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The efficacy of traditional control measures for the management of plant pathogens is decreasing, and the resistance of these pathogens to pesticides is increasing, which poses a serious threat to global food security. The exploration of novel and efficient management measures to combat plant disease is an urgent need at this time. In this study, fungal metabolites from three Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum, T. virens and T. koningii) were prepared on three different growth media (STP, MOF and supermalt (SuM)). The fungal metabolites were tested in vitro and in vivo from March–April 2020 under greenhouse conditions in a pot experiment utilizing completely randomized design to test their management of the bacterial wilt disease caused by R. solanacearum in tomato plants. The effect of the fungal metabolites on bacterial cell morphology was also investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. In vitro investigation showed that the fungal metabolites of T. harzianum obtained on the STP medium were the most effective in inhibiting in vitro bacterial growth and produced a 17.6 mm growth inhibition zone. SEM analysis confirms the rupture of the cell walls and cell membranes of the bacterium, along with the leakage of its cell contents. Generally, fungal metabolites obtained on an STP medium showed higher activity than those obtained on the other two media, and these metabolites were then evaluated in vivo according to three application times (0 days before transplantation (DBT), 4 DBT and 8 DBT) in a greenhouse trial to examine their ability to manage R. solanacearum in tomato plants. Consistent with in vitro results, the results from the greenhouse studies showed a level of higher anti-bacterial activity of T. harzianum metabolites than they did for the metabolites of other fungi, while among the three application times, the longest time (8 DBT) was more effective in controlling bacterial wilt disease in tomato plants. Metabolites of T. harzianum applied at 8 DBT caused the maximum decrease in soil bacterial population (1.526 log cfu/g), resulting in the lowest level of disease severity (area under disease progressive curve (AUDPC) value: 400), and maximum plant freshness (with a resulting biomass of 36.7 g, a root length of 18.3 cm and a plant height of 33.0 cm). It can be concluded that T. harzianum metabolites obtained on an STP medium, when applied after 8 DBT, can suppress soil bacterial population and enhance plant growth, and thus can be used as a safe, environmentally-conscious and consumer-friendly approach to managing bacterial wilt disease in tomato plants and possibly other crops.
Yancui Guo; Zhenyu Fan; Xiong Yi; Yuhong Zhang; Raja Khan; Zhiqiang Zhou. Sustainable Management of Soil-Borne Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum In Vitro and In Vivo through Fungal Metabolites of Different Trichoderma spp. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1491 .
AMA StyleYancui Guo, Zhenyu Fan, Xiong Yi, Yuhong Zhang, Raja Khan, Zhiqiang Zhou. Sustainable Management of Soil-Borne Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum In Vitro and In Vivo through Fungal Metabolites of Different Trichoderma spp. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1491.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYancui Guo; Zhenyu Fan; Xiong Yi; Yuhong Zhang; Raja Khan; Zhiqiang Zhou. 2021. "Sustainable Management of Soil-Borne Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum In Vitro and In Vivo through Fungal Metabolites of Different Trichoderma spp." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1491.
Understory vegetation hosts high biodiversity and plays a critical role in the ecosystem processes of boreal forests. However, the drivers of understory plant diversity in this high-latitude ecosystem remain uncertain. To investigate the influences of forest type and latitude on understory beta diversity at different scales, we quantified the species composition of Vaccinium uliginosum Linnaeus communities under broadleaf and coniferous forests at two latitudes at the quadrat (2 × 2 m) and plot (10 × 10 m) scales in the Greater Xing’an Mountains, NE China. At the quadrat scale, species alpha diversity of V. uliginosum communities was higher in broadleaf forests than that in coniferous forests at both latitudes. The differences in species beta diversity (the Sørensen’s dissimilarity) in two forest types depended on the latitude: beta diversity in broadleaf forests was higher than that in coniferous forests at the higher latitude, while beta diversity in coniferous forests was higher at the lower latitude. At the plot scale, alpha and beta diversity of V. uliginosum communities decreased from broadleaf forests to coniferous forests at the higher latitude, and they did not show significant differences between forest types at the lower latitude. These results indicate the interactive effects of forest type and latitude on beta diversity of understory vegetation. Moreover, the influences of forest type and latitude on species alpha and beta diversity were different across the two spatial scales, suggesting that the assembly mechanisms underlying species diversity may be different at different scales. Understanding the maintenance of understory vegetation diversity will benefit the conservation and management of boreal forests.
Yu-Song Jin; Yu-Kun Hu; Jing Wang; Dan-Dan Liu; Ying-Hua Lin; Guang Liu; Yun-Hui Zhang; Zhi-Qiang Zhou. Diversity of Understory Communities in Boreal Forests: Influences of Forest Type, Latitude, and Spatial Scale. Forests 2019, 10, 1003 .
AMA StyleYu-Song Jin, Yu-Kun Hu, Jing Wang, Dan-Dan Liu, Ying-Hua Lin, Guang Liu, Yun-Hui Zhang, Zhi-Qiang Zhou. Diversity of Understory Communities in Boreal Forests: Influences of Forest Type, Latitude, and Spatial Scale. Forests. 2019; 10 (11):1003.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu-Song Jin; Yu-Kun Hu; Jing Wang; Dan-Dan Liu; Ying-Hua Lin; Guang Liu; Yun-Hui Zhang; Zhi-Qiang Zhou. 2019. "Diversity of Understory Communities in Boreal Forests: Influences of Forest Type, Latitude, and Spatial Scale." Forests 10, no. 11: 1003.
To explore the optimum conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins and flavonols from bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) marc on a single-factor experimental basis, a response surface methodology was adopted for this intensive study. The extraction procedure was carried out in a Waring blender and followed an ultrasonic bath, and the natural antioxidant carnosic acid was added to inhibit oxidation. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: a volume fraction of ethanol of 70%, an antioxidant content of 0.02% (the mass of sample) carnosic acid, a liquid–solid ratio of 16 mL/g, a homogenization time of 3 min, a reaction temperature of 55 °C, an ultrasound irradiation frequency of 80 kHz, an ultrasound irradiation power of 200 W, and an ultrasound irradiation time of 40 min. Satisfactory yields of anthocyanins (13.95 ± 0.37 mg/g) and flavonols (3.51 ± 0.16 mg/g) were obtained. The experimental results showed that the carnosic acid played an effective antioxidant role in the extraction process of anthocyanins and flavonols with a green and safety guarantee.
Yusong Jin; Yunhui Zhang; Dongmei Liu; Dewen Liu; Chunying Zhang; Huijuan Qi; Huiyan Gu; Lei Yang; Zhiqiang Zhou. Efficient Homogenization-Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins and Flavonols from Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) Marc with Carnosic Acid as an Antioxidant Additive. Molecules 2019, 24, 2537 .
AMA StyleYusong Jin, Yunhui Zhang, Dongmei Liu, Dewen Liu, Chunying Zhang, Huijuan Qi, Huiyan Gu, Lei Yang, Zhiqiang Zhou. Efficient Homogenization-Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins and Flavonols from Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) Marc with Carnosic Acid as an Antioxidant Additive. Molecules. 2019; 24 (14):2537.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYusong Jin; Yunhui Zhang; Dongmei Liu; Dewen Liu; Chunying Zhang; Huijuan Qi; Huiyan Gu; Lei Yang; Zhiqiang Zhou. 2019. "Efficient Homogenization-Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins and Flavonols from Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) Marc with Carnosic Acid as an Antioxidant Additive." Molecules 24, no. 14: 2537.
Climate change has resulted in major changes in plant phenology across the globe that includes leaf-out date and flowering time. The ability of species to respond to climate change, in part, depends on their response to climate as a phenological cue in general. Species that are not phenologically responsive may suffer in the face of continued climate change. Comparative studies of phenology have found phylogeny to be a reliable predictor of mean leaf-out date and flowering time at both the local and global scales. This is less true for flowering time response (i.e., the correlation between phenological timing and climate factors), while no study to date has explored whether the response of leaf-out date to climate factors exhibits phylogenetic signal. We used a 52-year observational phenological dataset for 52 woody species from the Forest Botanical Garden of Heilongjiang Province, China, to test phylogenetic signal in leaf-out date and flowering time, as well as, the response of these two phenological traits to both temperature and winter precipitation. Leaf-out date and flowering time were significantly responsive to temperature for most species, advancing, on average, 3.11 and 2.87 day/°C, respectively. Both leaf-out and flowering, and their responses to temperature exhibited significant phylogenetic signals. The response of leaf-out date to precipitation exhibited no phylogenetic signal, while flowering time response to precipitation did. Native species tended to have a weaker flowering response to temperature than non-native species. Earlier leaf-out species tended to have a greater response to winter precipitation. This study is the first to assess phylogenetic signal of leaf-out response to climate change, which suggests, that climate change has the potential to shape the plant communities, not only through flowering sensitivity, but also through leaf-out sensitivity.
Yanjun Du; Jingru Chen; Charles G. Willis; Zhiqiang Zhou; Tong Liu; Wujun Dai; Yuan Zhao; Keping Ma. Phylogenetic conservatism and trait correlates of spring phenological responses to climate change in northeast China. Ecology and Evolution 2017, 7, 6747 -6757.
AMA StyleYanjun Du, Jingru Chen, Charles G. Willis, Zhiqiang Zhou, Tong Liu, Wujun Dai, Yuan Zhao, Keping Ma. Phylogenetic conservatism and trait correlates of spring phenological responses to climate change in northeast China. Ecology and Evolution. 2017; 7 (17):6747-6757.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYanjun Du; Jingru Chen; Charles G. Willis; Zhiqiang Zhou; Tong Liu; Wujun Dai; Yuan Zhao; Keping Ma. 2017. "Phylogenetic conservatism and trait correlates of spring phenological responses to climate change in northeast China." Ecology and Evolution 7, no. 17: 6747-6757.
Palmatine is a valuable ingredient in Chinese medicine that is produced by Phellodendron amurense Rupr. The contents of palmatine content in root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark, annual branches, and leaves of the trees with different ages and geographies in Northeast China were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The contents of palmatine in the barks of root, trunk, and perennial branch were significantly higher than those in annual branches and leaves. The contents of palmatine in trunk bark and root bark from Lesser Khingan Mountains increased with age, which is significantly opposite to other three vegetation types. The contents of palmatine in perennial branch bark, annual bark and leaves had no significant regularity. Moreover, the contents of palmatine in samples of root bark, trunk bark, perennial branch bark and annual bark varied significantly with latitude. The nature populations of P. amurense growing at low latitude contained significantly more palmatine than those growing at high latitude. These results provide a scientific basis for the reasonable cultivation and efficient utilization of P. amurense.
Minglong Sun; Lijiao Xu; Yingli Peng; Tong Liu; Yuhong Zhang; Zhiqiang Zhou. Multiscale analysis of the contents of palmatine in the Nature populations of Phellodendron amurense in Northeast China. Journal of Forestry Research 2015, 27, 265 -272.
AMA StyleMinglong Sun, Lijiao Xu, Yingli Peng, Tong Liu, Yuhong Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhou. Multiscale analysis of the contents of palmatine in the Nature populations of Phellodendron amurense in Northeast China. Journal of Forestry Research. 2015; 27 (2):265-272.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinglong Sun; Lijiao Xu; Yingli Peng; Tong Liu; Yuhong Zhang; Zhiqiang Zhou. 2015. "Multiscale analysis of the contents of palmatine in the Nature populations of Phellodendron amurense in Northeast China." Journal of Forestry Research 27, no. 2: 265-272.