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Ming Zhang
Community and Regional Planning, School of Architecture, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA

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Journal article
Published: 06 June 2021 in Sustainability
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There have been growing concerns around the world over the rising spatial inequality (SI) amid fast and vast globalization. This paper presents an effort to benchmark the conditions and trends of spatial inequality in 37 megaregions in the United States, Europe, and China. Furthermore, the study selected three megaregion examples and analyzed the effect of developing high-speed rail (HSR) as an infrastructure investment strategy on reshaping the spatial pattern of job accessibility. The study measures spatial inequality with the Theil index of gross regional product and with the rank-size coefficient of polycentricity. Results show that spatial inequality exists and varies in magnitude within and between megaregions. On average, Chinese megaregions exhibited the level of spatial inequality about two times or more of those in the U.S. and European megaregions. The decade between 2006 and 2016 saw a decrease in the Theil index measure of megaregional inequality in China, but a slight increase in the United States and Europe. Fast growing megaregions exhibit high levels and rising trends of spatial inequality regardless of the country or continent setting. HSR helps improve mobility and accessibility; yet the extent to which HSR reduces spatial inequality is context dependent. This study presents a first attempt to assess and compare the spatial inequality conditions and trajectories in world megaregions aiming at promoting international learning.

ACS Style

Ziqi Liu; Ming Zhang; Liwen Liu. Benchmark of the Trends of Spatial Inequality in World Megaregions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6456 .

AMA Style

Ziqi Liu, Ming Zhang, Liwen Liu. Benchmark of the Trends of Spatial Inequality in World Megaregions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6456.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ziqi Liu; Ming Zhang; Liwen Liu. 2021. "Benchmark of the Trends of Spatial Inequality in World Megaregions." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6456.

Book chapter
Published: 01 May 2021 in Advances in Transport Policy and Planning
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Transit oriented development (TOD) as a land use-transit integration strategy has been widely adopted. This chapter focuses on the conception, practice, and research needs of corridor TOD (C-TOD). C-TOD builds on the premise of transit network effects generating synergies and potentials greater than the sum of individual TOD nodes. The chapter first introduces three exemplar C-TOD cases from Copenhagen, Denmark; Curitiba, Brazil; and Arlington, VA, of the United States. Next, the chapter defines C-TOD based on the concept of transit travel shed and introduces practical ways to delineate C-TOD. Various approaches for C-TOD analysis and planning exist and are summarized in two types here: typological approach and performance-based optimization approach. The chapter highlights three topical issues that warrant further research: (1) corridor level transit performance pertaining to C-TOD; (2) corridor-specific metrics and methods to capture the dynamic land use interactions between individual TOD nodes; and (3) corridor perspective and potential to address policy concerns such as housing affordability and transit displacement.

ACS Style

Ming Zhang. Corridor transit oriented development: Concept, practice, and research needs. Advances in Transport Policy and Planning 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ming Zhang. Corridor transit oriented development: Concept, practice, and research needs. Advances in Transport Policy and Planning. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ming Zhang. 2021. "Corridor transit oriented development: Concept, practice, and research needs." Advances in Transport Policy and Planning , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 10 April 2021 in Sustainability
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There has been long and ongoing interest in the impacts of high-speed rail (HSR) on regional spatial development. Most existing studies, however, reported findings at relatively coarse geographic scales, i.e., at the prefecture-city or above level in the Chinese context. This paper presents the empirical evidence of HSR impacts from the county-level cities in China’s Mid-Yangtze River City-Cluster Region (MYRCCR). The study utilized rail time data and the socio-economic data for MYRCCR’s 185 county-level cities in the years of 2006 (without HSR) and 2014 (with HSR) and analyzed the impacts of HSR on inter-city travel times, accessibility, spatial inequality, and regional economic linkages among the MYRCCR cities. The results show that, from 2006 to 2014, HSR reduced city-to-city average travel time by 34.5% or 124 min and improved accessibility to all cities in the MYRCCR. HSR’s impacts on accessibility and spatial equality exhibited a scale-differentiated pattern. MYRCCR-wide, HSR transformed a pattern of spatial polarization towards the one of corridorization. Cities located on major HSR corridors became more balanced in 2014 than in 2006. Nevertheless, at the county-city level, the gap between cities with the most and the least accessibility gains was much greater than the gap between those with the largest and the smallest travel time savings. Attributable to HSR services, the intensity of economic linkage increased between MYRCCR cities, especially between the provincial capital cities and those on the major lines of the national HSR grid, which implies an emerging process towards territorial cohesion in MYRCCR. National, provincial, and local governments should consider transportation as well as non-transportation policies and measures to direct HSR impacts towards further enhanced spatial development and regional equality.

ACS Style

Liwen Liu; Ming Zhang. The Impacts of High-Speed Rail on Regional Accessibility and Spatial Development—Updated Evidence from China’s Mid-Yangtze River City-Cluster Region. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4227 .

AMA Style

Liwen Liu, Ming Zhang. The Impacts of High-Speed Rail on Regional Accessibility and Spatial Development—Updated Evidence from China’s Mid-Yangtze River City-Cluster Region. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liwen Liu; Ming Zhang. 2021. "The Impacts of High-Speed Rail on Regional Accessibility and Spatial Development—Updated Evidence from China’s Mid-Yangtze River City-Cluster Region." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4227.

Editorial
Published: 01 November 2020 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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Ming Zhang. Megaregional approaches to address the mega-challenges of transportation and environment. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2020, 89, 102610 .

AMA Style

Ming Zhang. Megaregional approaches to address the mega-challenges of transportation and environment. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2020; 89 ():102610.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ming Zhang. 2020. "Megaregional approaches to address the mega-challenges of transportation and environment." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 89, no. : 102610.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2020 in Cities
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Transit-oriented development (TOD) has gained worldwide popularity because of its potential to help communities achieve sustainability goals. The current practice of TODs has largely focused on individual transit station sites or TOD nodes, not fully capturing the corridor advantages associated with transit systems. This study develops a conceptual framework and an implementation tool for planning corridor TOD (C-TOD). C-TOD expands the conventional nodal TOD concept and practice to 1) capture corridor level interactions between individual TOD nodes, and 2) incorporate economic, social, and environmental indicators with the physical planner/design attributes for modeling and evaluating C-TOD plans. Conceptually, the study defines C-TOD spatially as individuals' travel shed within a travel time budget of 55–65 min along the transit service segment of 15–20 miles (stations). Operationally, the C-TOD tool measures TOD site attributes with 5D variables (Density, Diversity, Design, Distance to Transit, and Destination Accessibility) and quantifies three sustainability indicators in the C-TOD context with transit premiums, total accessibility to services and housing opportunities, and building and household travel emissions. To implement the multi-objective C-TOD tool, the study applies genetic algorithms to search, assess, and identify optimal C-TOD alternatives under user-specified planning and policy targets and constraints. A case study of Metro Line #2 in Wuhan, China, is presented to illustrate the C-TOD framework and optimization tool. As mass rapid transit systems continue to expand around the world, the C-TOD concept and tool introduced in this study can help practitioners and policy makers to augment TOD applications with improved land use planning and decision-making.

ACS Style

Liwen Liu; Ming Zhang; Tao Xu. A conceptual framework and implementation tool for land use planning for corridor transit oriented development. Cities 2020, 107, 102939 .

AMA Style

Liwen Liu, Ming Zhang, Tao Xu. A conceptual framework and implementation tool for land use planning for corridor transit oriented development. Cities. 2020; 107 ():102939.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liwen Liu; Ming Zhang; Tao Xu. 2020. "A conceptual framework and implementation tool for land use planning for corridor transit oriented development." Cities 107, no. : 102939.

Journal article
Published: 12 September 2020 in Cities
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Public participation has attracted considerable interest in urban planning theory and practice. A large body of growing literature has attempted to figure out the importance of public participation in urban planning and management. However, there are very few theory-driven empirical studies in the participation literature that examine citizen's motivation and intention to participate in urban planning processes. The aim of this paper therefore is to fill this gap in the literature by investigating the relationship between motivation and the intention of public participation in the field of urban planning and management. On the basis of a survey conducted in Wuhan, China, a structural equation model is developed and estimated to identify the causal relationships between four motivational factors and three intentions to participate in urban planning. We find positive impacts of “Civil Society” “Personal Interest” “Social Influence” and a negative impact of “Constraints” on the intention to participate in urban planning. The conclusions of this study provide valuable insights for exploring the intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting citizens' participation intentions in urban planning activities.

ACS Style

Wenshu Li; Tao Feng; Harry J.P. Timmermans; Zhigang Li; Ming Zhang; Bowen Li. Analysis of citizens' motivation and participation intention in urban planning. Cities 2020, 106, 102921 .

AMA Style

Wenshu Li, Tao Feng, Harry J.P. Timmermans, Zhigang Li, Ming Zhang, Bowen Li. Analysis of citizens' motivation and participation intention in urban planning. Cities. 2020; 106 ():102921.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenshu Li; Tao Feng; Harry J.P. Timmermans; Zhigang Li; Ming Zhang; Bowen Li. 2020. "Analysis of citizens' motivation and participation intention in urban planning." Cities 106, no. : 102921.

Research article
Published: 02 July 2020 in Journal of Urban Technology
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Urban planning/management is a complex process requiring multidisciplinary technical support and public approval. With the rapid development of information and communication technology, e-participation has brought unprecedented opportunities for urban planning and management in the sense that it potentially represents more efficiently and effectively the interests of different citizens. Nevertheless, the availability of new technologies does not guarantee success. In China, many local planning agencies began with enthusiastic ideas and investments but ended up with disappointment and frustration. Therefore, it is of critical importance to understand the general interest of the public to have access to and use information and communication technologies (ICT) in urban planning processes. This study develops a Stated Preference (SP) experiment to measure citizen’s preferences and intentions to use modern ICT media in urban planning processes. The results show that the intention to participate in urban planning processes using different ICT tools differs by socio-demographic variables. The research findings provide relevant information about the effects of different communication strategies on citizen engagement.

ACS Style

Wenshu Li; Tao Feng; Harry J.P. Timmermans; Ming Zhang. The Public’s Acceptance of and Intention to Use ICTs when Participating in Urban Planning Processes. Journal of Urban Technology 2020, 27, 55 -73.

AMA Style

Wenshu Li, Tao Feng, Harry J.P. Timmermans, Ming Zhang. The Public’s Acceptance of and Intention to Use ICTs when Participating in Urban Planning Processes. Journal of Urban Technology. 2020; 27 (3):55-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenshu Li; Tao Feng; Harry J.P. Timmermans; Ming Zhang. 2020. "The Public’s Acceptance of and Intention to Use ICTs when Participating in Urban Planning Processes." Journal of Urban Technology 27, no. 3: 55-73.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2019 in Smart Cities
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Multi-plan integration (MPI) is a major effort initiated by China’s State Council for the purpose of streamlining development plans made by various public agencies in provincial and city governments. Small cities and towns are facing challenges to achieve MPI goals due to lack of technological infrastructure and professional expertise. This article presents a system to assist small cities and towns to carry out their MPI tasks. The system, named conflict-detecting and early-warning for MPI (CDEW4MPI) is developed based on a cloud service platform. CDEW4MPI enables small cities and towns in remote locations to detect inconsistency and conflicts among multiple plans. The system includes two modules. One is conflict-detecting, which identifies spatial conflicts in boundary designation among different plans from different agencies. The other is early-warning, which analyzes and reports potential encroachment of proposed local plans to urban growth boundary, the baseline for ecological protection, and the farmland under permanent preservation. CDEW4MPI was implemented as a demo project in Shennongjia Forestry District, a municipality in the western mountainous region of Hubei Province, China. The paper presents the design of CDEW4MPI and its implementation in Shennongjia and draws lessons from the Shennongjia case for broad interests in smart management of spatial resources.

ACS Style

Ningrui Du; Ming Zhang; Jingnan Huang; Guoen Wang. A Conflict-Detecting and Early-Warning System for Multi-Plan Integration in Small Cities and Towns Based on Cloud Service Platform. Smart Cities 2019, 2, 388 -401.

AMA Style

Ningrui Du, Ming Zhang, Jingnan Huang, Guoen Wang. A Conflict-Detecting and Early-Warning System for Multi-Plan Integration in Small Cities and Towns Based on Cloud Service Platform. Smart Cities. 2019; 2 (3):388-401.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ningrui Du; Ming Zhang; Jingnan Huang; Guoen Wang. 2019. "A Conflict-Detecting and Early-Warning System for Multi-Plan Integration in Small Cities and Towns Based on Cloud Service Platform." Smart Cities 2, no. 3: 388-401.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2019 in Smart Cities
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In 2006, China lunched its first Digital City initiative to build a national geo-spatial framework. Over the past ten years, 511 county-cities benefited from the national initiative with funding and technical resources channeled from the central government. Has the initiative achieved its goals? How has the geo-spatial framework affected local governmental administration, public services, business operation, and the daily life of citizens? What lessons can be learned from the ten-year experience of digital city development? Answering these questions is of important policy, scholarly, and practical interest. The Digital City initiative set the foundation for building smart cities that China’s central government agencies and many local municipalities are currently pursuing. A review in retrospect of China’s digital city development helps inform future Smart City investment decisions and related policy making in the nation. Lessons learned from the Chinese experience are also valuable to cities in other countries.

ACS Style

Huini Wang; Ming Zhang. Opportunities and Challenges for the Construction of a Smart City Geo-Spatial Framework in a Small Urban Area in Central China. Smart Cities 2019, 2, 245 -258.

AMA Style

Huini Wang, Ming Zhang. Opportunities and Challenges for the Construction of a Smart City Geo-Spatial Framework in a Small Urban Area in Central China. Smart Cities. 2019; 2 (2):245-258.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huini Wang; Ming Zhang. 2019. "Opportunities and Challenges for the Construction of a Smart City Geo-Spatial Framework in a Small Urban Area in Central China." Smart Cities 2, no. 2: 245-258.

Journal article
Published: 18 December 2018 in Cities
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Most existing studies of high-speed rail (HSR) have paid attention to inter-regional trunk lines. This paper presents a case study of the City-Cluster HSR (C-HSR), a particular type of HSR line serving municipalities within a city-cluster (conceptually equivalent to a mega-city region in Europe or a mega-region in the United States context). The study investigated the effects of C-HSR on regional spatial reconfiguration along the corridor between Shanghai and Nanjing (namely the Hu-Ning Corridor) located in the Yangtze River Delta, China. In particular, the study attempted to answer the following questions: What role does the C-HSR play in city-cluster growth of the corridor? Does it increase regional integration or induce polarization? Three research steps are carried out: identifying the type of travel benefiting most from the C-HSR, describing the changing paradigm of city network structure in the corridor, and revealing the mechanism of the change. Based on the perspective of a “space of flows”, the passenger flows of Hu-Ning C-HSR in 2010 and 2015 were compared in terms of link intensity and aggregation intensity. The results show that the main service objects of C-HSR were secondary intermediate districts and their trips to urban districts in different municipalities. These trips provide the opportunity for potential sub-districts, especially those adjacent to regional core urban districts, to give rise to a horizontal and polycentric city network and promote regional integration. The competitive travel distance to other transits, reasonable travel time, and internal conditions are found to be the main C-HSR's effects. This ex-post study uses a combination of aggregated flows and individual movements, a perspective not yet applied to the regional level, to explain the process of reconstruction of the regional spatial system. Theoretically, the findings are conducive to illustrate this emerging spatial phenomenon and presenting hard evidence of the importance of short and medium HSR service in an advanced stage of urbanization. In practical terms, they have implications for regional planning policies on C-HSR station set up, regional land use layout, and industry distribution, and provide suggestions for C-HSR operation schemes.

ACS Style

Jie Xu; Ming Zhang; Xiaoling Zhang; Di Wang; Yina Zhang. How does City-cluster high-speed rail facilitate regional integration? Evidence from the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor. Cities 2018, 85, 83 -97.

AMA Style

Jie Xu, Ming Zhang, Xiaoling Zhang, Di Wang, Yina Zhang. How does City-cluster high-speed rail facilitate regional integration? Evidence from the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor. Cities. 2018; 85 ():83-97.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jie Xu; Ming Zhang; Xiaoling Zhang; Di Wang; Yina Zhang. 2018. "How does City-cluster high-speed rail facilitate regional integration? Evidence from the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor." Cities 85, no. : 83-97.

Journal article
Published: 19 February 2018 in Urban Planning International
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ACS Style

Liwen Liu; Ming Zhang. The Impacts of High Speed Rail on Regional and Spatial Economy Abroad and the Enlightenment to China. Urban Planning International 2018, 33, 95 -100.

AMA Style

Liwen Liu, Ming Zhang. The Impacts of High Speed Rail on Regional and Spatial Economy Abroad and the Enlightenment to China. Urban Planning International. 2018; 33 (1):95-100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liwen Liu; Ming Zhang. 2018. "The Impacts of High Speed Rail on Regional and Spatial Economy Abroad and the Enlightenment to China." Urban Planning International 33, no. 1: 95-100.

Research article
Published: 19 February 2018 in Journal of Planning Education and Research
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Existing studies on the built environment (BE)–travel connection tend to underestimate the potential of BE-based mobility strategies due to these studies’ limitations in conceptual and analytical frames. This study conceptualized the combined direct and indirect effects of BE on travel as contextual effects around three features of BE: multiplicity, interaction, and scalability. The conceptual framework was operationalized through multilevel modeling. The empirical analysis from Austin, Texas, verified the multiplicity of BE as it affected VMT, confirmed the complementary effects of BE and residential self-selection on VMT, and demonstrated practical procedures to deal with the analytical challenges of BE scalability.

ACS Style

Ming Zhang; Wenjia Zhang. When Context Meets Self-Selection: The Built Environment–Travel Connection Revisited. Journal of Planning Education and Research 2018, 40, 304 -319.

AMA Style

Ming Zhang, Wenjia Zhang. When Context Meets Self-Selection: The Built Environment–Travel Connection Revisited. Journal of Planning Education and Research. 2018; 40 (3):304-319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ming Zhang; Wenjia Zhang. 2018. "When Context Meets Self-Selection: The Built Environment–Travel Connection Revisited." Journal of Planning Education and Research 40, no. 3: 304-319.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Journal of Urban Planning and Development
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In the United States, per capita vehicle miles traveled (VMT) displayed a general declining trend in the new millennium. This paper focuses on identifying the factors that drove the recent VMT trend. Using sample data from the 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys (NHTS), this study investigated differences in travel patterns by age groups over time and explored factors associated with the recent decrease in per-capita VMT. The study results show that the daily auto mileage and number of auto trips significantly decreased in 2009, although the change was uneven across different age groups. Increased travel by public transit and walking and biking, along with urbanization efforts, partly explained the recent decrease in automobile use. The findings also suggest that population-specific strategies such as improving public transit services for younger people and upgrading walking facilities for the elderly may help reduce automobile travel demand. In addition, applications of information and communication technologies (ICTs) can offer promising alternatives to automobile travel.

ACS Style

Kwangyul Choi; Junfeng Jiao; Ming Zhang. Reducing Vehicle Travel for the Next Generation: Lessons from the 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys. Journal of Urban Planning and Development 2017, 143, 04017017 .

AMA Style

Kwangyul Choi, Junfeng Jiao, Ming Zhang. Reducing Vehicle Travel for the Next Generation: Lessons from the 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys. Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 2017; 143 (4):04017017.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kwangyul Choi; Junfeng Jiao; Ming Zhang. 2017. "Reducing Vehicle Travel for the Next Generation: Lessons from the 2001 and 2009 National Household Travel Surveys." Journal of Urban Planning and Development 143, no. 4: 04017017.

Encyclopedia
Published: 27 July 2017 in Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems
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This article provides a comprehensive review of public transit geographic information system (GIS). It starts with an overview of the transit system status quo and highlights difficulties in transit development. It also includes a general discussion on GIS for transportation. Then, it describes GIS techniques for transit planning, including data representations, analytical and modeling approaches, and applications. The data representations describe the design of transit data models. The analytical and modeling approaches include visualization and editing, the examination of transit system performance, the measurement of transit accessibility, the support of transit modeling, and Internet and big data for smart transit planning, etc. Next, the article illustrates three empirical cases to demonstrate the applications of GIS in transit planning, including the examination of the impacts of the Urban Train in San Juan, Puerto Rico on job accessibility, the measurement of the effects of rail transit on residential property values in Houston, Texas, and the use of transit smart card data for transit network studies in Shenzhen, China. Finally, it concludes that geographic techniques in GIS can be used to meet the challenges faced by planners and service providers.

ACS Style

Qisheng Pan; Ming Zhang; Zhengdong Huang; Xuejun Liu. Transit GIS. Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems 2017, 381 -400.

AMA Style

Qisheng Pan, Ming Zhang, Zhengdong Huang, Xuejun Liu. Transit GIS. Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems. 2017; ():381-400.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qisheng Pan; Ming Zhang; Zhengdong Huang; Xuejun Liu. 2017. "Transit GIS." Comprehensive Geographic Information Systems , no. : 381-400.

Journal article
Published: 07 July 2017 in Papers in Regional Science
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This study investigates the impact of the Austin MetroRail on commercial property values. Spatial Durbin models (SDM) suggest a modest price premium associated with rail transit across the study area. A premium gradient is also presented at different distance tiers from stations. When it comes to transit-oriented development (TOD), a synergistic effect in enlarging the premium is found: with additional $9.0/ft2, $8.6/ft2 and $5.3/ft2 at 0.25 mi, 0.25–0.5 mi and 0.5–0.75 mi, respectively. Furthermore, geographically weighted regression shows the premium is significantly higher in central business district (CBD) and TOD areas. Such recognition of the heterogeneous price effect is of use in the design of project financing and TOD strategies.

ACS Style

Haitao Yu; Hao Pang; Ming Zhang. Value-added effects of transit-oriented development: The impact of urban rail on commercial property values with consideration of spatial heterogeneity. Papers in Regional Science 2017, 97, 1375 -1396.

AMA Style

Haitao Yu, Hao Pang, Ming Zhang. Value-added effects of transit-oriented development: The impact of urban rail on commercial property values with consideration of spatial heterogeneity. Papers in Regional Science. 2017; 97 (4):1375-1396.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haitao Yu; Hao Pang; Ming Zhang. 2017. "Value-added effects of transit-oriented development: The impact of urban rail on commercial property values with consideration of spatial heterogeneity." Papers in Regional Science 97, no. 4: 1375-1396.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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Growing concerns over climate change have led to an increasing interest in the role of the built environment to reduce transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Many studies have reported that compact, mixed-use, and well-connected developments reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Others, however, argue that densification and mixture of land uses can slow down vehicle movements, and consequently generate more driving emissions. Methodologically, VMT is only a proxy, not an exact measure of emissions. This study quantifies the net effects of the built environment on household vehicle emissions through a case study of Austin, TX. The study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques and estimated path models to improve understanding of the relationship between the built environment and vehicle emissions. The results show a rather complex picture of the relationship. Densification can reduce regional vehicle emissions despite its secondary effect of reduced vehicle travel speed. A 1% increase in density was found to reduce household vehicle emissions by 0.1%. However, intensification of the design feature of the built environment in developed areas may work in the opposite direction; the modeling results showed a 1% increase in grid-like network being associated with 0.8% increase in household vehicle emissions. Based on the results, the study addressed the potential of and the challenges to reducing vehicle emissions through modifying the built environment in local areas.

ACS Style

Kwangyul Choi; Ming Zhang. The net effects of the built environment on household vehicle emissions: A case study of Austin, TX. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2017, 50, 254 -268.

AMA Style

Kwangyul Choi, Ming Zhang. The net effects of the built environment on household vehicle emissions: A case study of Austin, TX. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2017; 50 ():254-268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kwangyul Choi; Ming Zhang. 2017. "The net effects of the built environment on household vehicle emissions: A case study of Austin, TX." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 50, no. : 254-268.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2015 in Representing Place and Territorial Identities in Europe
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The concept of Jobs-housing balance (JHB) has attracted many city and transportation planning agencies for the interest of increasing place quality and reducing travel demand. Operationalizing JHB, however, has been a challenge. There are several critical questions in the application of JHB: what is a good ratio? How should JHB be quantified for guiding land use development? And, to what extent could jobs-housing ratio be effectively used as an intervention instrument? This study aims to provide theoretical and empirical evidence of jobs-housing balance and examines the applicability of jobs-housing ratio for different planning purposes in local context. Based on a thorough literature review, the study removes the “deceptive simple concept” of JHB on the surface and gathers insights on JHB from existing exemplary studies. Absent a single consensus of a good jobs-housing ratio, the goal of this study is to present the possible ways of measuring and defining JHB in a complex urban development. This study analyzes existing JHB of the Austin Region, presenting the limitation of jobs-housing ratio in guiding the distribution of employments and housing. Local municipalities might consider more factors in terms of the application of jobs-housing ratio in local context.

ACS Style

Qian Wu; Ming Zhang; Daniel Yang. Jobs-Housing Balance: The Right Ratio for the Right Place. Representing Place and Territorial Identities in Europe 2015, 311 -333.

AMA Style

Qian Wu, Ming Zhang, Daniel Yang. Jobs-Housing Balance: The Right Ratio for the Right Place. Representing Place and Territorial Identities in Europe. 2015; ():311-333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qian Wu; Ming Zhang; Daniel Yang. 2015. "Jobs-Housing Balance: The Right Ratio for the Right Place." Representing Place and Territorial Identities in Europe , no. : 311-333.