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This paper investigates the long term drift phenomenon affecting electrochemical sensors used in real environmental conditions to monitor the nitrogen dioxide concentration [NO2]. Electrochemical sensors are low-cost gas sensors able to detect pollutant gas at part per billion level and may be employed to enhance the air quality monitoring networks. However, they suffer from many forms of drift caused by climatic parameter variations, interfering gases and aging. Therefore, they require frequent, expensive and time-consuming calibrations, which constitute the main obstacle to the exploitation of these kinds of sensors. This paper proposes an empirical, linear and unsupervised drift correction model, allowing to extend the time between two successive full calibrations. First, a calibration model is established based on multiple linear regression. The influence of the air temperature and humidity is considered. Then, a correction model is proposed to solve the drift related to age issue. The slope and the intercept of the correction model compensate the change over time of the sensors’ sensitivity and baseline, respectively. The parameters of the correction model are identified using particle swarm optimization (PSO). Data considered in this work are continuously collected onsite close to a highway crossing Metz City (France) during a period of 6 months (July to December 2018) covering almost all the climatic conditions in this region. Experimental results show that the suggested correction model allows maintaining an adequate [NO2] estimation accuracy for at least 3 consecutive months without needing any labeled data for the recalibration.
Rachid Laref; Etienne Losson; Alexandre Sava; Maryam Siadat. Empiric Unsupervised Drifts Correction Method of Electrochemical Sensors for in Field Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring. Sensors 2021, 21, 3581 .
AMA StyleRachid Laref, Etienne Losson, Alexandre Sava, Maryam Siadat. Empiric Unsupervised Drifts Correction Method of Electrochemical Sensors for in Field Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring. Sensors. 2021; 21 (11):3581.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachid Laref; Etienne Losson; Alexandre Sava; Maryam Siadat. 2021. "Empiric Unsupervised Drifts Correction Method of Electrochemical Sensors for in Field Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring." Sensors 21, no. 11: 3581.
Partial shading and dirt areas are the main external reasons inducing via electrical and thermal stresses hot spots in photovoltaic (PV) modules or panels reducing their instantaneous performances and at best their lifetime, at worst a rapid total degradation of the functioning. Even if manufacturers add by-pass diode in the topology of the PV panel, performances of the panel under or after stresses are not taken into consideration in their datasheet which only gives the characteristics under Standard Test Conditions (STC). To test the role of electrical and thermal stresses on the performance of PV module, we performed several series of experimental measurements in the most used commercial modules, i.e. a series of monocrystalline silicon ones. Using a Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) spectrometer based on a double-boxcar system in the post-stress period, this work focusses on the analysis of defects present in stressed PV solar modules for measurements of electrical characteristics of the module. Various reverse currents and temperature levels were applied to induce the stress in dark condition into the solar module structure. The output voltage was measured before and after the applying stress in the same condition for several common periods of time. The changes in efficiency and parameters of PV cells and modules being exposed to shadow effects compared to that in normal working mode are discussed based on output voltage done in the present study.
Jean Zaraket; Michel Aillerie; Chafic Salame; Etienne Losson. Output Voltage Changes in PV Solar Modules after Electrical and Thermal Stresses. Experimental Analysis. Energy Procedia 2019, 157, 1404 -1411.
AMA StyleJean Zaraket, Michel Aillerie, Chafic Salame, Etienne Losson. Output Voltage Changes in PV Solar Modules after Electrical and Thermal Stresses. Experimental Analysis. Energy Procedia. 2019; 157 ():1404-1411.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJean Zaraket; Michel Aillerie; Chafic Salame; Etienne Losson. 2019. "Output Voltage Changes in PV Solar Modules after Electrical and Thermal Stresses. Experimental Analysis." Energy Procedia 157, no. : 1404-1411.
Support Vector Machine Regression (SVR) has been shown to be more accurate compared to other machine learning techniques that are commonly used for chemical sensors arrays applications. However, the performance of SVR depends strongly on the selection of its hyperparameters. Most of time, researchers in this field rely on trivial grid search methods to find suitable values of SVR hyperparameters by minimizing the cross-validation prediction error. This method is not a practical solution because of the large domain of possible parameter values, which is further exacerbated by the lack of prior knowledge on the data. In this article, we investigate the optimization of SVR hyperparameters by combining the SVR algorithm with a simple algorithm for SVR parameters selection. We begin by studying the influence of each hyperparameter on SVR performance. We then propose the Generalized Pattern Search algorithm (GPS) as a faster alternative to determine these hyperparameters. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed GPS algorithm, with its simplicity and robustness, gives similar results compared to more complicated alternatives, such as Genetic Algorithms, Simulating Annealing, Bayesian Optimization or Particle Swarm Optimization.
R. Laref; Etienne Losson; A. Sava; M. Siadat. On the optimization of the support vector machine regression hyperparameters setting for gas sensors array applications. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 2018, 184, 22 -27.
AMA StyleR. Laref, Etienne Losson, A. Sava, M. Siadat. On the optimization of the support vector machine regression hyperparameters setting for gas sensors array applications. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. 2018; 184 ():22-27.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Laref; Etienne Losson; A. Sava; M. Siadat. 2018. "On the optimization of the support vector machine regression hyperparameters setting for gas sensors array applications." Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 184, no. : 22-27.
Recently, the emergence of low-cost sensors have allowed electronic noses to be considered for densifying the actual air pollution monitoring networks in urban areas. Electronic noses are affected by changes in environmental conditions and sensor drifts over time. Therefore, they need to be calibrated periodically and also individually because the characteristics of identical sensors are slightly different. For these reasons, the calibration process has become very expensive and time consuming. To cope with these drawbacks, calibration transfer between systems constitutes a satisfactory alternative. Among them, direct standardization shows good efficiency for calibration transfer. In this paper, we propose to improve this method by using kernel SPXY (sample set partitioning based on joint x-y distances) for data selection and support vector machine regression to match between electronic noses. The calibration transfer approach introduced in this paper was tested using two identical electronic noses dedicated to monitoring nitrogen dioxide. Experimental results show that our method gave the highest efficiency compared to classical direct standardization.
Rachid Laref; Etienne Losson; Alexandre Sava; Maryam Siadat. Support Vector Machine Regression for Calibration Transfer between Electronic Noses Dedicated to Air Pollution Monitoring. Sensors 2018, 18, 3716 .
AMA StyleRachid Laref, Etienne Losson, Alexandre Sava, Maryam Siadat. Support Vector Machine Regression for Calibration Transfer between Electronic Noses Dedicated to Air Pollution Monitoring. Sensors. 2018; 18 (11):3716.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachid Laref; Etienne Losson; Alexandre Sava; Maryam Siadat. 2018. "Support Vector Machine Regression for Calibration Transfer between Electronic Noses Dedicated to Air Pollution Monitoring." Sensors 18, no. 11: 3716.
The present paper deals with gas concentration monitoring based on an electronic nose. The proposed approach investigates two regression methods for gas concentration estimation: the first is the most used in gas quantification with electronic nose and known as the partial least squares (PLS) and the second, known as the support vector machine (SVM) regression, is recently used by the electronic nose community. Data used in this work are collected using an E-nose device developed in our laboratory and responding to various concentrations of pine essential oil vapours. The comparison between the two regression methods studied in this paper is related to the accuracy, the universality as well as the number of samples needed for learning. The results are analyzed in order to select the more suitable prediction model for gas concentration estimation.
R. Laref; E. Losson; A. Sava; Kondo Hloindo Adjallah; M. Siadat. A comparison between SVM and PLS for E-nose based gas concentration monitoring. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT) 2018, 1335 -1339.
AMA StyleR. Laref, E. Losson, A. Sava, Kondo Hloindo Adjallah, M. Siadat. A comparison between SVM and PLS for E-nose based gas concentration monitoring. 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT). 2018; ():1335-1339.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Laref; E. Losson; A. Sava; Kondo Hloindo Adjallah; M. Siadat. 2018. "A comparison between SVM and PLS for E-nose based gas concentration monitoring." 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT) , no. : 1335-1339.
Metal oxide sensors are the most often used in electronic nose devices because of their high sensitivity, long lifetime, and low cost. However, these sensors suffer from a lack of response stability making the electronic nose systems useless in industrial applications. The sensor instabilities are particularly caused by incomplete recovery process producing gradual drifts in the sensor responses. This paper focuses on a signal processing method combining baseline manipulation and orthogonal signal correction technique in order to reduce effectively the drift impact from the sensor outputs. The proposed signal processing is explored using experimental data obtained from a gas sensor array responding to various concentrations of pine essential oil vapors. Partial Least Square method is then applied on the corrected dataset to establish a regression model for the estimation of gas concentration. In this work, we show essentially how our drift correction approach can help to improve significantly the stability of the regression model, while ensuring good accuracy.
Rachid Laref; Diaa Ahmadou; Etienne Losson; Maryam Siadat. Orthogonal Signal Correction to Improve Stability Regression Model in Gas Sensor Systems. Journal of Sensors 2017, 2017, 1 -8.
AMA StyleRachid Laref, Diaa Ahmadou, Etienne Losson, Maryam Siadat. Orthogonal Signal Correction to Improve Stability Regression Model in Gas Sensor Systems. Journal of Sensors. 2017; 2017 ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachid Laref; Diaa Ahmadou; Etienne Losson; Maryam Siadat. 2017. "Orthogonal Signal Correction to Improve Stability Regression Model in Gas Sensor Systems." Journal of Sensors 2017, no. : 1-8.
Metal-oxide gas sensors are largely used in electronic nose devices thanks to their high sensitivity and low cost. But for a reliable utilization of these sensors it is imperative to deal with their sensitive element alteration which is produced by gas exposures. In order to limit significantly this alteration, a very time-consuming cleaning process is necessary after each gas exposure. In this way, when continuous and rapid monitoring of a gas concentration is desired, the slow recovery process (tens of minutes) limits strongly the use of an electronic nose composed of MOX sensors. We present here, a signal processing method to reduce the impact of the gas sensor response instabilities resulted from an incomplete cleaning process of their sensitive layer. The proposed technique is based on the correction of sensor responses instabilities, called short-term drifts, by taking into account information coming from the state of the sensor regeneration. This new approach is explored using experimental data from a gas sensor array responding to various concentrations of pine essential oil vapors. The proposed signal processing technique significantly limits the short-term drift effects on the gas sensor responses. Comparing to classical methods used for drift correction, our approach shows an improved intensity discrimination of the odorant atmospheres. We hope that this study can help industrials or researchers working on the field of electronic nose development concerning the drift compensation of MOX gas sensors.
D. Ahmadou; R. Laref; Etienne Losson; M. Siadat. Reduction of drift impact in gas sensor response to improve quantitative odor analysis. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT) 2017, 928 -933.
AMA StyleD. Ahmadou, R. Laref, Etienne Losson, M. Siadat. Reduction of drift impact in gas sensor response to improve quantitative odor analysis. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT). 2017; ():928-933.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Ahmadou; R. Laref; Etienne Losson; M. Siadat. 2017. "Reduction of drift impact in gas sensor response to improve quantitative odor analysis." 2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT) , no. : 928-933.
This paper describes the optimization of an electronic nose (E-nose) equipped with metal-oxide gas sensors and dedicated to continuous concentration monitoring of volatile molecules. The optimization concerns particularly the selection of more appropriate characteristic features coupled with measurement conditions in order to minimize both the measurement time and the gas sensor drifts. First, a promising and fast feature corresponding to the maximum of the derivative curve of the sensor time-response is explored. The performance of this feature is demonstrated by comparison with a conventional steady-state feature, especially regarding its occurrence time, stability and sensitivity. Then the optimization of the measurement time (delay between two successive detections) has been illustrated and discussed. Optimized operating conditions and feature were finally validated by using non-supervised and supervised data mining analyses which show robust concentration discrimination. This optimization work constitutes an important step in real time applications for E-nose users.
D. Ahmadou; Etienne Losson; M. Siadat; Martine Lumbreras. Optimization of an electronic nose for rapid quantitative recognition. 2014 International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT) 2014, 736 -741.
AMA StyleD. Ahmadou, Etienne Losson, M. Siadat, Martine Lumbreras. Optimization of an electronic nose for rapid quantitative recognition. 2014 International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT). 2014; ():736-741.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Ahmadou; Etienne Losson; M. Siadat; Martine Lumbreras. 2014. "Optimization of an electronic nose for rapid quantitative recognition." 2014 International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT) , no. : 736-741.
Employment of electronic nose is drawing many attentions in brewery because of its unique capability in assessing multi-component analytes, which is largely feasible for traditional single-sensor devises. This study was aimed to recognize between alcoholic and non alcoholic beers by use of a MOS-based electronic nose system coupled with artificial neural networks (ANN) to evaluate the capability of the system for a binary discrimination. The PCA score plot of the two first principal components accounted for 78% of variance and clearly discrimination was observed. This observation was confirmed by ANN in such as way radial basis function (RBF) and Backpropagation (BP) showed satisfactory results to binary discrimination between two types of beer as 100 % of classification accuracy for both training and testing data sets. This result confirms the ability of the electronic nose to be used in future for other applications to beer evaluation in our project.
Maryam Siadat; Etienne Losson; Mahdi Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti; Seyed Saeid Mohtasebi. Application of electronic nose to beer recognition using supervised artificial neural networks. 2014 International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT) 2014, 640 -645.
AMA StyleMaryam Siadat, Etienne Losson, Mahdi Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti, Seyed Saeid Mohtasebi. Application of electronic nose to beer recognition using supervised artificial neural networks. 2014 International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT). 2014; ():640-645.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaryam Siadat; Etienne Losson; Mahdi Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti; Seyed Saeid Mohtasebi. 2014. "Application of electronic nose to beer recognition using supervised artificial neural networks." 2014 International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT) , no. : 640-645.
D. Ahmadou; Etienne Losson; M. Siadat; M. Lumbreras. Sensors and Features Selection for Robust Gas Concentration Evaluation. International Conference on Sensor Networks 2014, 237 -243.
AMA StyleD. Ahmadou, Etienne Losson, M. Siadat, M. Lumbreras. Sensors and Features Selection for Robust Gas Concentration Evaluation. International Conference on Sensor Networks. 2014; ():237-243.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Ahmadou; Etienne Losson; M. Siadat; M. Lumbreras. 2014. "Sensors and Features Selection for Robust Gas Concentration Evaluation." International Conference on Sensor Networks , no. : 237-243.
We have now sufficient evidence that using electrical biosignals in the field of Alternative and Augmented Communication is feasible. Additionally, they are particularly suitable in the case of people with severe motor impairment, e.g. people with high-level spinal cord injury or with locked-up syndrome. Developing solutions for them implies that we find ways to use sensors that fit the user's needs and limitations, which in turn impacts the specifications of the system translating the user's intentions into commands. After devising solutions for a given user or profile, the system should be evaluated with an appropriate method, allowing a comparison with other solutions. This paper submits a review of the way three bioelectrical signals - electromyographic, electrooculographic and electroencephalographic - have been utilised in alternative communication with patients suffering severe motor restrictions. It also offers a comparative study of the various methods applied to measure the performance of AAC systems.
Carlos G PinheiroJr; Eduardo Lm Naves; Pierre Pino; Etienne Losson; Adriano O Andrade; Guy Bourhis. Alternative communication systems for people with severe motor disabilities: a survey. BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2011, 10, 31 -31.
AMA StyleCarlos G PinheiroJr, Eduardo Lm Naves, Pierre Pino, Etienne Losson, Adriano O Andrade, Guy Bourhis. Alternative communication systems for people with severe motor disabilities: a survey. BioMedical Engineering OnLine. 2011; 10 (1):31-31.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos G PinheiroJr; Eduardo Lm Naves; Pierre Pino; Etienne Losson; Adriano O Andrade; Guy Bourhis. 2011. "Alternative communication systems for people with severe motor disabilities: a survey." BioMedical Engineering OnLine 10, no. 1: 31-31.
We have studied the effect of temperature on the birefringence and polarization mode dispersion PMD in standard single mode fibre (SSMF) with elliptical core cross section by using numerical computations. On the basis of simulation we have concluded that PMD fluctuates more rapidly than the stress-induced birefringence. In addition, DGD is inversely proportional to temperature.
Nassima Boudrioua; Azzedine Boudrioua; Fabrice Monteiro; Etienne Losson; Abas Dandache; Régis Kremer. Analysis of polarization mode dispersion fluctuations in single mode fibres due to temperature. Optics Communications 2008, 281, 4870 -4875.
AMA StyleNassima Boudrioua, Azzedine Boudrioua, Fabrice Monteiro, Etienne Losson, Abas Dandache, Régis Kremer. Analysis of polarization mode dispersion fluctuations in single mode fibres due to temperature. Optics Communications. 2008; 281 (19):4870-4875.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNassima Boudrioua; Azzedine Boudrioua; Fabrice Monteiro; Etienne Losson; Abas Dandache; Régis Kremer. 2008. "Analysis of polarization mode dispersion fluctuations in single mode fibres due to temperature." Optics Communications 281, no. 19: 4870-4875.
Az Ahaitouf; Etienne Losson; J.-P. Charles. DLTS and capacitance transients study of defects induced by neutron irradiation in MOS structures CCD process. 1999 Fifth European Conference on Radiation and Its Effects on Components and Systems. RADECS 99 (Cat. No.99TH8471) 2003, 1 .
AMA StyleAz Ahaitouf, Etienne Losson, J.-P. Charles. DLTS and capacitance transients study of defects induced by neutron irradiation in MOS structures CCD process. 1999 Fifth European Conference on Radiation and Its Effects on Components and Systems. RADECS 99 (Cat. No.99TH8471). 2003; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAz Ahaitouf; Etienne Losson; J.-P. Charles. 2003. "DLTS and capacitance transients study of defects induced by neutron irradiation in MOS structures CCD process." 1999 Fifth European Conference on Radiation and Its Effects on Components and Systems. RADECS 99 (Cat. No.99TH8471) , no. : 1.
Current voltage (I–Vg) and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) techniques have been carried out to study Schottky and ultraviolet oxidised Schottky diodes realised on n-type indium phosphide. For the oxidised structures, the ideality factor n versus voltage exhibits a peak around 0.2 V, from which the interface state density can be estimated to have a maximum value of 4×1012 cm−2 eV−1. Comparable results for the same structures have been obtained from DLTS measurements. For the Schottky diodes, no peak appears in the plot of n versus voltage and no information on interface states can be deduced from I–Vg measurements. However, DLTS measurements reveal an electrically active defect localised at the InP interface. This study shows that the I–Vg measurements may be used as a fast technique for interface states investigation.
A Ahaitouf; Etienne Losson; A Bath. On the determination of interface state density in n-InP Schottky structures by current–voltage measurements: Comparison with DLTS results. Solid-State Electronics 2000, 44, 515 -520.
AMA StyleA Ahaitouf, Etienne Losson, A Bath. On the determination of interface state density in n-InP Schottky structures by current–voltage measurements: Comparison with DLTS results. Solid-State Electronics. 2000; 44 (3):515-520.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA Ahaitouf; Etienne Losson; A Bath. 2000. "On the determination of interface state density in n-InP Schottky structures by current–voltage measurements: Comparison with DLTS results." Solid-State Electronics 44, no. 3: 515-520.
Capacitance transients of NMOSFETs realized in a CCD technology have been analyzed by DLTS spectroscopy. Due to the small contribution of generation in the depleted region, the Zerbst method gives erroneous values for the effective generation lifetime. This work shows that, by analyzing the two peaks obtained in our DLTS spectra, it is possible to distinguish two mechanisms of minority carrier generation without making any assumption about the dominant process. The relative contribution of each mechanism (diffusion from the bulk and generation in the space charge region) to the inversion layer creation is obtained from a new treatment of DLTS signals.
Az Ahaitouf; Etienne Losson; J.P. Charles. A new determination of minority carrier generation characteristics in a MOS channel—CCD process by DLTS. Solid-State Electronics 1999, 43, 1225 -1230.
AMA StyleAz Ahaitouf, Etienne Losson, J.P. Charles. A new determination of minority carrier generation characteristics in a MOS channel—CCD process by DLTS. Solid-State Electronics. 1999; 43 (7):1225-1230.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAz Ahaitouf; Etienne Losson; J.P. Charles. 1999. "A new determination of minority carrier generation characteristics in a MOS channel—CCD process by DLTS." Solid-State Electronics 43, no. 7: 1225-1230.
K. Dmowski; B. Lepley; A. Bath; Etienne Losson; P. Thévenin; S. Al Idrissi Nabil. Electrical properties of MIS structures with BN insulating layer. Diamond and Related Materials 1998, 7, 817 -820.
AMA StyleK. Dmowski, B. Lepley, A. Bath, Etienne Losson, P. Thévenin, S. Al Idrissi Nabil. Electrical properties of MIS structures with BN insulating layer. Diamond and Related Materials. 1998; 7 (6):817-820.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. Dmowski; B. Lepley; A. Bath; Etienne Losson; P. Thévenin; S. Al Idrissi Nabil. 1998. "Electrical properties of MIS structures with BN insulating layer." Diamond and Related Materials 7, no. 6: 817-820.
A Ahaitouf; A Bath; Etienne Losson; E Abarkan. Stability of sulfur-treated n-InP Schottky structures, studied by current–voltage measurements. Materials Science and Engineering: B 1998, 52, 208 -215.
AMA StyleA Ahaitouf, A Bath, Etienne Losson, E Abarkan. Stability of sulfur-treated n-InP Schottky structures, studied by current–voltage measurements. Materials Science and Engineering: B. 1998; 52 (2-3):208-215.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA Ahaitouf; A Bath; Etienne Losson; E Abarkan. 1998. "Stability of sulfur-treated n-InP Schottky structures, studied by current–voltage measurements." Materials Science and Engineering: B 52, no. 2-3: 208-215.
A technique to determine the surface band bending Ψs and the density of interface traps Dit, from modified bias-temperature-stress (BTS) and capacitance-voltage (C-Vs) measurements is proposed. The basic idea of this method is the use of a C-Vs curve recorded with traps frozen in the filled state to determine the semiconductor capacitance as a function of the surface potential Cac(Ψs) and consequently Ψs(Vs) and Dit. The procedure eliminates the need for a theoretical calculation of the semiconductor capacitance Csc and for knowledge of the doping profile. In addition it is not dependent on the motion of charges in the dielectric which are frozen at low temperature. Measurements are made on n-InP MIS structures and the results are compared to deep level transient spectroscopy measurements on the same samples. A satisfactory agreement has been obtained between these two methods.
A Koukab; A Bath; Etienne Losson. An improved high frequency C-V method for interface state analysis on MIS structures. Solid-State Electronics 1997, 41, 635 -641.
AMA StyleA Koukab, A Bath, Etienne Losson. An improved high frequency C-V method for interface state analysis on MIS structures. Solid-State Electronics. 1997; 41 (4):635-641.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA Koukab; A Bath; Etienne Losson. 1997. "An improved high frequency C-V method for interface state analysis on MIS structures." Solid-State Electronics 41, no. 4: 635-641.
O. Baehr; P. Thévenin; A. Bath; A. Koukab; Etienne Losson; B. Lepley. Preparation of boron nitride thin films by microwave plasma enhanced CVD, for semiconductor applications. Materials Science and Engineering: B 1997, 46, 101 -104.
AMA StyleO. Baehr, P. Thévenin, A. Bath, A. Koukab, Etienne Losson, B. Lepley. Preparation of boron nitride thin films by microwave plasma enhanced CVD, for semiconductor applications. Materials Science and Engineering: B. 1997; 46 (1-3):101-104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleO. Baehr; P. Thévenin; A. Bath; A. Koukab; Etienne Losson; B. Lepley. 1997. "Preparation of boron nitride thin films by microwave plasma enhanced CVD, for semiconductor applications." Materials Science and Engineering: B 46, no. 1-3: 101-104.
Etienne Losson; K. Dmowski; B. Lepley. Practical methods to improve DLTS data smoothing. physica status solidi (a) 1996, 156, 413 -420.
AMA StyleEtienne Losson, K. Dmowski, B. Lepley. Practical methods to improve DLTS data smoothing. physica status solidi (a). 1996; 156 (2):413-420.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEtienne Losson; K. Dmowski; B. Lepley. 1996. "Practical methods to improve DLTS data smoothing." physica status solidi (a) 156, no. 2: 413-420.