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The bacterial nitroreductase NfnB has been the focus of a great deal of research for its use in directed enzyme prodrug therapy in combination with the nitroreductase prodrug CB1954 with this combination of enzyme and prodrug even entering clinical trials. Despite some promising results, there are major limitations to this research, such as the fact that the lowest reported Km for this enzyme far exceeds the maximum dosage of CB1954. Due to these limitations, new enzymes are now being investigated for their potential use in directed enzyme prodrug therapy. One such enzyme that has proved promising is the YfkO nitroreductase from Bacillus Licheniformis. Upon investigation, the YfkO nitroreductase was shown to have a much lower Km (below the maximum dosage) than that of NfnB as well as the fact that when reacting with the prodrug it produces a much more favourable ratio of enzymatic products than NfnB, forming more of the desired 4-hydroxylamine derivative of CB1954.
Patrick Ball; Robert Hobbs; Simon Anderson; Emma Thompson; Vanessa Gwenin; Christopher Von Ruhland; Christopher Gwenin. The YfkO Nitroreductase from Bacillus Licheniformis on Gold-Coated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles: Towards a Novel Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 517 .
AMA StylePatrick Ball, Robert Hobbs, Simon Anderson, Emma Thompson, Vanessa Gwenin, Christopher Von Ruhland, Christopher Gwenin. The YfkO Nitroreductase from Bacillus Licheniformis on Gold-Coated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles: Towards a Novel Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy Approach. Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13 (4):517.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatrick Ball; Robert Hobbs; Simon Anderson; Emma Thompson; Vanessa Gwenin; Christopher Von Ruhland; Christopher Gwenin. 2021. "The YfkO Nitroreductase from Bacillus Licheniformis on Gold-Coated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles: Towards a Novel Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy Approach." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 4: 517.
Directed enzyme prodrug therapy (DEPT) involves the delivery of a prodrug-activating enzyme to a solid tumour site, followed by the subsequent activation of an administered prodrug. One of the most studied enzyme–prodrug combinations is the nitroreductase from Escherichia coli (NfnB) with the prodrug CB1954 [5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitro-benzamide]. One of the major issues faced by DEPT is the ability to successfully internalize the enzyme into the target cells. NfnB has previously been genetically modified to contain cysteine residues (NfnB-Cys) which bind to gold nanoparticles for a novel DEPT therapy called magnetic nanoparticle directed enzyme prodrug therapy (MNDEPT). One cellular internalisation method is the use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), which aid cellular internalization of cargo. Here the cell-penetrating peptides: HR9 and Pep-1 were tested for their ability to conjugate with NfnB-Cys. The conjugates were further tested for their potential use in MNDEPT, as well as conjugating with the delivery vector intended for use in MNDEPT and tested for the vectors capability to penetrate into cells.
Simon D. Anderson; Robert J. Hobbs; Gwenin; Patrick Ball; Lindsey A. Bennie; Jonathan A. Coulter; Ball; Vanessa V. Gwenin; Chris D. Gwenin; Vanessa V Gwenin; Chris Gwenin; Vanessa V. Gwenin; Chris D. Gwenin. Cell-Penetrating Peptides as a Tool for the Cellular Uptake of a Genetically Modified Nitroreductase for use in Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Journal of Functional Biomaterials 2019, 10, 45 .
AMA StyleSimon D. Anderson, Robert J. Hobbs, Gwenin, Patrick Ball, Lindsey A. Bennie, Jonathan A. Coulter, Ball, Vanessa V. Gwenin, Chris D. Gwenin, Vanessa V Gwenin, Chris Gwenin, Vanessa V. Gwenin, Chris D. Gwenin. Cell-Penetrating Peptides as a Tool for the Cellular Uptake of a Genetically Modified Nitroreductase for use in Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2019; 10 (4):45.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimon D. Anderson; Robert J. Hobbs; Gwenin; Patrick Ball; Lindsey A. Bennie; Jonathan A. Coulter; Ball; Vanessa V. Gwenin; Chris D. Gwenin; Vanessa V Gwenin; Chris Gwenin; Vanessa V. Gwenin; Chris D. Gwenin. 2019. "Cell-Penetrating Peptides as a Tool for the Cellular Uptake of a Genetically Modified Nitroreductase for use in Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 10, no. 4: 45.
A toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms. One of the most potent groups of toxins currently known are the Botulinum Neurotoxins (BoNTs). These are so deadly that as little as 62 ng could kill an average human; to put this into context that is approximately 200,000 × less than the weight of a grain of sand. The extreme toxicity of BoNTs leads to the need for methods of determining their concentration at very low levels of sensitivity. Currently the mouse bioassay is the most widely used detection method monitoring the activity of the toxin; however, this assay is not only lengthy, it also has both cost and ethical issues due to the use of live animals. This review focuses on detection methods both existing and emerging that remove the need for the use of animals and will look at three areas; speed of detection, sensitivity of detection and finally cost. The assays will have wide reaching interest, ranging from the pharmaceutical/clinical industry for production quality management or as a point of care sensor in suspected cases of botulism, the food industry as a quality control measure, to the military, detecting BoNT that has been potentially used as a bio warfare agent.
Robert J. Hobbs; Carol A. Thomas; Jennifer Halliwell; Christopher D. Gwenin. Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins—A Review. Toxins 2019, 11, 418 .
AMA StyleRobert J. Hobbs, Carol A. Thomas, Jennifer Halliwell, Christopher D. Gwenin. Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins—A Review. Toxins. 2019; 11 (7):418.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobert J. Hobbs; Carol A. Thomas; Jennifer Halliwell; Christopher D. Gwenin. 2019. "Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins—A Review." Toxins 11, no. 7: 418.
Lead and halide ion compostions of spin coated organo-lead halide perovskite films have been quantified using ion chromatography (IC) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) using perovskite films manufactured by 5 different researchers (3 replicates per treatment) to monitor variability between researchers and individual researcher reproducibility. Planar and mesoporous TiO2-coated glass substrates have been studied along with tribromide (CH3NH3PbBr3), triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3) and mixed halide (CH3NH3PbI3-xClx) perovskite films. The data show low yields of spin coated perovskite material (ca. 1%) and preferential deposition of I- over Cl- in mixed halide films.
Peter J. Holliman; Eurig W. Jones; Robert J. Hobbs; Arthur Connell; Leo Furnell; Rosie Anthony; Christopher P. Kershaw. Quantitative chemical analysis of perovskite deposition using spin coating. Materials Letters: X 2019, 2, 100011 .
AMA StylePeter J. Holliman, Eurig W. Jones, Robert J. Hobbs, Arthur Connell, Leo Furnell, Rosie Anthony, Christopher P. Kershaw. Quantitative chemical analysis of perovskite deposition using spin coating. Materials Letters: X. 2019; 2 ():100011.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter J. Holliman; Eurig W. Jones; Robert J. Hobbs; Arthur Connell; Leo Furnell; Rosie Anthony; Christopher P. Kershaw. 2019. "Quantitative chemical analysis of perovskite deposition using spin coating." Materials Letters: X 2, no. : 100011.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have been the subject of wide-ranging studies for many years because of their potential for large-scale manufacturing using roll-to-roll processing allied to their use of earth abundant raw materials. Two main challenges exist for DSC devices to achieve this goal; uplifting device efficiency from the 12 to 14% currently achieved for laboratory-scale 'hero' cells and replacement of the widely-used liquid electrolytes which can limit device lifetimes. To increase device efficiency requires optimized dye injection and regeneration, most likely from multiple dyes while replacement of liquid electrolytes requires solid charge transporters (most likely hole transport materials - HTMs). While theoretical and experimental work have both been widely applied to different aspects of DSC research, these approaches are most effective when working in tandem. In this context, this perspective paper considers the key parameters which influence electron transfer processes in DSC devices using one or more dye molecules and how modelling and experimental approaches can work together to optimize electron injection and dye regeneration.
Peter J. Holliman; Christopher Kershaw; Arthur Connell; Eurig W. Jones; Robert Hobbs; Rosie Anthony; Leo Furnell; James McGettrick; Dawn Geatches; Sebastian Metz. A perspective on using experiment and theory to identify design principles in dye-sensitized solar cells. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 2018, 19, 599 -612.
AMA StylePeter J. Holliman, Christopher Kershaw, Arthur Connell, Eurig W. Jones, Robert Hobbs, Rosie Anthony, Leo Furnell, James McGettrick, Dawn Geatches, Sebastian Metz. A perspective on using experiment and theory to identify design principles in dye-sensitized solar cells. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 2018; 19 (1):599-612.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter J. Holliman; Christopher Kershaw; Arthur Connell; Eurig W. Jones; Robert Hobbs; Rosie Anthony; Leo Furnell; James McGettrick; Dawn Geatches; Sebastian Metz. 2018. "A perspective on using experiment and theory to identify design principles in dye-sensitized solar cells." Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 19, no. 1: 599-612.
In situ degradation of multiple dyes (D35, N719, SQ1 and SQ2) has been investigated simultaneously using digital imaging and colour analysis.
Leo Furnell; Peter J. Holliman; Arthur Connell; Eurig W. Jones; Robert Hobbs; Christopher P. Kershaw; Rosie Anthony; Justin Searle; Trystan Watson; James McGettrick. Digital imaging to simultaneously study device lifetimes of multiple dye-sensitized solar cells. Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2017, 1, 362 -370.
AMA StyleLeo Furnell, Peter J. Holliman, Arthur Connell, Eurig W. Jones, Robert Hobbs, Christopher P. Kershaw, Rosie Anthony, Justin Searle, Trystan Watson, James McGettrick. Digital imaging to simultaneously study device lifetimes of multiple dye-sensitized solar cells. Sustainable Energy & Fuels. 2017; 1 (2):362-370.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeo Furnell; Peter J. Holliman; Arthur Connell; Eurig W. Jones; Robert Hobbs; Christopher P. Kershaw; Rosie Anthony; Justin Searle; Trystan Watson; James McGettrick. 2017. "Digital imaging to simultaneously study device lifetimes of multiple dye-sensitized solar cells." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1, no. 2: 362-370.
We report a solvent-free approach to synthesizing organolead perovskites by using solid state reactions to coat perovskite crystals onto Al2O3or TiO2nanoparticles followed by addition of terpineol affording perovskite inks.
Eurig W. Jones; Peter J. Holliman; Arthur Connell; Matthew L. Davies; Jennifer Baker; Robert J. Hobbs; Sanjay Ghosh; Leo Furnell; Rosie Anthony; Cameron Pleydell-Pearce. A novel dimethylformamide (DMF) free bar-cast method to deposit organolead perovskite thin films with improved stability. Chemical Communications 2016, 52, 4301 -4304.
AMA StyleEurig W. Jones, Peter J. Holliman, Arthur Connell, Matthew L. Davies, Jennifer Baker, Robert J. Hobbs, Sanjay Ghosh, Leo Furnell, Rosie Anthony, Cameron Pleydell-Pearce. A novel dimethylformamide (DMF) free bar-cast method to deposit organolead perovskite thin films with improved stability. Chemical Communications. 2016; 52 (23):4301-4304.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEurig W. Jones; Peter J. Holliman; Arthur Connell; Matthew L. Davies; Jennifer Baker; Robert J. Hobbs; Sanjay Ghosh; Leo Furnell; Rosie Anthony; Cameron Pleydell-Pearce. 2016. "A novel dimethylformamide (DMF) free bar-cast method to deposit organolead perovskite thin films with improved stability." Chemical Communications 52, no. 23: 4301-4304.
This paper presents a summary of our recent work on half-squaraine dyes for use as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells. Our data include a review of the highest efficiency half-squaraine dyes to date. The discussion also considers how Jsc varies with functionalization of the Hf-SQ dyes and how these modifications affect device lifetime. The paper also discusses recent papers which consider the influences of the position and number of carboxylate linker groups on the chromophore.
Arthur Connell; Peter J. Holliman; Eurig W. Jones; Sanjay Ghosh; Leo Furnell; Robert J. Hobbs; Matthew L. Davies. Surface interactions of half-squaraine dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells. Materials Research Innovations 2015, 19, 494 -496.
AMA StyleArthur Connell, Peter J. Holliman, Eurig W. Jones, Sanjay Ghosh, Leo Furnell, Robert J. Hobbs, Matthew L. Davies. Surface interactions of half-squaraine dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells. Materials Research Innovations. 2015; 19 (7):494-496.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArthur Connell; Peter J. Holliman; Eurig W. Jones; Sanjay Ghosh; Leo Furnell; Robert J. Hobbs; Matthew L. Davies. 2015. "Surface interactions of half-squaraine dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells." Materials Research Innovations 19, no. 7: 494-496.
This paper considers the manufacturing issues associated with dimethyl formamide, γ-butyrolactone, dimethyl sulfoxide and chlorobenzene solvents, in particular the health and safety issues of using these solvents in scaled perovskite photovoltaic processing. Issues of device lifetime are also considered, for example the effects of atmospheric conditions (e.g. humidity).
Peter J. Holliman; Eurig W. Jones; Arthur Connell; Sanjay Ghosh; Leo Furnell; Robert J. Hobbs. Solvent issues during processing and device lifetime for perovskite solar cells. Materials Research Innovations 2015, 19, 508 -511.
AMA StylePeter J. Holliman, Eurig W. Jones, Arthur Connell, Sanjay Ghosh, Leo Furnell, Robert J. Hobbs. Solvent issues during processing and device lifetime for perovskite solar cells. Materials Research Innovations. 2015; 19 (7):508-511.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter J. Holliman; Eurig W. Jones; Arthur Connell; Sanjay Ghosh; Leo Furnell; Robert J. Hobbs. 2015. "Solvent issues during processing and device lifetime for perovskite solar cells." Materials Research Innovations 19, no. 7: 508-511.