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Heat Pumps are becoming one of the most considered mechanical conditioning equipment in our buildings. While they are popular, there appears to be quite a vast range of system types and applications in building conditioning. This paper primarily reviews the literature on heat pumps, the various types, and the consideration of design end uses. The fact that there are different energy sources for heat pumps is considered, as well as the different sinks in which energy is stored or dissipated. It is evident that advanced heat pump systems cater well to the use of renewable energy resources. Therefore, in the move towards net-zero energy building operation, the correct selection of a heat pump can help to increase self-consumption of solar PV generation and even make use of direct solar energy heating. This paper reviews the technologies for heat pump selection, application, and design for residential buildings.
Zheng Wang; Mark B. Luther; Mehdi Amirkhani; Chunlu Liu; Peter Horan. State of the Art on Heat Pumps for Residential Buildings. Buildings 2021, 11, 350 .
AMA StyleZheng Wang, Mark B. Luther, Mehdi Amirkhani, Chunlu Liu, Peter Horan. State of the Art on Heat Pumps for Residential Buildings. Buildings. 2021; 11 (8):350.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng Wang; Mark B. Luther; Mehdi Amirkhani; Chunlu Liu; Peter Horan. 2021. "State of the Art on Heat Pumps for Residential Buildings." Buildings 11, no. 8: 350.
Value-added trade has increased rapidly in recent decades in the context of globalisation. This paper aims to measure the energy embodied in the value-added trade and the ecological relationships in the networks of the international construction industries. A hybrid method which combines ecological network analysis and the input–output method has been adopted. The direct energy intensities in most countries ranged from 0 to 3.0 trillion joules per million US$ and the dominant relationships were control and exploitation in the selected 15 years. For the construction sector, the negative relationships were dominant at 63.9% in Australia and 79.19% in China. The ratio of positive relationships increased from 24.3% to 31.5%, while the ratio of negative relationships declined from 75.7% to 68.5% over the 15 years. The mutualism index ranged from 0.72 to 0.98 over the 15 years, maintaining a value less than 1. In contrast, the synergism index had an increase of 12.2 over the 15 years. The results indicate that both direct energy intensity and the value-added ratio are important factors in relation to the energy embodied in value-added trade. Sectoral influence on the national industrial system has been interpreted in this paper to stimulate further research.
Bin Liu; Qun Gao; Lingfeng Liang; Jide Sun; Chunlu Liu; Youquan Xu. Ecological relationships of global construction industries in sustainable economic and energy development. Energy 2021, 234, 121249 .
AMA StyleBin Liu, Qun Gao, Lingfeng Liang, Jide Sun, Chunlu Liu, Youquan Xu. Ecological relationships of global construction industries in sustainable economic and energy development. Energy. 2021; 234 ():121249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBin Liu; Qun Gao; Lingfeng Liang; Jide Sun; Chunlu Liu; Youquan Xu. 2021. "Ecological relationships of global construction industries in sustainable economic and energy development." Energy 234, no. : 121249.
Previous studies have mostly examined how sustainable cities try to promote non-motorized travel by creating a walking-friendly environment. Such existing studies provide little data that identifies how the built environment affects pedestrian volume in high-density areas. This paper presents a methodology that combines person correlation analysis, stepwise regression, and principal component analysis for exploring the internal correlation and potential impact of built environment variables. To study this relationship, cross-sectional data in the Melbourne central business district were selected. Pearson’s correlation coefficient confirmed that visible green ratio and intersection density were not correlated to pedestrian volume. The results from stepwise regression showed that land-use mix degree, public transit stop density, and employment density could be associated with pedestrian volume. Moreover, two principal components were extracted by factor analysis. The result of the first component yielded an internal correlation where land-use and amenities components were positively associated with the pedestrian volume. Component 2 presents parking facilities density, which negatively relates to the pedestrian volume. Based on the results, existing street problems and policy recommendations were put forward to suggest diversifying community service within walking distance, improving the service level of the public transit system, and restricting on-street parking in Melbourne.
Jiacheng Jiao; John Rollo; Baibai Fu; Chunlu Liu. Exploring Effective Built Environment Factors for Evaluating Pedestrian Volume in High-Density Areas: A New Finding for the Central Business District in Melbourne, Australia. Land 2021, 10, 655 .
AMA StyleJiacheng Jiao, John Rollo, Baibai Fu, Chunlu Liu. Exploring Effective Built Environment Factors for Evaluating Pedestrian Volume in High-Density Areas: A New Finding for the Central Business District in Melbourne, Australia. Land. 2021; 10 (6):655.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiacheng Jiao; John Rollo; Baibai Fu; Chunlu Liu. 2021. "Exploring Effective Built Environment Factors for Evaluating Pedestrian Volume in High-Density Areas: A New Finding for the Central Business District in Melbourne, Australia." Land 10, no. 6: 655.
With the rapid development of information communication technology and the Internet, information spillover between cities in real estate markets is becoming more frequent. The influence of information spillover in real estate markets is becoming more and more prominent. However, the current research of information spillover between cities is still relatively insufficient. In view of this research gap, this paper builds a research framework on the information conduction effect in the real estate markets of 10 Chinese cities by using Baidu search data, text mining and principal component analysis and analyzes the information interaction and dynamic influence of the real estate markets in each city by using the vector autoregressive model empirically. The results show that the information interaction among the real estate markets in each city has a network pattern and there is a significant two-way information spillover effect in most cities. When the “information distance” becomes closer, the information interaction between the markets of the cities becomes closer and it is easier for cities to influence each other. The results help to explain the information spillover mechanism behind the house price spillover and to improve the ability to predict and analyze the information spillover process in real estate markets.
Junjie Li; Li Zheng; Chunlu Liu; Zhifeng Shen. Information Spillover Effects of Real Estate Markets: Evidence from Ten Metropolitan Cities in China. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 2021, 14, 244 .
AMA StyleJunjie Li, Li Zheng, Chunlu Liu, Zhifeng Shen. Information Spillover Effects of Real Estate Markets: Evidence from Ten Metropolitan Cities in China. Journal of Risk and Financial Management. 2021; 14 (6):244.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunjie Li; Li Zheng; Chunlu Liu; Zhifeng Shen. 2021. "Information Spillover Effects of Real Estate Markets: Evidence from Ten Metropolitan Cities in China." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 6: 244.
Given the continuous migration of populations from rural areas to urban areas and parents' need to decide on schools, the phenomenon of a spatial mismatch between supply of and demand for school land prevails in many countries. This can cause waste of land resources in regions with oversupply of school land and a lack of educational facilities in regions with undersupply. National and local government authorities utilize different means to explore this spatial mismatch problem and balance the allocation of education resources through land-use policy interventions. This study presents a quantification procedure and measurement technique for school land spatial mismatch through spatial statistics. Specifically, the supply–demand balance of school land is evaluated in the context of population migration. In addition, the spatial statistics reveal whether there is spatial clustering of oversupplied and undersupplied schools. Consequently, the adjustment of school land in cluster areas can be achieved in stages based on a key set of spatial mismatch analyses. This measurement is applied in Yuncheng County and it is found that there is a spatial clustering of mismatched schools and that the adjustment strategy should focus on the areas where spatial clustering has occurred and will occur in the future. The proposed framework enables national and local authorities to identify and prioritize the areas with school land mismatches to ensure efficient management of school land resources and fair allocation of educational facilities.
Wenwen Sun; Hongyu Jin; Yan Chen; Xin Hu; Zhuoran Li; Akari Kidd; Chunlu Liu. Spatial mismatch analyses of school land in China using a spatial statistical approach. Land Use Policy 2021, 108, 105543 .
AMA StyleWenwen Sun, Hongyu Jin, Yan Chen, Xin Hu, Zhuoran Li, Akari Kidd, Chunlu Liu. Spatial mismatch analyses of school land in China using a spatial statistical approach. Land Use Policy. 2021; 108 ():105543.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenwen Sun; Hongyu Jin; Yan Chen; Xin Hu; Zhuoran Li; Akari Kidd; Chunlu Liu. 2021. "Spatial mismatch analyses of school land in China using a spatial statistical approach." Land Use Policy 108, no. : 105543.
Guests’ evaluation of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is important for identifying environment quality problems in hotels and improving service quality. This paper aims to identify IEQ problems in budget hotels in China and improve them. Specifically, 2.06 million online reviews of budget hotels were used to assess IEQ issues in China’s budget hotels in four areas: acoustic environment, luminous environment, indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal environment. The influences of the season, region and type of customers on the IEQ evaluation were also explored, and the main causes of IEQ problems were also identified. The research results show that the IEQ complaint rates of budget hotels are relatively high. In particular, complaints about the acoustic environment are more common. Differences in seasons and climate zones have significant effects on complaints about the acoustic environment, thermal environment and IAQ. Different types of customers have different concerns about hotel IEQ, among which solo travelers and traveling couples have higher requirements for IEQ. The occurrence of IEQ problems significantly reduces a hotel’s online rating, with IAQ and the thermal environment having the greatest impacts, but the causal factors that trigger IEQ problems are relatively concentrated. The findings of this paper can provide a reference for assessing IEQ problems in hotel buildings and guide hotel managers to adopt targeted IEQ improvement programs to promote sustainable development in the hotel industry.
Zhifeng Shen; Xirui Yang; Chunlu Liu; Junjie Li. Assessment of Indoor Environmental Quality in Budget Hotels Using Text-Mining Method: Case Study of Top Five Brands in China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4490 .
AMA StyleZhifeng Shen, Xirui Yang, Chunlu Liu, Junjie Li. Assessment of Indoor Environmental Quality in Budget Hotels Using Text-Mining Method: Case Study of Top Five Brands in China. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4490.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhifeng Shen; Xirui Yang; Chunlu Liu; Junjie Li. 2021. "Assessment of Indoor Environmental Quality in Budget Hotels Using Text-Mining Method: Case Study of Top Five Brands in China." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4490.
Purpose This paper aims to clarify the CO2 emissions of global construction industries under the consideration of different patterns of international trade and thus to draw a comprehensive picture for understanding the international paths of CO2 transfer to global construction industries. Design/methodology/approach This research inventories the CO2 emissions induced by the final demand of 15 economies for construction products and explores the CO2 intensities of these economies based on a multi-regional input–output model. This paper further decomposes CO2 emissions into four components based on different patterns of international trade to estimate the roles of four patterns of international trade in shaping the environmental pressures from global construction industries. Findings The results indicate that the CO2 intensities of the construction industries in Russia, India and China were higher than those in other economies, and the CO2 intensities of global construction industries experienced a decline over the years 2000–2014. The decomposition analysis demonstrates that domestic and foreign CO2 emissions accounted for 42.67 and 54.23%, respectively, of the CO2 emissions of the construction industries in the 15 economies during the period 2000–2007. Although the major part of the CO2 emissions of the construction industries come from domestic production systems, the final demand for construction products in the 15 economies caused substantial emissions in other economies. Further decomposition by upstream industrial production source indicates that 58.65% of domestic emissions and 66.53% of foreign emissions can be traced back to the electricity industry. Research limitations/implications Although the major patterns of CO2 emissions of the construction industry have been identified in this paper, the difficulty of understanding the relationship between upstream production industries or countries and the construction industry deserves more attention in the future research. Originality/value Previous research on inventorying CO2 emissions has generally been limited to evaluating the impact of industrial consumption activities on national or global emission accounting, tending to ignore the effects of different international trade patterns on the change in industrial CO2 emissions. This research is the first attempt to account for and decompose the CO2 emissions of global construction industries under consideration of the effects of different patterns of international trade on environmental pressures. The decomposition and upstream industrial distributions of different patterns of CO2 emission provide a comprehensive picture for better understanding of the emission pattern and source of the CO2 emissions of global construction industries. The research outcomes reveal how the final demand of a country for construction products induces CO2 emissions in both domestic and foreign systems, thus providing basic information and references for policy adjustment and strategy design in relation to mitigation of climate change and sustainable development.
Qun Gao; Bin Liu; Jide Sun; Chunlu Liu; Youquan Xu. Trade decomposition of CO2 emissions of global construction industries. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 2021, ahead-of-p, 1 .
AMA StyleQun Gao, Bin Liu, Jide Sun, Chunlu Liu, Youquan Xu. Trade decomposition of CO2 emissions of global construction industries. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. 2021; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQun Gao; Bin Liu; Jide Sun; Chunlu Liu; Youquan Xu. 2021. "Trade decomposition of CO2 emissions of global construction industries." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.
The economic role of the construction industries has changed across countries in the past decades with rapid economic growth. This research investigates the economic role of multinational construction industries covering 41 countries and regions over 2000–2014 through measuring their overall economic performance and their linkage performance. The efficiency indicators are innovatively measured and ranked by combining the super-efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA) model with the World Input-Output database. The results demonstrate that the construction industries play an important role in promoting national economic development and enhancing pull effect efficiencies, particularly in less advanced economies. The impact of the construction industries in advanced economies relates mainly to push effect production efficiencies. The research results can assist policymakers and businesses to formulate policies and strategies to ensure the construction industries continue to contribute to the growth and development of the economy. The research provides a feasible pathway towards applying DEA in a multi-regional input-output analysis.
Ruixue Zhu; Xiancun Hu; Vera Li; Chunlu Liu. Investigating economic roles of multinational construction industries: A super-efficiency DEA approach. Applied Economics 2021, 53, 4810 -4822.
AMA StyleRuixue Zhu, Xiancun Hu, Vera Li, Chunlu Liu. Investigating economic roles of multinational construction industries: A super-efficiency DEA approach. Applied Economics. 2021; 53 (41):4810-4822.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuixue Zhu; Xiancun Hu; Vera Li; Chunlu Liu. 2021. "Investigating economic roles of multinational construction industries: A super-efficiency DEA approach." Applied Economics 53, no. 41: 4810-4822.
The vanadium-titanium black ceramic (VTBC) coating on all-ceramic solar collectors has both high absorptance (0.94) and high emissivity (90%). However, the thermal conductivity of ceramic is very low (1.256 W/mK). To improve the heat collection efficiency of VTBC solar collectors, this paper establishes a mathematical model based on the energy-conservation relationships under steady-state conditions and creates a corresponding computer program. Key parameters for VTBC solar collectors include the heat-removal factor, effective transmittance-absorptance product for the absorber, total heat loss coefficient, etc. Then, via experimental testing, this study proposes a reference model for domestic VTBC solar collectors in a cold location (η = 0.89 − 2.20Tm*). Last, this work analyzes the influences of fin design and transparent cover design on VTBC solar collectors individually, using the created computer program. Results show that the most effective optimization method is to increase the transmittance of the transparent cover. By increasing the transmittance from 0.93 to 0.96, this study creates an optimized VTBC solar collector theoretical model (η = 0.92 − 2.20Tm*).
Ding Ding; Wenjing He; Chunlu Liu. Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Vanadium-Titanium Black Ceramic Solar Collectors. Energies 2021, 14, 618 .
AMA StyleDing Ding, Wenjing He, Chunlu Liu. Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Vanadium-Titanium Black Ceramic Solar Collectors. Energies. 2021; 14 (3):618.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDing Ding; Wenjing He; Chunlu Liu. 2021. "Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of Vanadium-Titanium Black Ceramic Solar Collectors." Energies 14, no. 3: 618.
With the rapid growth in economic and technological development, the linkage of the construction industry with the economy has changed in the past decades, which may have generated corresponding changes in other industries. This study sheds new light on the measurement of structural changes in the inter-industrial linkages of an industry using the Leontief model and the Ghosh model based on the hypothetical extraction method. The Australian national input–output tables provided in the World Input–Output Database are employed as an empirical study exploring the influence of construction linkages on other industries’ production input and output. The results indicate that construction effects have become weaker in relation to promoting economic growth, although the mining and quarrying industry and some service industry activities demonstrate strong and positive backward and forward linkages with the construction industry in Australia. This research provides an approach for measuring corresponding changes in other industries caused by one industry’s inter-industrial changes.
Ruixue Zhu; Larry Hu; Chunlu Liu. Structural analysis of inter-industrial linkages: an application to the Australian construction industry. Construction Management and Economics 2020, 38, 934 -946.
AMA StyleRuixue Zhu, Larry Hu, Chunlu Liu. Structural analysis of inter-industrial linkages: an application to the Australian construction industry. Construction Management and Economics. 2020; 38 (10):934-946.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuixue Zhu; Larry Hu; Chunlu Liu. 2020. "Structural analysis of inter-industrial linkages: an application to the Australian construction industry." Construction Management and Economics 38, no. 10: 934-946.
Global warming and climate change have become a common concern to all countries in recent years. As an industrial sector with high energy consumption, the construction sector is facing enormous pressure to reduce carbon emissions. Given the continuous integration of the world economy, the construction sector in each country has extensive linkages with other sectors and countries. By using a multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model and hypothetical extraction method (HEM), this paper aims to further decompose the CO2 emission linkages of the global construction sector from consumption-based and production-based perspectives in order to identify the key sectors and regions related to global trade. Based on data from the World Input–Output Database from 1995 to 2009, the results indicate that the average internationalization ratios of the net backward linkage and the net forward linkage of the global construction sector increased from 37% to 46% and from 16% to 20%, respectively. The global construction sector mainly imported CO2 emissions from secondary industry and the transportation industry. The construction sector exported small amounts of CO2 emissions to other sectors both domestically and internationally. The CO2 emission flows embodied in the international trade of the construction sector mainly occurred between the USA, China, Russia, Germany, and the Rest of the World (ROW). The construction sectors of the ROW imported the largest amount of CO2 emissions from China (32.72 Mt). The largest exported CO2 emission flow was between the construction sectors of the USA and the ROW, with a value of 0.091 Mt. Based on these findings, some corresponding countermeasures are suggested, such as optimizing international trade structures, establishing a mechanism for both consumers and producers to share responsibility for carbon emission reduction, applying new environmental materials, and upgrading industrial structures by reducing dependence on high-pollution sectors.
Lei Zhang; Bin Liu; Jie Du; Chunlu Liu; Hongxian Li; Song Wang. Internationalization trends of carbon emission linkages: A case study on the construction sector. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 270, 122433 .
AMA StyleLei Zhang, Bin Liu, Jie Du, Chunlu Liu, Hongxian Li, Song Wang. Internationalization trends of carbon emission linkages: A case study on the construction sector. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 270 ():122433.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei Zhang; Bin Liu; Jie Du; Chunlu Liu; Hongxian Li; Song Wang. 2020. "Internationalization trends of carbon emission linkages: A case study on the construction sector." Journal of Cleaner Production 270, no. : 122433.
The concession period is a critical contractual parameters for public-private partnership (PPP) projects whose value can significantly influence the financial interests of project participants. However, it has become a common practice to predetermine the length of the concession period without plausible reasoning, and this can incur postcontractual renegotiation and even project failure. To identify the most appropriate length of the concession period, researchers and practitioners have attempted to develop mathematical models. These models are often constructed with the prerequisite that perfect information is available for decision making, but this is not an appropriate assumption in real-life PPP projects. Therefore, this paper develops an innovative model to help governments identify a specific length for the concession period when their information about the private investor is imperfect. Revenue uncertainty is also evaluated to explore the way of determining an appropriate length of the concession period to cope with revenue uncertainties for both parties. Based on a real highway PPP project in China, Project BA is created as a numerical example to validate the proposed model. The outcome of data analysis verifies the effectiveness of the model and also indicates that the preferences of governments strongly influence the optimal length of the concession period. Even though there may not be a negotiation stage when the government and private investor bargain on the length of the concession period, the concession period identified here provides a useful reference for governments to determine the length of a concession period before launching a request for proposal.
Hongyu Jin; Shijing Liu; Jun Li; Chunlu Liu. Imperfect Information Bargaining Model for Determining Concession Period of PPPs under Revenue Uncertainty. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction 2020, 12, 04520012 .
AMA StyleHongyu Jin, Shijing Liu, Jun Li, Chunlu Liu. Imperfect Information Bargaining Model for Determining Concession Period of PPPs under Revenue Uncertainty. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction. 2020; 12 (2):04520012.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHongyu Jin; Shijing Liu; Jun Li; Chunlu Liu. 2020. "Imperfect Information Bargaining Model for Determining Concession Period of PPPs under Revenue Uncertainty." Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction 12, no. 2: 04520012.
Mark Luther; Olubukola Tokede; Chunlu Liu. Applying a comfort model to building performance analysis. Architectural Science Review 2020, 63, 481 -493.
AMA StyleMark Luther, Olubukola Tokede, Chunlu Liu. Applying a comfort model to building performance analysis. Architectural Science Review. 2020; 63 (6):481-493.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMark Luther; Olubukola Tokede; Chunlu Liu. 2020. "Applying a comfort model to building performance analysis." Architectural Science Review 63, no. 6: 481-493.
Hongyu Jin; Shijing Liu; Jun Li; Chunlu Liu. A game-theoretic approach to developing a concession renegotiation framework for user-pays PPPs. International Journal of Construction Management 2020, 20, 642 -652.
AMA StyleHongyu Jin, Shijing Liu, Jun Li, Chunlu Liu. A game-theoretic approach to developing a concession renegotiation framework for user-pays PPPs. International Journal of Construction Management. 2020; 20 (6):642-652.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHongyu Jin; Shijing Liu; Jun Li; Chunlu Liu. 2020. "A game-theoretic approach to developing a concession renegotiation framework for user-pays PPPs." International Journal of Construction Management 20, no. 6: 642-652.
A good living environment is the foundation of sustainable housing. Exploring the external influence of environmental factors on housing prices is one of the key issues in the field of real estate research; however, the current study of the urban water landscape on the spillover effect of housing prices is not sufficient. Taking the Zhengzhou residential market as an example, this paper analyzes the effect of an urban water system on residential prices by constructing the traditional Hedonic price model, spatial lag model (SLM) and geographically weighted regression model (GWR) by selecting the main water system and 678 points of residential data in the main urban area. The results show that the accessibility of rivers and lakes and the width and water quality of rivers have a significant effect on residential prices, and the impact of lakes is greater than that of rivers. The spatial heterogeneity of the water system effect is further revealed by adopting spatial lag model and geographically weighted regression model, and the effect of the water system is gradually reduced from the eastern urban area to the western urban area. The results of this study are of great practical significance to the government’s municipal planning, water environment management and housing market management.
Junjie Li; Yaduo Hu; Chunlu Liu. Exploring the Influence of an Urban Water System on Housing Prices: Case Study of Zhengzhou. Buildings 2020, 10, 44 .
AMA StyleJunjie Li, Yaduo Hu, Chunlu Liu. Exploring the Influence of an Urban Water System on Housing Prices: Case Study of Zhengzhou. Buildings. 2020; 10 (3):44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunjie Li; Yaduo Hu; Chunlu Liu. 2020. "Exploring the Influence of an Urban Water System on Housing Prices: Case Study of Zhengzhou." Buildings 10, no. 3: 44.
Equalization of education facilities, which means the balanced distribution of human and material resources under limited resource conditions, is one of the goals of sustainable development. In the process of rapid urbanization in China, there are apparent discrepancies between urban and rural areas because of different land and household registration systems. Primary schools with three types of different administrative affiliations also have significant distinctions. This study is aimed at assessing and comparing the configuration of primary schools with three different administrative affiliations, including cities, towns, and villages. After building an indicator system, the entropy weight method is applied to calculate the overall and category configuration scores of each school. Based on a spatial database, the ArcGIS thematic maps display the geography characteristic of each school in different geolocations. Moreover, the Kruskal–Wallis test identifies if the configuration of primary schools with different administrative affiliations is equal. The results indicate that the allocation of primary schools with three different administrative affiliations showed a ternary development. Moreover, although primary schools with city affiliation had significant advantages in education quality and convenience, their supply–demand conditions were not optimistic. In addition, the quality of the primary schools subordinate to towns was better, but convenience was generally lower. Finally, the quality of primary schools subordinate to villages and some towns was still poor. The results provide facts and a basis for policymakers to achieve an equity configuration in the sustainable development context.
Wenwen Sun; Xin Hu; Zhuoran Li; Chunlu Liu. Identifying the Configuration Differences of Primary Schools with Different Administrative Affiliations in China. Buildings 2020, 10, 33 .
AMA StyleWenwen Sun, Xin Hu, Zhuoran Li, Chunlu Liu. Identifying the Configuration Differences of Primary Schools with Different Administrative Affiliations in China. Buildings. 2020; 10 (2):33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenwen Sun; Xin Hu; Zhuoran Li; Chunlu Liu. 2020. "Identifying the Configuration Differences of Primary Schools with Different Administrative Affiliations in China." Buildings 10, no. 2: 33.
The concept of Industrial Symbiosis (IS) has been emerged under the umbrella of Industrial Ecology (IE), ensuring the reduction of the environmental deprivation through efficient use of waste and by-products. Over the years, the importance and the application of IS has gained momentous as its mutual benefits were recognised. Further, the research in IS has also been increasingly grown over the past few decades. Various scholarly works can be found on appreciating the evolution and development of the concept in which the specific concerns on the definitions and its reinterpretations of the IS concept have not been unveiled. Thus, the purpose of this research is to understand the evolution of IS concept in line with its definitions and reinterpretations over the last three decades starting from 1989 to 2019. The journal articles published in Web of Science (WoS) related to the term ‘Industrial Symbiosis’ were reviewed to evaluate the pattern and the evolution of publications since its initiation from 1989 to 2019. The results derived through systematic review were analysed using the bibliometric analysis technique. The highly cited journals, evolution of the number of articles and the leading authors in the field of IS were first recognised. Finally, the key aspects that have been considered by research scholars for interpreting the concept of IS were appraised as the main contribution of this study. A clear illustration of the concept of IS is finally produced by re-organising the identified key aspects under three proposed criteria of the network, context and externalities. This study thus provides an overview about the scientific growth of the IS concept at-a-glance and a clear conceptual basis for the researchers to initiate with new research directions.
Harshini Mallawaarachchi; Yasangika Sandanayake; Gayani Karunasena; Chunlu Liu. Unveiling the conceptual development of industrial symbiosis: Bibliometric analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 258, 120618 .
AMA StyleHarshini Mallawaarachchi, Yasangika Sandanayake, Gayani Karunasena, Chunlu Liu. Unveiling the conceptual development of industrial symbiosis: Bibliometric analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 258 ():120618.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarshini Mallawaarachchi; Yasangika Sandanayake; Gayani Karunasena; Chunlu Liu. 2020. "Unveiling the conceptual development of industrial symbiosis: Bibliometric analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 258, no. : 120618.
Urban flooding is a severe problem and a growing development challenge for many cities around the world. Therefore, there is an urgent need to introduce mitigation measures through managing rainwater to reduce these risks. The sponge city system is regarded as an effective mechanism to manage rainwater and reduce flooding, as it is capable of promoting infiltration and retaining rainwater. However, the main challenge is how to efficiently quantify and visualise the flooding mitigation effects of a sponge city project with various technical measures. There is also a lack of cost analysis of sponge city strategies to reduce risks of a large-scale urban project. Thus, this paper aims to evaluate and visualise mitigation effects from sponge city strategies on urban floods. This paper establishes a rapid and simplified modelling framework for assessing the approximate effects of sponge city strategies on flooding mitigation through GIS simulation in a real-world environment. Various sponge city elements, such as green roofs and wetlands, are systematically integrated in a rainfall-runoff model. Central Geelong will be used as a case study. Scenarios are created in terms of project expenditure, green benefit and infiltration. With the GIS mapping technologies and MATLAB-based digital image processing, maps presenting results for the proposed scenarios are displayed to visualise the mitigation effects of the strategies on urban flooding inundation. The results reveal that the sponge city strategies are capable of generating varying degrees of mitigation of urban flash floods. The scenario with the largest infiltration volume has shown the most significant effect on the flooding mitigation, such as a reduction of 80% in the runoff volume during a one-in-50-year rainfall event, but it may cost twice as much as other options. Overall, this study could be applied to rapid assessment measures of sponge city strategies in the flooding control and decision making on urban green infrastructure planning. The approach proposed here could be adopted for disaster mitigation though sponge city technologies.
Yan Li; Hong Xian Li; Jiaxin Huang; Chunlu Liu. An approximation method for evaluating flash flooding mitigation of sponge city strategies – A case study of Central Geelong. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 257, 120525 .
AMA StyleYan Li, Hong Xian Li, Jiaxin Huang, Chunlu Liu. An approximation method for evaluating flash flooding mitigation of sponge city strategies – A case study of Central Geelong. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 257 ():120525.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan Li; Hong Xian Li; Jiaxin Huang; Chunlu Liu. 2020. "An approximation method for evaluating flash flooding mitigation of sponge city strategies – A case study of Central Geelong." Journal of Cleaner Production 257, no. : 120525.
In recent years, due to the advantages of high construction efficiency and less environmental pollution, prefabricated housing has been of increasing interest and vigorously promoted. However at present, most prefabricated houses simply pursue an increase in assembly rate, and the floor plan design still continues to follow the traditional design method of housing, which does not meet the requirements of industrialization and cannot achieve the goal of product diversification. This paper puts forward a method for floor plan designs of prefabricated houses whose core is building plane module libraries. The modules in module libraries all conform to standardized and refined designs. A new residential floor plan can be obtained by selecting and recombining modules in module libraries. The richer the module library, the more diverse the results will be under the same combinatorial logic, which can greatly improve design efficiency. In addition, this paper probes the method of creation and applications of plane module libraries in detail, so as to provide a new idea for floor plan designs of prefabricated houses. This research is of great significance for improving the efficiency of floor plan design of prefabricated housing and realizing goals of standardization and diversification of prefabricated housing development.
Yanqiu Cui; Simeng Li; Chunlu Liu; Ninghan Sun. Creation and Diversified Applications of Plane Module Libraries for Prefabricated Houses Based on BIM. Sustainability 2020, 12, 453 .
AMA StyleYanqiu Cui, Simeng Li, Chunlu Liu, Ninghan Sun. Creation and Diversified Applications of Plane Module Libraries for Prefabricated Houses Based on BIM. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (2):453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYanqiu Cui; Simeng Li; Chunlu Liu; Ninghan Sun. 2020. "Creation and Diversified Applications of Plane Module Libraries for Prefabricated Houses Based on BIM." Sustainability 12, no. 2: 453.
Public–private partnership (PPP) schemes show strong capability in delivering infrastructure projects. One challenge in designing PPP contracts is optimising the length of the concession period and level of the minimum revenue guarantee (MRG) to satisfy both public and private parties’ interests. Existing research excludes interaction between the concession period and MRG, but a method that can determine their values simultaneously is needed. This study fills the research gap by proposing a synthetic measure to determine the values of the concession period and MRG. An imperfect information bargaining model is created to find the equilibrium return rate on investment. To achieve the equilibrium of the bargaining game, the required length of the concession period and level of the MRG are calculated based on Monte Carlo simulation and real option analysis. Project QJ is created as a numerical example to verify the applicability of the proposed method. The outcome shows the proposed determination process identifies the optimal length of the concession period and level of the MRG. The length of the concession period is inversely proportional to the level of the MRG and this correlation is influenced by the probability of achieving the equilibrium return rate on investment. When this probability equals 70%, an MRG is not required once the concession period exceeds 24 years. The results also show the concession period decision range is sensitive to change in the concession price.
Hongyu Jin; Shijing Liu; Jide Sun; Chunlu Liu. Determining concession periods and minimum revenue guarantees in public-private-partnership agreements. European Journal of Operational Research 2019, 291, 512 -524.
AMA StyleHongyu Jin, Shijing Liu, Jide Sun, Chunlu Liu. Determining concession periods and minimum revenue guarantees in public-private-partnership agreements. European Journal of Operational Research. 2019; 291 (2):512-524.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHongyu Jin; Shijing Liu; Jide Sun; Chunlu Liu. 2019. "Determining concession periods and minimum revenue guarantees in public-private-partnership agreements." European Journal of Operational Research 291, no. 2: 512-524.