Background: Tehran, the 22nd most populous city in the world, has the highest mortality rate due to respiratory system diseases (RSDs) in Iran. This study aimed to investigate spatiotemporal patterns of mortality due to these diseases in Tehran between 2008 and 2018. Methods: We used a dataset available from Tehran Municipality including all cases deceased due RSDs in this city between 2008 and 2018. Global Moran’s I was performed to test whether the age-adjusted mortality rates were randomly distributed or had a spatial pattern. Furthermore, Anselin Local Moran’s I was conducted to identify potential clusters and outliers. Results: During the 10-year study, 519,312 people died in Tehran, 43,177 because of RSDs, which corresponds to 831.1 per 10,000 deaths and 5.0 per 10,000 population. The death rate was much higher in men (56.8%) than in women (43.2%) and the highest occurred in the > 65 age group (71.2%). Overall, three diseases dominated the mortality data: respiratory failure (44.2%), pneumonia (15.9%) and lung cancer (10.2%). The rates were significantly higher in the central and southeastern parts of the city and lower in the western areas. It increased during the period 2008–2018 and showed a clustered spatial pattern between 2008 and 2013 but presented a random geographical pattern afterwards. Conclusions: This study provides a first report of the spatial distribution of mortality due to RSDs in Tehran and shows a significant increase in respiratory disease mortality in the last ten years. Effective control of the excess fatality rates would warrant a combination of urban prevention and treatment strategies including environmental health plans.

There are different area-based factors affecting the COVID-19 mortality rate in urban areas. This research aims to examine COVID-19 mortality rates and their geographical association with various socioeconomic and ecological determinants in 350 of Tehran’s neighborhoods as a big city. All deaths related to COVID-19 are included from December 2019 to July 2021. Spatial techniques, such as Kulldorff’s SatScan, geographically weighted regression (GWR), and multi-scale GWR (MGWR), were used to investigate the spatially varying correlations between COVID-19 mortality rates and predictors, including air pollutant factors, socioeconomic status, built environment factors, and public transportation infrastructure. The city’s downtown and northern areas were found to be significantly clustered in terms of spatial and temporal high-risk areas for COVID-19 mortality. The MGWR regression model outperformed the OLS and GWR regression models with an adjusted R² of 0.67. Furthermore, the mortality rate was found to be associated with air quality (e.g., NO₂, PM₁₀, and O₃); as air pollution increased, so did mortality. Additionally, the aging and illiteracy rates of urban neighborhoods were positively associated with COVID-19 mortality rates. Our approach in this study could be implemented to study potential associations of area-based factors with other emerging infectious diseases worldwide.

Purpose: Despite various comparative studies in the field of cultural heritage protection in the world, there is still a significant lack of comparative research on policies related to the legal system of countries' governance. The purpose of this study is to address the comparative policies in Iran and Italy, with a particular focus on the results of the executive experiences of two different types of policies in the cities of Oroumieh (North-West of Iran) and Turin (in North-West of Italy).Design/methodology/approach: Utilising the comparative, analytical, bibliographic and descriptive historical research methodology, which is based on the study of the local, national and international comprehensive review of regulations and policy-making of cultural heritage preservation policies in Iran and Italy. In this research, the related documents in three languages (Persian, Italian and English) have been examined to compare profoundly and comprehensively the policies and regulations adopted in these two countries to be able to analyze the national and transnational regulations and local policies in the cultural heritage sector.Findings: In addition to many cultural similarities and numerous commonalities, especially in the multiplicity of urban cultural heritage in historical centers, the results suggest that the legislation structure in Iran is much more centralized than in Italy. Also, the findings suggest that Italy focuses on aligning its previously centralized national legislative system in line with contemporary European heritage and preservation policies.Originality/value: The paper outlines how to use historical and cultural similarities through comparative study to benefit the experiences of two historical countries in urban heritage conservation and policy-making part despite their differences.

محله ایران در منطقه دوازده شهر تهران، یکی از کانون‌های اجرای برنامه‌های بازآفرینی شهری شناخته می­شود. به همین دلیل این پژوهش به‌صورت توصیفی تحلیلی، با هدف بررسی و ارزیابی تأثیرات برنامه‌های بازآفرینی بر بهبود شرایط اجتماعی، فرهنگی این محله تاریخی- فرهنگی از طریق بررسی و تحلیل کیفیت محیط و تعاملات فرهنگی و اجتماعی قبل و بعد از برنامه‌های بازآفرینی انجام شده است. روش گردآوری اطلاعات به دو صورت میدانی و کتابخانه­ای است. حجم جامعه آماری تمامی واحدهای مسکونی و تجاری آن به تعداد 265 واحد است. حجم نمونه براساس فرمول کوکران به تعداد 160 واحد انتخاب‌ شده و روش نمونه­گیری نیز به‌صورت تصادفی- سیستماتیک بوده است. در تحلیل داده­ها، از آزمون t-test با دو نمونه جفتی استفاده ‌شده است. نتیجه پژوهش گویای آن است که اهمیت و شرایط اجتماعی محله ایران قبل از برنامه بازآفرینی دارای میانگین 49/3 و بعد از آن، با اندکی نزول به 3/3 رسیده است. شرایط فرهنگی نیز پس از بازآفرینی دارای میانگین 81/3 بوده که نسبت به قبل از آن، تغییری نکرده است. این‌گونه قابل استنباط است که وضعیت اجتماعی-فرهنگی محله ایران، نسبتاً بهبود یافته، اما تأثیرات برنامه­های بازآفرینی کالبدی...

Today, cities in the world are facing a range of related economic, social and environmental issues and problems. The reason of axial study on the subject of urban regeneration policy by urban researchers and planners in the world is that this program will be unifying and integrating all economic, cultural, social, environmental and physical aspects in urban structure. Urban public spaces and civil society are the mirror of social power, intelligence and development of their people as much as they can make strong social cohesion, health and welfare of the citizens. These spaces bring about human activities' integrity, solidarity of spatial organization of city and social capital production. The main questions of this study are: What is the relationship between civil authority, consciousness and urban regeneration? What factors influence on lack of public authority in the urban regeneration? The results of this study show that process of urban regeneration would be effective stimulus if the city has been built and operated basis on the human reason, consciousness and authority in public realms as civil society. In this case, the city can also be effective to restore and strengthen its neighborhoods. One of the main characteristics of Iranian urban spaces is existence of unfair approach which has caused to descend access of all people to the facilities and equipment of life and activity.

مخاطرات طبیعی در سده­های متمادی، مشکلات و گره‌های گسترده‌ای در ارتباط با توسعه جوامع انسانی ایجاد کرده است. طبق بررسی‌ها، عواملی چون وجود گسل‌ها در اطراف شهر، تراکم جمعیتی، حاشیه‌نشینی بالا و در نتیجه مساکن غیر استاندارد و کمبود فضاهای باز و سبز، شهر زاهدان را در مقابل مخاطرات طبیعی آسیب‌پذیر نموده است. ظرفیت‌سازی نهادی، رویکردی برای ارتقاء فرصت‌های مشارکت عمومی و دستیابی به نتایج موفقی برای توسعه‌ی پایدار از راه آموزش و مشارکت مردم و نهادهای شهر، شرایط جغرافیایی و اکولوژیکی آن است. این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل کاهش اثرات مخاطرات طبیعی (زلزله) بر محیط‌زیست شهری با تأکید بر ظرفیت‌سازی، انجام ‌شده است. جهت گردآوری اطلاعات پژوهش از مشاهده، پرسشنامه، توزیع نرمال داده‌ها از آزمون کلموگروف-اسمیرنوف و بررسی تفاوت مقادیر متغیرها از رتبه‌بندی و آزمون T استفاده ‌شده است. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن است که براساس نتایج آزمون T، در بعد نهادی زیر معیار «میزان دسترسی به مکان‌های امن در صورت وقوع زلزله احتمالی در سطح 05/0 و دیگر زیر معیارها در سطح کمتر از 001/0 معنی‌دار می‌باشند. در بعد کالبدی– فضایی مؤلفه‌های «دسترسی به معابر اصلی و شریانی...