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Dr. Ahmad Salman
University of York

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0 Cardiac Rehabilitation
0 Health Promotion
0 Public Health
0 physical activity
0 cardiovascular risk factors

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Cardiac Rehabilitation
Health Promotion
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Journal article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Sustainability
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The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Kuwait led to a nationwide curfew between 22 March and August 2020. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 curfew during the pandemic on Kuwaiti citizens and residents. A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data from Kuwaiti residents over the age of 21 through an online questionnaire shared via social media, including WhatsApp and Facebook. Data collection occurred between 18 June and 15 July 2020. Data from 679 respondents (57.9% females and 42.1% males; 67.7% Kuwaiti nationals and 32.3% non-Kuwaiti nationals) were analyzed. Symptoms of depression were reported among 59.8% of females and 51.0% of males, and extremely severe depression among 20.4% of females and 13.6% of males. Approximately 42.0% of females and 37.8% of males were under psychological distress, with 15.1% of females and 9.1% of males experiencing severe or extremely severe psychological distress. Over a third of females (34.9%) reported experiencing tensions or violent behaviors from family members, and 22.1% reported verbal or physical abuse. Among males, 26.4% reported experiencing tensions or violent behaviors, and 12.2% reported verbal or physical abuse. Extremely severe depression was associated with being female (2.00 times), aged 21–29 (4.56 times), experiencing tensions or violent behaviors from family members (4.56 times), being physically inactive (1.64 times), smoking cigarettes (3.02 times), and having poor or very poor quality of sleep (1.75 times). Severe or extremely severe psychological distress was associated with being female (3.09 times), aged 21–49 (3.68 times), having ill-health conditions or diseases (1.83 times), experiencing tension or violent behaviors from family members (3.56 times), smoking cigarettes (3.06 times), and having poor or very poor quality of sleep (2.20 times). Findings indicate that people living in Kuwait experienced negative psychological impacts, such as depression and psychological distress, attributable to the pandemic-related restrictions. Unpartnered females aged 21–49 are more mentally vulnerable than partnered males over the age of 50. Findings support an urgent need for targeted interventions to improve health behaviors and social support, including coping mechanisms specific to COVID-19 related stress, family counseling systems, and the provision of accessible and acceptable services using telehealth.

ACS Style

Ahmad Salman; Fatima Al-Ghadban; Kennedy Sigodo; Ayyoub Taher; Sungsoo Chun. The Psychological and Social Impacts of Curfew during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8464 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Salman, Fatima Al-Ghadban, Kennedy Sigodo, Ayyoub Taher, Sungsoo Chun. The Psychological and Social Impacts of Curfew during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8464.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Salman; Fatima Al-Ghadban; Kennedy Sigodo; Ayyoub Taher; Sungsoo Chun. 2021. "The Psychological and Social Impacts of Curfew during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8464.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2021 in Nutrients
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The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought about drastic measures that have significantly altered the norms of daily living. These measures have affected human behaviors in disparate ways. This study seeks to understand the impact of the pandemic on physical activity and dietary behavior among adults living in Kuwait. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 18 June and 15 July 2020, using a questionnaire disseminated through social media, including WhatsApp and Facebook. The target population was individuals aged 21 years or older living in the State of Kuwait. The study included 679 respondents; 57.9% were females, and 67.7% were Kuwaiti nationals. Both genders reported an increased consumption of vegetables, fruits, and carbohydrates, and a decreased consumption of fish and sugary drinks. Compared to males, females reported eating more during the outbreak than their pre-pandemic eating behaviors (32.3% vs. 35.9%, p< 0.05). Approximately one-third of respondents (33.1%) reported performing less than 30 min of physical activity or exercise in a week, and 36.4% of respondents rated their quality of sleep as ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’. The rate of smoking cigarettes among males was significantly higher than in females (40.6% vs. 5.3%, p< 0.001). Physical activity was positively correlated with vegetable consumption and quality of sleep. Quality of sleep was negatively correlated with the consumption of sweets and snacks, just as the consumption of vegetables was negatively correlated with the consumption of sugary drinks. The overall negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait necessitates the development of health promotion interventions to support positive physical activity and dietary behaviors using alternative coping strategies among the residents of Kuwait.

ACS Style

Ahmad Salman; Kennedy Sigodo; Fatima Al-Ghadban; Badreya Al-Lahou; Maha Alnashmi; Souhail Hermassi; Sungsoo Chun. Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2252 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Salman, Kennedy Sigodo, Fatima Al-Ghadban, Badreya Al-Lahou, Maha Alnashmi, Souhail Hermassi, Sungsoo Chun. Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2021; 13 (7):2252.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Salman; Kennedy Sigodo; Fatima Al-Ghadban; Badreya Al-Lahou; Maha Alnashmi; Souhail Hermassi; Sungsoo Chun. 2021. "Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study." Nutrients 13, no. 7: 2252.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study examined the effects of home confinement on physical activity (PA) and life satisfaction during the COVID-19 outbreak in Qatar. A total of 1144 subjects participated (male: n = 588; female: n = 556; age: 33.1 ± 11.1 years; mass: 76.1 ± 16.4 kg; height: 1.70 ± 0.11 m; body mass index (BMI): 26.1 ± 4.44 kg/m2). Online survey questions considered “before” and “during” confinement. Confinement reduced all PA intensities (ηp 2 = 0.27–0.67, p < 0.001) and increased daily sitting time from 3.57 ± 1.47 to 6.32 ± 1.33 h per weekday (ηp 2 = 0.67, p < 0.001). The largest reduction was detected for the sum parameter all physical activity (minutes per week, ηp 2 = 0.67, p < 0.001; MET (metabolic equivalent of task)-minutes/week, ηp 2 = 0.69, p < 0.001). Life satisfaction decreased, with the score for “I am satisfied with my life” (ηp 2 = 0.76, p < 0.001) decreasing from 28.1 ± 4.81 to 14.2 ± 6.41 arbitrary units (AU). Concerning life satisfaction, the largest change was detected for the statement “the conditions of my life are excellent” (dmale = 7.93). For all parameters, time effects were indicative of large negative effects in both genders. In terms of magnitude, the difference between gender was greatest for the parameter “the conditions of my life are excellent” (difference between groups, d = 4.84). In conclusion, COVID-19 confinement decreased PA, increased sitting time, and decreased life satisfaction in Qatar. These precautionary findings explicate the risk of psychosocial impairment and the potential physical harm of reducing physical activity during early COVID-19 confinement in 2020.

ACS Style

Souhail Hermassi; Maha Sellami; Ahmad Salman; Abdulla Al-Mohannadi; El Bouhafs; Lawrence Hayes; René Schwesig. Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Satisfaction with Life in Qatar: A Preliminary Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3093 .

AMA Style

Souhail Hermassi, Maha Sellami, Ahmad Salman, Abdulla Al-Mohannadi, El Bouhafs, Lawrence Hayes, René Schwesig. Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Satisfaction with Life in Qatar: A Preliminary Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (6):3093.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Souhail Hermassi; Maha Sellami; Ahmad Salman; Abdulla Al-Mohannadi; El Bouhafs; Lawrence Hayes; René Schwesig. 2021. "Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Satisfaction with Life in Qatar: A Preliminary Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3093.

Journal article
Published: 18 November 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The literature is uncertain about the extent to which those who attend cardiac rehabilitation (CR) gain weight while trying to quit smoking. This study aimed to determine the extent of CR-based smoking cessation provision and whether CR, as delivered in routine practice, is associated with helping patients quit smoking and avoid weight gain. Data from the UK National Audit of Cardiac Rehabilitation database, between April 2013 and March 2016, were used. Smoking status is categorised as smokers and quitters assessed by patient self-report. Outcomes included body weight, blood pressure, depression, and physical activity. A multiple linear regression model was constructed to understand the effect of continuing smoking or quitting smoking on CR outcomes. CR outcome scores were adjusted by the baseline CR score for each characteristic. An e-survey collected information about the smoking cessation support offered to patients attending CR. A total of 2052 smokers (58.59 ± 10.49 years, 73.6% male) and 1238 quitters (57.63 ± 10.36 years, 75.8% male) were analysed. Overall, 92.6% of CR programmes in the United Kingdom (UK) offer smoking cessation support for CR attenders. Quitting smoking during CR was associated with a mean increase in body weight of 0.4 kg, which is much less than seen in systematic reviews. Quitters who attended CR also had better improvements in physical activity status and psychosocial health measures than smokers. As delivered in routine practice, CR programmes in the UK adhere to the guideline recommendations for smoking cessation interventions, help patients quit smoking, and avoid weight gain on completion of CR.

ACS Style

Ahmad Salman; Patrick Doherty. Is Weight Gain Inevitable for Patients Trying to Quit Smoking as Part of Cardiac Rehabilitation? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8565 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Salman, Patrick Doherty. Is Weight Gain Inevitable for Patients Trying to Quit Smoking as Part of Cardiac Rehabilitation? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (22):8565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Salman; Patrick Doherty. 2020. "Is Weight Gain Inevitable for Patients Trying to Quit Smoking as Part of Cardiac Rehabilitation?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22: 8565.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2020 in Sustainability
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The research and development (R&D) expenditure in Kuwait is insufficient to lead to innovation and a knowledge economy. Investment in R&D has been shown to sustain elevated economic performance. The objective of this study is to explore the association between three competing dimensions of R&D indicators that lead to sustainable economic performance within any given country, namely, R&D expenditure, the number of researchers, and the number of patent rights, using time-series data collected over a 20-year period (1996–2016) by the World Bank Group. R&D indicators were compared between high- and middle-income countries including models from Asian (South Korea, Singapore, and Malaysia) and European (Finland and Ireland) countries as well as the State of Kuwait. Moreover, a case study describing R&D investments in Kuwait is presented. Overall, the results reveal higher R&D spending, number of researchers, and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita for the Asian and European models. Current R&D expenditure in Kuwait is estimated at 0.08% of GDP (2016), which is significantly lower than the mean of the middle-income countries (1.58%). Furthermore, the number of researchers (per million) in Kuwait (386) is less than half of the mean number of researchers in middle-income countries (775) (2015). Low R&D investments in the State of Kuwait has gradually led to a decreased GDP per capita. Regression analysis shows that GDP per capita can be predicted solely based on the number of researchers (beta = 0.780, R2 = 0.608). The number of researchers is the most crucial variable to predict GDP per capita, and the R&D expenditure is a good indicator of the number of researchers. These findings offer invaluable insight into the sustainable development goals (SDG 9). To our knowledge, this paper presents the first application of the effect of R&D on sustainable economic performance with reference to the SDG target 9.5 “Research & Development”. Thus, in order to enhance scientific research (both academic, professional, and industrial), countries need to increase the number of researchers, and these actions are necessary to introduce sustainable growth to GDP.

ACS Style

Ahmad Salman; Ali Al-Hemoud; Saja Fakhraldeen; Maha Al-Nashmi; Suad AlFadhli; Sungsoo Chun. Research and Development as a Moderating Variable for Sustainable Economic Performance: The Asian, European, and Kuwaiti Models. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7525 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Salman, Ali Al-Hemoud, Saja Fakhraldeen, Maha Al-Nashmi, Suad AlFadhli, Sungsoo Chun. Research and Development as a Moderating Variable for Sustainable Economic Performance: The Asian, European, and Kuwaiti Models. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7525.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Salman; Ali Al-Hemoud; Saja Fakhraldeen; Maha Al-Nashmi; Suad AlFadhli; Sungsoo Chun. 2020. "Research and Development as a Moderating Variable for Sustainable Economic Performance: The Asian, European, and Kuwaiti Models." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7525.

Commentary
Published: 12 August 2020 in Healthcare
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Kuwait Vision 2035 is an initiative that was launched in 2017 by His Highness the Emir of the State of Kuwait Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah. This initiative includes the implementation of a detailed development plan aimed at transforming the state of Kuwait into a regional leader in science, technology, and innovation. Health research will arguably prove to be one of the most impactful research arenas when it comes to accomplishing the goals set forth by the Kuwait Vision 2035 Development Plan. The high impact of health research is derived from its capacity to aid in the establishment of a knowledge-based health industry. The state of Kuwait lacks a system for promoting and managing national R&D efforts. At present, the research and development (R&D) expenditure in the state of Kuwait is far below the international standards that have been shown to lead to innovation and the subsequent development of a knowledge-based economy. Improvement of the weak and unstructured existing R&D apparatus in the State of Kuwait is among the most urgent challenges facing the nation as it strives toward innovation and development of a knowledge-based economy. Developing health research capacities in the State of Kuwait can significantly contribute toward improving public health, health promotion, disease prevention and treatment, and overall human welfare. Importantly, the positive impacts of such extensive benefits will not be restricted to the state of Kuwait and its citizens, but may in fact reap benefits for the global society as a whole. This article first analyzes the current status of healthcare services and health science research in the State of Kuwait, and then summarizes some essential R&D design principles that Kuwait needs to implement in order to achieve the milestones set forth in the Kuwait Vision 2035 Development Plan.

ACS Style

Ahmad Salman; Saja Fakhraldeen; Sungsoo Chun; Kazi Jamil; Janvier Gasana; Adel Al-Hunayan. Enhancing Research and Development in the Health Sciences as a Strategy to Establish a Knowledge-Based Economy in the State of Kuwait: A Call for Action. Healthcare 2020, 8, 264 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Salman, Saja Fakhraldeen, Sungsoo Chun, Kazi Jamil, Janvier Gasana, Adel Al-Hunayan. Enhancing Research and Development in the Health Sciences as a Strategy to Establish a Knowledge-Based Economy in the State of Kuwait: A Call for Action. Healthcare. 2020; 8 (3):264.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Salman; Saja Fakhraldeen; Sungsoo Chun; Kazi Jamil; Janvier Gasana; Adel Al-Hunayan. 2020. "Enhancing Research and Development in the Health Sciences as a Strategy to Establish a Knowledge-Based Economy in the State of Kuwait: A Call for Action." Healthcare 8, no. 3: 264.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2020 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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Quitting smoking and participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are effective strategies in reducing morbidity and mortality. However, little is known about the predictors of quitting smoking in those who attend CR. This study aimed to determine the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with the likelihood of CR attendees who are quitting smoking. Data from the UK National Audit of Cardiac Rehabilitation (NACR) database, between April 2013 and March 2016, were used. Smoking status is categorized as smokers and quitters, assessed by patient self-report. The study used patient demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, and physical and psychosocial health measures. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify the predictors of quitting smoking among CR attendees. Of the 3290 patients who started CR and were entered into the NACR database, 2052 were continued smokers (mean age 58.59 ± 10.49 years, 73.6% men) and 1238 were quitters (mean age 57.63 ± 10.36 years, 75.8% men). The median duration of CR was 9 weeks. Compared to smokers, the quitters were younger, weighed more, were less anxious and depressed, and were more likely to be employed. Single patients had 0.60 times lower odds (95% CI 0.43 to 0.82) of quitting smoking than patients with partners, and low-risk patients had 1.71 times higher odds (95% CI 1.12 to 2.62) of quitting smoking than high-risk patients. Increasing number of comorbidities and depression scores were associated with decreasing likelihood of quitting. This study highlights the routine factors that determine smoking cessation outcomes, which could inform the delivery of CR to better help patients to quit smoking.

ACS Style

Ahmad Salman; Patrick Doherty. Predictors of Quitting Smoking in Cardiac Rehabilitation. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 2612 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Salman, Patrick Doherty. Predictors of Quitting Smoking in Cardiac Rehabilitation. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (8):2612.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Salman; Patrick Doherty. 2020. "Predictors of Quitting Smoking in Cardiac Rehabilitation." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8: 2612.

Commentary
Published: 03 August 2020 in Healthcare
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Most public health issues in Kuwait are related to unhealthy behaviours. Research shows that behaviours are the result not only exclusively of personal choices but also of myriads of other social and environmental factors. Kuwait is one of the leading countries in obesity and tobacco use in the world. Cardiovascular diseases stemming from complications related to these and other risk factors are important health issues based on their morbidity and mortality implications. These risks are spread across society and affect the old as well as young boys. The serious gaps between Kuwait’s health-related needs and the existing policies to reduce public health risks in Kuwait create a significant obstacle to healthy behaviour change. Kuwait requires adequate laws, policies, regulations, activities, and programs to promote people’s health. The Socio-Ecological Model (SEM) has been used successfully in health promotion in various behavioural settings, including obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking. We propose the use of SEM as a planning framework in building sustainable health promotion programs in Kuwait while paying attention to other concepts such as systems thinking, authentic community participation, community capacity, policy development, public health infrastructure enhancement, health coaching, and equity.

ACS Style

Ahmad Salman; Eleni Tolma; Sungsoo Chun; Kennedy Sigodo; Adel Al-Hunayan. Health Promotion Programs to Reduce Noncommunicable Diseases: A Call for Action in Kuwait. Healthcare 2020, 8, 251 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Salman, Eleni Tolma, Sungsoo Chun, Kennedy Sigodo, Adel Al-Hunayan. Health Promotion Programs to Reduce Noncommunicable Diseases: A Call for Action in Kuwait. Healthcare. 2020; 8 (3):251.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Salman; Eleni Tolma; Sungsoo Chun; Kennedy Sigodo; Adel Al-Hunayan. 2020. "Health Promotion Programs to Reduce Noncommunicable Diseases: A Call for Action in Kuwait." Healthcare 8, no. 3: 251.

Journal article
Published: 12 July 2020 in Global Journal of Health Science
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The workplace is an ideal setting to implement an effective health-promoting program. Insufficient information exists regarding the motivators and barriers to physical activity among working adults in Qatar. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the motivators and barriers to physical activity among adults in a healthcare setting. This cross-sectional study was conducted in an orthopaedic and sports medicine hospital. The participants were Qatari and non-Qatari adult staff (n = 100), who were recruited by word of mouth. They filled out self-administered questionnaires consisting of questions on age, gender, nationality, medical conditions, and the motivators (external, health/medical, and engagement) and barriers (personal, perceptual, and time constraint) to participating in physical activity. The characteristics of participants were: Age (<35 years, 50.5%; ≥35 years, 49.5%), Gender (men, 47.5%; women, 52.5%), Nationality (Qatari, 51%; non-Qatari, 49%), and health status (healthy, 53%; ≥1 medical condition, 47%). Common motivators particularly among workers <35 years, were the desire to maintain weight/shape (83.5%), participating in a sport (67.7%), and getting out of the house (64.2%). Common barriers to exercise were weather (84.9%) and family responsibilities (84.4%). Other barriers, particularly among women, were difficulty in maintaining a routine (82.1%) and finding physical activity uninteresting (52.7%). The most common motivator to physical activity was the desire to maintain weight/shape and the main perceived barrier was the usual hot weather conditions most part of the year). Employers may need to consider the influence of these and other factors to improve the success of a physical activity program implemented in a workplace.

ACS Style

Abdulla Saeed Al-Mohannadi; Abdulla M. Albuflasa; Suzan Sayegh; Ahmad Salman; Abdulaziz Farooq. A Cross-Sectional Study Exploring Motivators and Barriers to Physical Activity Participation Among Hospital Workers. Global Journal of Health Science 2020, 12, p76 .

AMA Style

Abdulla Saeed Al-Mohannadi, Abdulla M. Albuflasa, Suzan Sayegh, Ahmad Salman, Abdulaziz Farooq. A Cross-Sectional Study Exploring Motivators and Barriers to Physical Activity Participation Among Hospital Workers. Global Journal of Health Science. 2020; 12 (9):p76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdulla Saeed Al-Mohannadi; Abdulla M. Albuflasa; Suzan Sayegh; Ahmad Salman; Abdulaziz Farooq. 2020. "A Cross-Sectional Study Exploring Motivators and Barriers to Physical Activity Participation Among Hospital Workers." Global Journal of Health Science 12, no. 9: p76.

Journal article
Published: 12 October 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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It remains unclear which factors are instrumental in meeting the recommended physical activity in people with diabetes. We, therefore, aimed to determine the sociodemographic, health-related behavior and clinical factors associated with meeting the recommended levels of physical activity in Scottish adults with diabetes. The study was based on the nationally-representative cross-sectional Scottish Health Surveys (2014-2017). The study participants included a sub-sample of 1259 adults (≥16 years old) with diabetes. Physical activity was evaluated using international guidelines. Overall, 34.1% of the subjects met the recommended levels of physical activity. Independent determinants of meeting the recommended levels of physical activity include male gender (odds ratio (OR) 1.47; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-2.00) and being a non-smoker (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.02-2.56). Furthermore, meeting the recommended physical activity levels decreased with age (OR 0.96; 95% CI 0.95-0.97), having a longstanding illness (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.34-0.93) and body mass index (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.92-0.97), but increased with higher fruit and vegetable intake (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.07-1.25) and mental wellbeing (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.06). Implementation of health promotion programs that target the identified determinants is needed to improve the recommended levels of physical activity among adults with diabetes.

ACS Style

Ahmad Salman; Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja; Ahmad Alkhatib. Factors Associated with Meeting Current Recommendation for Physical Activity in Scottish Adults with Diabetes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3857 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Salman, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Ahmad Alkhatib. Factors Associated with Meeting Current Recommendation for Physical Activity in Scottish Adults with Diabetes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (20):3857.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Salman; Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja; Ahmad Alkhatib. 2019. "Factors Associated with Meeting Current Recommendation for Physical Activity in Scottish Adults with Diabetes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3857.

Journal article
Published: 04 October 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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There is a positive association between physical activity (PA) and improved health in older adults. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of meeting recommended levels of PA among older adults with multimorbidity. Data has been derived from the nationally representative Scottish Health Surveys (2014–2017). A sub-sample of 2230 older adults (aged 65+) with multimorbidity were the study participants. Physical activity was evaluated using current recommended guidelines. Overall, 32.3% of the participants met the recommended levels of PA. Independent predictors of meeting the recommended levels of PA include male gender [odds ratio (OR) 2.00 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.58–2.54)], living in the least deprived areas [OR 1.79 (95% CI 1.20–2.69)]; being a non-smoker [OR 2.22 (95% CI 1.48–3. 34)]. Also, meeting recommended PA decreased with age [OR 0.92 (95% CI 0.90–0.94)] and body mass index [OR 0.93 (95% CI 0.91–0.95]; but increased per additional portion of fruit and vegetables taken [OR 1.19 (95% CI 1.12–1.25)] and with increase in well-being scale score [OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.06)]. Adherence to PA guidelines seems to be more related to age, BMI, gender (i.e. higher PA adherence in men vs. women), social support (i.e. social deprivation), dietary habits (i.e. fruit and vegetable intake) and social isolation among the elderly. In the one-third of older population, adherence to PA was associated to better mental health. Therefore, adaptation of PA guideline to suit theses determinants factors would reduce the gap difference among older adults with multimorbidity and enhance their mental well-being.

ACS Style

Ahmad Salman; Maha Sellami. Do Older Adults with Multimorbidity Meet the Recommended Levels of Physical Activity? An Analysis of Scottish Health Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3748 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Salman, Maha Sellami. Do Older Adults with Multimorbidity Meet the Recommended Levels of Physical Activity? An Analysis of Scottish Health Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (19):3748.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Salman; Maha Sellami. 2019. "Do Older Adults with Multimorbidity Meet the Recommended Levels of Physical Activity? An Analysis of Scottish Health Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3748.

Comparative study
Published: 26 September 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The association between physical activity (PA) and mental well-being in individuals with a cardiovascular disease (CVD) is poorly studied. The objective of this study was to assess the association between mental well-being and adherence to the recommended guidelines for PA in a Scottish adult population with CVD. The study used data from 3128 adults who had CVD conditions (1547 men and 1581 women; mean age 63.29 years) who participated in the Scottish Health Survey between 2014 and 2017. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) was used as a surrogate measure of mental health. PA was classified as "met" or "unmet" on the basis of the recommended PA guidelines (150 min of moderate activity or 75 min of vigorous activity per week). The relationship between PA guidelines being met and the WEMWBS score was explored using hierarchical linear regression accounting for a set of health and sociodemographic characteristics. Of the participants, ~41.8% met the recommended PA levels. Among those with CVD, the mean (SD) WEMWBS scores of individuals who did not have a long-standing illness (51.14 ± 7.65 vs 47.07 ± 9.54; p < 0.05), diabetes (48.44 ± 9.05 vs 46.04 ± 10.25; p < 0.05), or high blood pressure (48.63 ± 9.08 vs 47.52 ± 9.47; p < 0.05) were significantly higher than those of individuals with such conditions. Meeting PA recommendations was significantly associated with a higher mean WEMWBS score (50.64 ± 7.97 vs 46.06 ± 9.75; p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis of health-related behaviors improved the prediction of mental well-being over and above meeting the recommended PA levels. Mental well-being was strongly correlated with PA adherence in CVD patients. It seems that for patients with CVD, PA should be tailored to meet patients' health conditions in order to promote mental well-being and improve overall health.

ACS Style

Ahmad Salman; Maha Sellami; Abdulla Saeed Al-Mohannadi; Sungsoo Chun. The Associations between Mental Well-Being and Adherence to Physical Activity Guidelines in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: Results from the Scottish Health Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3596 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Salman, Maha Sellami, Abdulla Saeed Al-Mohannadi, Sungsoo Chun. The Associations between Mental Well-Being and Adherence to Physical Activity Guidelines in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: Results from the Scottish Health Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (19):3596.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Salman; Maha Sellami; Abdulla Saeed Al-Mohannadi; Sungsoo Chun. 2019. "The Associations between Mental Well-Being and Adherence to Physical Activity Guidelines in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: Results from the Scottish Health Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3596.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2019 in Archives of Public Health
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Background More than 50% of Qatari adults are physically inactive. The workplace is an excellent environment to implement cost-effective, efficient behavioural physical activity (PA) interventions to increase PA. This study evaluated whether a pedometer-based walking challenge would increase PA levels amongst hospital workers. Methods A pedometer-based workplace walking intervention was implemented in April–August 2017. Amongst 800 recruited full-time hospital workers, a cross-sectional sample of 212 workers completed the online questionnaires Quality of Life Questionnaire, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and Workforce Sitting Questionnaire. A sub-sample of participants (n = 54) wore a pedometer for 3 months. They recorded their daily step count through an online web platform linked to the pedometer. Another cross-sectional sample (n = 194) in the same target population completed online questionnaires at post intervention. Results The IPAQ assessed physical activity at post-intervention was higher compared to pre-intervention. In a sub-sample (n = 54) that provided pedometer data, workers’ step count during intervention was significantly higher (9270) from pre-intervention (7890) (p = 0.048). Conclusions Although self-reported PA was higher post-intervention, the subsample showed objectively assessed physical activity did not exceed the threshold recommended for optimal health. Therefore, encouraging participation and maintaining motivation amongst workers in a work-based PA programme is challenging.

ACS Style

Abdulla S. Al-Mohannadi; Suzan Sayegh; Izzeldin Ibrahim; Ahmad Salman; Abdulaziz Farooq. Effect of a pedometer-based walking challenge on increasing physical activity levels amongst hospital workers. Archives of Public Health 2019, 77, 1 -8.

AMA Style

Abdulla S. Al-Mohannadi, Suzan Sayegh, Izzeldin Ibrahim, Ahmad Salman, Abdulaziz Farooq. Effect of a pedometer-based walking challenge on increasing physical activity levels amongst hospital workers. Archives of Public Health. 2019; 77 (1):1-8.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdulla S. Al-Mohannadi; Suzan Sayegh; Izzeldin Ibrahim; Ahmad Salman; Abdulaziz Farooq. 2019. "Effect of a pedometer-based walking challenge on increasing physical activity levels amongst hospital workers." Archives of Public Health 77, no. 1: 1-8.

Observational study
Published: 03 January 2019 in BMC Health Services Research
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Huge variability in quality of service delivery of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in the UK. This study aimed to ascertain whether the variation in quality of CR delivery is associated with participants' characteristics. Individual patient data from 1 April 2013 to 31 March 2014 were collected electronically from the UK's National Audit of Cardiac Rehabilitation database. Quality of CR delivery is categorised as low, middle, and high based on six service-level criteria. The study included a range of patient variables: patient demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, physical and psychosocial health measures, and index of multiple deprivation. The chance that a CR patient with more comorbidities attended a high-quality programme was 2.13 and 1.85 times higher than the chance that the same patient attended a low- or middle-quality programme, respectively. Patients who participated in high-quality CR programmes tended to be at high risk (e.g. increased waist size and high blood pressure); high BMI, low physical activity levels and high Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores; and were more likely to be smokers, and be in more socially deprived groups than patients in low-quality programmes. These findings show that the quality of CR delivery can be improved and meet national standards by serving a more multi-morbid population which is important for patients, health providers and commissioners of healthcare. In order for low-quality programmes to meet clinical standards, CR services need to be more inclusive in respect of patients' characteristics identified in the study. Evaluation and dissemination of information about the populations served by CR programmes may help low-quality programmes to be more inclusive.

ACS Style

Ahmad Salman; Patrick Doherty. To what extent is the variation in cardiac rehabilitation quality associated with patient characteristics? BMC Health Services Research 2019, 19, 3 .

AMA Style

Ahmad Salman, Patrick Doherty. To what extent is the variation in cardiac rehabilitation quality associated with patient characteristics? BMC Health Services Research. 2019; 19 (1):3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Salman; Patrick Doherty. 2019. "To what extent is the variation in cardiac rehabilitation quality associated with patient characteristics?" BMC Health Services Research 19, no. 1: 3.

Cardiac risk factors and prevention
Published: 09 January 2017 in Open Heart
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Objective To assess the extent by which programmes meet national minimum standards for the delivery of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) as part of the National Certification Programme for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation (NCP_CR). Methods The analysis used UK National Audit of Cardiac Rehabilitation (NACR) data extracted and validated for the period 2013–2014 set against six NCP_CR measures deemed as important for the delivery of high-quality CR programmes. Each programme that achieved a single minimum standard was given a score of 1. The range of the scoring for meeting the minimum standards is between 1 and 6. The performance of CR programmes was categorised into three groups: high (score of 5–6), middle (scores of 3–4) and low (scores of 1–2). If a programme did not meet any of the six criteria, they were considered to have failed. Results Data from 170 CR programmes revealed statistically significant differences among UK CR programmes. The principal findings were that, based on NCP_CR criteria, 30.6% were assessed as high performance with 45.9% as mid-level performance programmes, 18.2% were in the lower-level and 5.3% failed to meet any of the minimum criteria. Conclusions This study shows that high levels of performance is achievable in the era of modern cardiology and that many CR programmes are close to meeting high performance standards. However, substantial variation, below the recommended minimum standards, exists throughout the UK. National certification should be seen as a positive step to ensure that patients, irrespective of where they live, are accessing quality services.

ACS Style

Patrick Doherty; Ahmad Salman; Gill Furze; Hasnain M Dalal; Alexander Stephen Harrison. Does cardiac rehabilitation meet minimum standards: an observational study using UK national audit? Open Heart 2017, 4, e000519 .

AMA Style

Patrick Doherty, Ahmad Salman, Gill Furze, Hasnain M Dalal, Alexander Stephen Harrison. Does cardiac rehabilitation meet minimum standards: an observational study using UK national audit? Open Heart. 2017; 4 (1):e000519.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrick Doherty; Ahmad Salman; Gill Furze; Hasnain M Dalal; Alexander Stephen Harrison. 2017. "Does cardiac rehabilitation meet minimum standards: an observational study using UK national audit?" Open Heart 4, no. 1: e000519.