfactory components that create a compound sensory response—the “Christmas atmosphere”. There are copious intangible elements of these markets, which combined create a sum greater than the addition of each of the individual constituent components. We find the recognition of such collections of entwined intangible heritage is novel, warranting further research and documentation, as standard approaches to the identification and management of intangible cultural heritage are too limiting.
Dirk H.R. Spennemann; Murray Parker. The Changing Face of German Christmas Markets: Historic, Mercantile, Social, and Experiential Dimensions. Heritage 2021, 4, 1821 -1835.
AMA StyleDirk H.R. Spennemann, Murray Parker. The Changing Face of German Christmas Markets: Historic, Mercantile, Social, and Experiential Dimensions. Heritage. 2021; 4 (3):1821-1835.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk H.R. Spennemann; Murray Parker. 2021. "The Changing Face of German Christmas Markets: Historic, Mercantile, Social, and Experiential Dimensions." Heritage 4, no. 3: 1821-1835.
As a social species, humans have developed soundscapes that surround, and to some extent circumscribe, their daily existence. The concept of aural heritage, its conceptualization and its management represent a rapidly expanding area of research, covering aspects of both natural and human heritage. However, there have been no contemporary regional or supra-regional studies that examine the nature of sound making in Christian religious settings, nor the extent to which it is still used. This paper presents the results of a survey into the presence of bells and bell ringing practices among five major Christian denominations in New South Wales, and examines to what extent bell ringing is still practiced and what factors may determine any differentiation. In doing so, it provides an objective basis from which to investigate future changes in bell ringing practices, and provides a solid foundation with reference to aural heritage of sound in a religious setting.
Murray Parker; Dirk H. R. Spennemann. Contemporary Sound Practices: Church Bells and Bell Ringing in New South Wales, Australia. Heritage 2021, 4, 1754 -1772.
AMA StyleMurray Parker, Dirk H. R. Spennemann. Contemporary Sound Practices: Church Bells and Bell Ringing in New South Wales, Australia. Heritage. 2021; 4 (3):1754-1772.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurray Parker; Dirk H. R. Spennemann. 2021. "Contemporary Sound Practices: Church Bells and Bell Ringing in New South Wales, Australia." Heritage 4, no. 3: 1754-1772.
A postcard ‘craze’ engulfed the developed world and colonial world during the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, when over 2.3 million picture postcards were mailed in 1904 alone. Formally published picture postcards can provide a rich source of information for heritage studies as they depict landscape scenery, towns, individual buildings and public plantings such as parks. The evidentiary value of late nineteenth and early twentieth century postcards depends on the veracity of the depicted image. While based on photographs, processes of postcard production allowed the publisher to modify the original imagery to improve the messaging entailed in the image. Modes of image manipulation, such as retouching, can sufficiently alter the content of the image to create limitations to using published postcard imagery as a tool for historic landscape and building analysis. This is the first paper to systematically discuss the process of postcard production and the manipulation of images depicted on the view size of picture postcards. It demonstrates that where evidentiary emphasis is placed on postcard images, it is imperative that a systematic search for variants is carried out.
Dirk Spennemann. The Evidentiary Value of Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Postcards for Heritage Studies. Heritage 2021, 4, 1460 -1496.
AMA StyleDirk Spennemann. The Evidentiary Value of Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Postcards for Heritage Studies. Heritage. 2021; 4 (3):1460-1496.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk Spennemann. 2021. "The Evidentiary Value of Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Postcards for Heritage Studies." Heritage 4, no. 3: 1460-1496.
Canary Island date palms (Phoenix canariensis) have been planted as a landscaping feature plant throughout warm, temperate, and subtropical climates. The physical amenity provisioning of this species (shade effects, microclimate amelioration, water usage, etc.) has so far not been systematically assessed. This paper reports on temperature and humidity measurements in both a suburban and a rural location in SE Australia. The study demonstrates the effects of the palm canopy as regulator of humidity and provider of shade and, thus, amenity values in urban landscape settings. Drawing on published energy savings and growth requirements of the plant, the paper argues that Canary Island date palms are landscaping plants suitable to ameliorate the microclimate in urban neighborhoods with varied socio-economic conditions.
Dirk Spennemann. The Role of Canary Island Date Palms in Physical Amenity Provisioning for Urban Landscape Settings. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 201 .
AMA StyleDirk Spennemann. The Role of Canary Island Date Palms in Physical Amenity Provisioning for Urban Landscape Settings. Horticulturae. 2021; 7 (7):201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk Spennemann. 2021. "The Role of Canary Island Date Palms in Physical Amenity Provisioning for Urban Landscape Settings." Horticulturae 7, no. 7: 201.
Given its intensity, rapid spread, geographic reach and multiple waves of infections, the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020/21 became a major global disruptor with a truly cross-sectoral impact, surpassing even the 1918/19 influenza epidemic. Public health measures designed to contain the spread of the disease saw the cessation of international travel as well as the establishment of border closures between and within countries. The social and economic impact was considerable. This paper examines the effects of the public health measures of “ring-fencing” and of prolonged closures of the state border between New South Wales and Victoria (Australia), placing the events of 2020/21 into the context of the historic and contemporary trajectories of the border between the two states. It shows that while border closures as public-health measures had occurred in the past, their social and economic impact had been comparatively negligible due to low cross-border community integration. Concerted efforts since the mid-1970s have led to effective and close integration of employment and services, with over a quarter of the resident population of the two border towns commuting daily across the state lines. As a result, border closures and state-based lockdown directives caused significant social disruption and considerable economic cost to families and the community as a whole. One of the lessons of the 2020/21 pandemic will be to either re-evaluate the wisdom of a close social and economic integration of border communities, which would be a backwards step, or to future-proof these communities by developing strategies, effectively public health management plans, to avoid a repeat when the next pandemic strikes.
Dirk Spennemann. “No Entry into New South Wales”: COVID-19 and the Historic and Contemporary Trajectories of the Effects of Border Closures on an Australian Cross-Border Community. Land 2021, 10, 610 .
AMA StyleDirk Spennemann. “No Entry into New South Wales”: COVID-19 and the Historic and Contemporary Trajectories of the Effects of Border Closures on an Australian Cross-Border Community. Land. 2021; 10 (6):610.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk Spennemann. 2021. "“No Entry into New South Wales”: COVID-19 and the Historic and Contemporary Trajectories of the Effects of Border Closures on an Australian Cross-Border Community." Land 10, no. 6: 610.
While island resorts in the South Pacific are primarily marketed as sun, sea and sand destinations, cultural dimensions value-add to and diversify the product for mixed audiences. Resort developments require, at minimum, the compliance with legally mandated environmental standards and adherence to national employment legislation. Socio-culturally and environmentally sustainable tourism concepts should exceed mandated environmental standards and be characterised by a close involvement with and respect for the expectations of local host communities who may hold land and/or traditional usufruct rights. But do resort developments comply? Using an example of a resort established on free-hold land during the pioneering days of resort development in Fiji, the aim of this paper is to provide a deliberation of the tension between organic resort development and sustainable tourism on private land. It will show that, where cultural and environmental planning controls were absent, development not only could progress unfettered but also that changes to tourism philosophies are not necessarily reflected in changes to a resort. The island of Malolo Lailai (Viti Levu, Fiji) has a rich and multi-layered history and heritage (Fijian, European and Chinese plantations, resort development) that provides an opportunity to value-add to the tourist experience. In reality, however, the ongoing resort development extinguishes past histories in favour of a post-occupation, twentieth-century colonial settler narrative, where heritage sites are merely allowed to co-exist provided they do not impact on resort development objectives. It demonstrates that, in the absence of external regulatory controls, the resort owner’s philosophy dominates and shapes the tourist experience.
Dirk Spennemann. Groundwater, Graves and Golf: Layers of Heritage Tourism on a Fiji Resort Island. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5863 .
AMA StyleDirk Spennemann. Groundwater, Graves and Golf: Layers of Heritage Tourism on a Fiji Resort Island. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):5863.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk Spennemann. 2021. "Groundwater, Graves and Golf: Layers of Heritage Tourism on a Fiji Resort Island." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 5863.
Dirk Spennemann. 1aNS8 - Increasing Intensity: the sounds of church bells in Australia one year after COVID-19. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleDirk Spennemann. 1aNS8 - Increasing Intensity: the sounds of church bells in Australia one year after COVID-19. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk Spennemann. 2021. "1aNS8 - Increasing Intensity: the sounds of church bells in Australia one year after COVID-19." , no. : 1.
The French inventor Stanislas Sorel is well known for his invention of a commercially viable process to protect iron from corrosion using hot dip galvanising. It is less well known that Sorel also developed a process of cold galvanising. This paper traces the origins, manufacture and marketing of Sorel’s ‘peinture galvanique.’ Sorel’s metallic zinc paint allowed, for the first time, corrosion protection of large structures such as bridges and iron building components that could not be hot dip galvanised.
Dirk H. R. Spennemann. Stanislas Sorel and the origins of cold galvanising. Transactions of the IMF 2021, 99, 115 -120.
AMA StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. Stanislas Sorel and the origins of cold galvanising. Transactions of the IMF. 2021; 99 (3):115-120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. 2021. "Stanislas Sorel and the origins of cold galvanising." Transactions of the IMF 99, no. 3: 115-120.
Issued addressed COVID‐19 has highlighted the disruptive, cross‐sectorial effects a sudden‐onset pandemic has on a globally interconnected world. The control of community transmission requires the identification and isolation of hotspots, commonly achieved through blanket measures or through ring‐fencing. A simpler and more readily policeable, and geographically more flexible system is needed that allows both law enforcement and the public to detect people moving outside the ringfenced areas. Methods A narrative examination of the border closure between New South Wales and Victoria in June to September 2020. Results Enforcement of people's movement in and out of ring‐fenced areas relies on voluntary, ethical compliance coupled with legal prosecution of violators. Despite extensive community health promotion for COVID‐safe behaviour, the events of 2020 showed multiple, flagrant violations which were caught during random spot checks, as well as at the Murray River, a hard border set up along readily controllable and patrollable features (bridges). Conclusions Given that most medium and long‐distance movement in Australia is vehicular‐based, this paper advocates for the introduction of European‐style local government area based car registration which makes ‘out of bounds’ vehicle traffic readily recognisable by their number plates. So what? Public health promotion, coupled with convenient and ubiquitous observation and enforcement tool, is likely to moderate community behaviour and ensure increased compliance with the directives of health authorities and associated promotion of COVID‐safe behaviour.
Dirk H. R. Spennemann. A number’s game: Towards a solution to the policing of ringfenced COVID Hotspots. Health Promotion Journal of Australia 2021, 32, 352 -358.
AMA StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. A number’s game: Towards a solution to the policing of ringfenced COVID Hotspots. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 2021; 32 (2):352-358.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. 2021. "A number’s game: Towards a solution to the policing of ringfenced COVID Hotspots." Health Promotion Journal of Australia 32, no. 2: 352-358.
Throughout Australia, large numbers of Indigenous Australian heritage sites, which exist on privately owned agricultural properties, have neither been recorded or documented and are not being actively managed. Anecdotally, some of this occurs in NSW due to uncertainties and fears held by the landholders. This paper examines the responses provided by several NSW Local Government Authorities (LGA) to a simulated enquiry by a landholder who may wish to remain anonymous but desires to obtain guidance on how to manage Indigenous Australian heritage sites on his/her property. The information (and forward links) provided on LGA websites was found to be generally poor. Direct enquiries were found to provide accurate information, but this entailed the loss of anonymity. Suggestions for improvement of the status quo are offered.
Daniel T. Hobbs; Dirk H. R. Spennemann. Indigenous Australian heritage on private land: an examination of guidance provided by local government authorities of NSW. Australian Planner 2021, 1 -12.
AMA StyleDaniel T. Hobbs, Dirk H. R. Spennemann. Indigenous Australian heritage on private land: an examination of guidance provided by local government authorities of NSW. Australian Planner. 2021; ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel T. Hobbs; Dirk H. R. Spennemann. 2021. "Indigenous Australian heritage on private land: an examination of guidance provided by local government authorities of NSW." Australian Planner , no. : 1-12.
While sites associated with the cultural heritage of armed conflict are self-evident in the landscape, sites associated with arms limitation treaties are usually conspicuously absent. The Washington Arms Limitation Treaty 1922 was arguably one the most significant treaties of the first half of the twentieth century. It can be shown that some heritage items associated with this treaty are still extant. Just as the Treaty required multinational goodwill and cooperation, the preservation of some of that heritage will also require multinational collaboration.
Dirk H. R. Spennemann. Managing the Heritage of Arms Limitation Treaties. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 2021, 1 -28.
AMA StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. Managing the Heritage of Arms Limitation Treaties. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2021; ():1-28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. 2021. "Managing the Heritage of Arms Limitation Treaties." International Journal of Historical Archaeology , no. : 1-28.
Seemingly arcane records of shipping, derived from shipping lists published in newspapers and ship’s logbooks and notations therein, can be interrogated in geographical, chronological and typological terms. This paper presents a fully referenced dataset of 1,584 visits by vessels to Tongan waters between 1616 and 1884 which is now available for analysis by interested parties. Example analyses presented in this paper show how the compilation and analysis of shipping data, canvassing the presence, and to some extent movement, of European vessels in Tongan waters, can illuminate large-scale changes in contact and trade.
Dirk H. R. Spennemann. Interrogating Shipping Data to Illustrate Patterns of External Connectivity and the Rise of European Influence in the Tongan Archipelago (1770–1885). The Journal of Pacific History 2021, 56, 50 -79.
AMA StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. Interrogating Shipping Data to Illustrate Patterns of External Connectivity and the Rise of European Influence in the Tongan Archipelago (1770–1885). The Journal of Pacific History. 2021; 56 (1):50-79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. 2021. "Interrogating Shipping Data to Illustrate Patterns of External Connectivity and the Rise of European Influence in the Tongan Archipelago (1770–1885)." The Journal of Pacific History 56, no. 1: 50-79.
The Washington Arms Limitation Treaty 1922 was arguably one the most significant disarmament treaties of the first half of the 20th century. It can be shown that the heritage items associated with this treaty are still extant. Ship’s bells are one of the few moveable objects that are specific to the operational life of a ship and are therefore highly symbolic in representing a vessel. This paper surveys which bells of the ships scrapped under conditions of the Washington Arms Limitation Treaty are known to exist. A typology of ship’s bells has been developed to understand the nature of bell provisioning to vessels newly commissioned into the U.S. Navy. Each of the countries associated with the Washington Treaty have divergent disposal practices with respect to navy property, and this is reflected in both the prevalence and nature of custodianship of ship’s bells from this period. Such procedures range from the U.S. requirement commanding all surplus Navy property to be deemed government property upon ship deactivation, to the British practice of vending ship’s bells to private parties at public sales. However, ship’s bells, like many obsolete functional items, can be regarded as iconic in terms of heritage and therefore warrant attention for future preservation and presentation in the public domain.
Dirk H. R. Spennemann; Murray Parker. After They Fell Silent: The Nature and Fate of the Ship Bells Associated with the Vessels Scrapped for the Washington Arms Limitation Treaty of 1922. Heritage 2020, 4, 32 -75.
AMA StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann, Murray Parker. After They Fell Silent: The Nature and Fate of the Ship Bells Associated with the Vessels Scrapped for the Washington Arms Limitation Treaty of 1922. Heritage. 2020; 4 (1):32-75.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann; Murray Parker. 2020. "After They Fell Silent: The Nature and Fate of the Ship Bells Associated with the Vessels Scrapped for the Washington Arms Limitation Treaty of 1922." Heritage 4, no. 1: 32-75.
The authors would like to make the following corrections in relation to the published paper (Parker and Spennemann 2020)
Murray Parker; Dirk H.R. Spennemann. Addendum: Parker, M.; Spennemann, D. For Whom the Bell Tolls: Practitioners’ Views on Bell-Ringing Practice in Contemporary Society in New South Wales (Australia). Religions 2020, 11, 425. Religions 2020, 11, 668 .
AMA StyleMurray Parker, Dirk H.R. Spennemann. Addendum: Parker, M.; Spennemann, D. For Whom the Bell Tolls: Practitioners’ Views on Bell-Ringing Practice in Contemporary Society in New South Wales (Australia). Religions 2020, 11, 425. Religions. 2020; 11 (12):668.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurray Parker; Dirk H.R. Spennemann. 2020. "Addendum: Parker, M.; Spennemann, D. For Whom the Bell Tolls: Practitioners’ Views on Bell-Ringing Practice in Contemporary Society in New South Wales (Australia). Religions 2020, 11, 425." Religions 11, no. 12: 668.
The use of religious bells as symbolism and ritual is prevalent in many faiths worldwide. However, the sound of bells emanating from churches is by nature not exclusive to the church, as these sounds can effectively become part of the “public domain.” The value of church bell ringing can therefore be attributed to the church community and clergy as well as the wider community. Cessation of these sounds affects not only the soundscape of the area, but the people who place value on these sounds or soundscapes. Data are presented from a previous survey from 2018 investigating church bell practices in New South Wales (Australia) and compared to the current practice of bell ringing, which has been heavily influenced by regulations introduced due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Murray Parker; Dirk Hr Spennemann. Anthropause on audio: The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on church bell ringing and associated soundscapes in New South Wales (Australia). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2020, 148, 3102 -3106.
AMA StyleMurray Parker, Dirk Hr Spennemann. Anthropause on audio: The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on church bell ringing and associated soundscapes in New South Wales (Australia). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2020; 148 (5):3102-3106.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurray Parker; Dirk Hr Spennemann. 2020. "Anthropause on audio: The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on church bell ringing and associated soundscapes in New South Wales (Australia)." The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 148, no. 5: 3102-3106.
Dirk Hr Spennemann. Would the date stone beetle Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) infest almond (Prunus dulcis) crops? Oriental Insects 2020, 1 -12.
AMA StyleDirk Hr Spennemann. Would the date stone beetle Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) infest almond (Prunus dulcis) crops? Oriental Insects. 2020; ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk Hr Spennemann. 2020. "Would the date stone beetle Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) infest almond (Prunus dulcis) crops?" Oriental Insects , no. : 1-12.
Palms, like many plants, rely on frugivorous animals to disperse their seed. Large-scale human-mediated dispersal for their production and amenity values has seen the introduction of palms into a wide range of ecosystems where they subsequently have become naturalized. A wide range of native as well as exotic species has adapted to palm drupes as a food source and serve as dispersal vectors. Most canids are opportunistic generalist feeders that consume various quantities of fruit such as drupes of palms. This is the first comprehensive review examining the role of canids in the dispersal of ornamental palm species. It can be shown that the effectiveness of canids as vectors in the dispersal of Phoenix and Washingtonia palms is heavily dependent on a species’ ability to be sympatric with humans, whereby coyotes, golden jackals and red foxes have been shown to be particularly adaptable. The marking behaviour of canids, with its repeated defecation at the same locality, and long gastrointestinal transit times coupled with large home ranges as well as the improved germination rates following passage through the gut all favour a palm’s successful dispersal. Canids are particularly significant and effective dispersers over long distances and in spaces where perches (favoured by avian vectors) are absent. The review has shown some gaps in the literature and state of research: There is a lack of empirical data on gastrointestinal transit times among all canids bar domestic dogs and red foxes. Dietary studies often make little attempt at identifying and classifying the plant content of scats and stomachs. Wherein, studies consider the presence of palm seeds in scats, the quantity of seeds in a single scat is often not reported, nor is the state of the seed, such as the presence of chew or bite marks or the presence of exocarp fragments. Studies on home ranges are generally silent on actual linear travel distances which provide information on a vector’s capacity to disperse seed.
Dirk H. R. Spennemann. The role of canids in the dispersal of commercial and ornamental palm species. Mammal Research 2020, 66, 57 -74.
AMA StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. The role of canids in the dispersal of commercial and ornamental palm species. Mammal Research. 2020; 66 (1):57-74.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. 2020. "The role of canids in the dispersal of commercial and ornamental palm species." Mammal Research 66, no. 1: 57-74.
As British subjects, Punjabi men emigrated to various British colonies in search of economic opportunities. This paper examines the pattern and extent of Punjabi immigration to the colony (and later state) of Victoria (Australia). The overall numbers show a steady increase until 1901 when the passage of the Immigration Restriction Act effectively terminated all immigration from South Asia and East Asia. The data also show that, on a decadal level, the age of immigrants steadily increased.
Dirk H. R. Spennemann. Slamming the door shut: patterns of Punjabi immigration to Victoria (Australia) during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. South Asian Diaspora 2020, 13, 129 -142.
AMA StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. Slamming the door shut: patterns of Punjabi immigration to Victoria (Australia) during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. South Asian Diaspora. 2020; 13 (2):129-142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. 2020. "Slamming the door shut: patterns of Punjabi immigration to Victoria (Australia) during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century." South Asian Diaspora 13, no. 2: 129-142.
A number of religions mandate that members of that faith cover their hair and head. Depending on its nature, this head covering can interfere with the design and efficacy of protective head gear such as helmets. This is exacerbated in situations where religious mandates prevent the cutting of head hair, such as among Sikhs, as this adds to the volume to be covered by protective head gear. This paper provides an overview of the cultural mandate to wear turbans and how this meshes with the legal requirements to wear protective head gear during work and recreational pursuits.
Dirk H. R. Spennemann. Turbans vs helmets: The conflict between the mandatory wearing of protective head-gear and the freedom of religious expression. Sikh Formations 2020, 1 -38.
AMA StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. Turbans vs helmets: The conflict between the mandatory wearing of protective head-gear and the freedom of religious expression. Sikh Formations. 2020; ():1-38.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk H. R. Spennemann. 2020. "Turbans vs helmets: The conflict between the mandatory wearing of protective head-gear and the freedom of religious expression." Sikh Formations , no. : 1-38.
In many countries, Canary Islands Date Palms (Phoenix canariensis) have escaped their horticulturally managed settings and have commenced to colonise surrounding natural bushland. While dispersed by various vectors, both birds and canids such as foxes, fluctuating environmental conditions may inhibit germination in the season of deposition. The potential of old, previous season’s seeds to germinate when conditions turn favourable has direct implications on the plant’s ability to establish viable, colonising populations. Nothing is known about the ability of older, previous season’s seeds to successfully germinate. Based in experimental data, this paper shows that that the seeds of Phoenix canariensis exhibit both substantial inter-specimen and inter-seasonal variations in their germination potential. The observed variability is caused by the high genetic diversity inherent in a given palm population, as well as by range of environmental factors. At the present stage it is impossible to separate these two. Directions for further research are outlined.
Dirk Hr Spennemann; Melissa Pike; Wayne Robinson. Germination rates of old and fresh seeds and their implications on invasiveness of the ornamental Canary Islands date palm (Phoenix canariensis). European Journal of Ecology 2020, 6, 1 .
AMA StyleDirk Hr Spennemann, Melissa Pike, Wayne Robinson. Germination rates of old and fresh seeds and their implications on invasiveness of the ornamental Canary Islands date palm (Phoenix canariensis). European Journal of Ecology. 2020; 6 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDirk Hr Spennemann; Melissa Pike; Wayne Robinson. 2020. "Germination rates of old and fresh seeds and their implications on invasiveness of the ornamental Canary Islands date palm (Phoenix canariensis)." European Journal of Ecology 6, no. 2: 1.