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Aleksandra Lis
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Institute of Landscape Architecture, Grunwaldzka 55, 50-357, Wrocław, Poland

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Journal article
Published: 20 January 2021 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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The density of vegetation in parks and forests has a significant impact on user preferences. However, the results of research thus far have not provided a clear determination regarding the relationship between plant density and preference, or the causes. We assumed that the variables that would explain the impact of plant density on preferences are privacy and safety, which also mutually influence each other. We designed a study that evaluated 124 photos selected randomly from a sample of 500 photos of parks and forests. The study was carried out in a lecture room equipped with a projector on which photographs were displayed. The photos were assessed by 104 participants randomly divided into 3 groups, each of which rated the photos in terms of one aspect (perceived safety, privacy and landscape preference). The plant density was measured in the photos in three layers, as a relative number (1) plants providing cover, (2) sky clearings among the crowns, (3) illuminated surfaces along horizontal planes. The results showed that all three variables measuring plant density affect preferences (respectively: r = −0.41; .50, .43) while privacy and safety are mediators in these relationships (the mediation paths are statistically significant). In addition, safety is a mediator in relation to privacy and preference. So, what we are dealing with here is a form of double mediation: plant density affects preferences in such a way that it increases a sense of privacy that would have a positive effect on preferences were it not for the threat associated with it. This is the reason why sheltered and shady places are unpopular even though they offer a sense of privacy. This means that in parks, but only those without the presence of criminal and anti-social behaviour / with no risk of crime (monitored, private, etc.) it is worth introducing quiet, sheltered places that will satisfy the sense of privacy and positively influence how the users feel.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Lis; Paweł Iwankowski. Why is dense vegetation in city parks unpopular? The mediative role of sense of privacy and safety. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2021, 59, 126988 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Lis, Paweł Iwankowski. Why is dense vegetation in city parks unpopular? The mediative role of sense of privacy and safety. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2021; 59 ():126988.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Lis; Paweł Iwankowski. 2021. "Why is dense vegetation in city parks unpopular? The mediative role of sense of privacy and safety." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 59, no. : 126988.

Journal article
Published: 21 November 2020 in Journal of Environmental Psychology
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Recreation in a public park is associated with contact with other people spending time in a park setting. The choices people make about visiting a park are not always associated with the need for contact. Sometimes privacy and/or safety is more important, and this is related to the presence of other people in the area and where these people are. We examined how our preferences are influenced by how far other people are from us (distance) and to what extent they are visible (obstruction). We also verified whether the reason for these preferences stems from sense of safety and privacy. To this end, we designed a study in which participants rated 112 photos of park settings in terms of perceived safety, privacy and landscape preference. We measured the distances from people in situ. We measured the degree of obstruction in the pictures as the relative (percentage) quantity of landscape forms constituting a visual barrier. Mediation analyses revealed that (1) increasing the distance from other people in a particular area has a positive effect on preferences, caused by increased privacy and safety; (2) obstruction reduces sense of safety, which in turn reduces privacy and, as a result, reduces preferences. These results indicate that people feel safe and well in situations when they see other people in the area and are not separated from them by visual obstruction, as long as these people are located some distance away. That is why it is worth creating spaces for relaxation located away from active spaces but where the active people are clearly visible.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Lis; Paweł Iwankowski. Where do we want to see other people while relaxing in a city park? Visual relationships with park users and their impact on preferences, safety and privacy. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2020, 73, 101532 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Lis, Paweł Iwankowski. Where do we want to see other people while relaxing in a city park? Visual relationships with park users and their impact on preferences, safety and privacy. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2020; 73 ():101532.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Lis; Paweł Iwankowski. 2020. "Where do we want to see other people while relaxing in a city park? Visual relationships with park users and their impact on preferences, safety and privacy." Journal of Environmental Psychology 73, no. : 101532.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2019 in Sustainability
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The aim of this study was to determine the impact of safety-related environmental characteristics in a city park on users’ preferences and whether this impact can be explained by perceived safety. The factors examined were physical and visual accessibility as well as the effectiveness of concealment created by plants in various spatial systems. We used 112 photographs taken in city parks for the study. Studies have shown that visual and physical accessibility varies in terms of impact on preferences and safety—as a result, we tested only visual accessibility and effectiveness. Correlation and regression analyses confirmed that vegetation in a park that obstructs views and can offer concealment reduces our sense of safety. In addition, such vegetation has a negative effect on preference. However, mediation analysis showed that this sense of safety or danger means that dense vegetation (low visual accessibility yet highly effective in offering concealment) is less preferred as a landscape feature. After excluding the impact brought to bear by the sense of safety, the studied features of vegetation had no significant impact on preferences. This means that plants and vegetation layouts of varying densities can be used in completely safe parks and this will probably not adversely affect the feelings of the users.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Lis; Łukasz Pardela; Paweł Iwankowski. Impact of Vegetation on Perceived Safety and Preference in City Parks. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6324 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Lis, Łukasz Pardela, Paweł Iwankowski. Impact of Vegetation on Perceived Safety and Preference in City Parks. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (22):6324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Lis; Łukasz Pardela; Paweł Iwankowski. 2019. "Impact of Vegetation on Perceived Safety and Preference in City Parks." Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6324.

Journal article
Published: 22 August 2019 in Sustainability
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There have been many studies on the impact of urban greenery on perceived danger and preferences, but not many have been conducted in non-English speaking countries. We carried out our research among female university students in Poland, Latvia and China (n = 243), using a photograph rating survey instrument, and presenting slides presenting park landscapes. We compared the impact of the presence of trees and shrubs and their capability of offering concealment, as well as perceived space use intensity on perceived danger and preferences in all three countries. Participants rated the presence of shrubs as a more positive influence on path use intensity and as a negative influence on perceived danger. The link between tree presence and perceived danger in Poland and Latvia is small as well as insignificant in China. In addition, perceived danger turned out to be a mediator of the relations between the presence of trees and shrubs and perceived path use intensity and preference. Our findings support the idea that vegetation in parks could be shaped so that it does not provide place to hide. However, this recommendation is primarily applicable to areas in which the variable ‘perceived danger’ is of importance.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Lis; Łukasz Pardela; Wu Can; Anna Katlapa; Łukasz Rąbalski. Perceived Danger and Landscape Preferences of Walking Paths with Trees and Shrubs by Women. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4565 .

AMA Style

Aleksandra Lis, Łukasz Pardela, Wu Can, Anna Katlapa, Łukasz Rąbalski. Perceived Danger and Landscape Preferences of Walking Paths with Trees and Shrubs by Women. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (17):4565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Lis; Łukasz Pardela; Wu Can; Anna Katlapa; Łukasz Rąbalski. 2019. "Perceived Danger and Landscape Preferences of Walking Paths with Trees and Shrubs by Women." Sustainability 11, no. 17: 4565.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2018 in Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
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The study is an initial attempt to describe the mechanisms that shape human feelings towards hidden and difficult-to-access places in city parks. We studied these mechanisms by testing a 4-level model that we suggested. In the study, we used computer-modified photos of places in parks. We conducted an analysis of the correlation with Pearson’s r coefficient and a number of analyses of the mediation effects. The nature of the interactions assumed in the model has been confirmed. In terms of the relation between the accessibility of a particular space and the user's preferences the following intermediaries are noted: first, the feeling of being out of control and then the sense of privacy and danger. In addition, the negative correlations between danger and preference are reduced when excluding the impact of privacy, and the positive correlations between privacy and preference are reduced when excluding the impact of danger. Our findings modify the idea that vegetation in parks should be shaped so that it does not provide hiding places for potential criminals. In places where the threat of crime is low, leaving hidden places that fulfil the need for privacy is in line with the users' preferences.

ACS Style

Aleksandra Lis; Karolina Zalewska; Paweł Iwankowski. Why do we choose fear-evoking spots in parks? The role of danger and privacy in the model of dependence between spatial attributes and preference. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2018, 38, 193 -204.

AMA Style

Aleksandra Lis, Karolina Zalewska, Paweł Iwankowski. Why do we choose fear-evoking spots in parks? The role of danger and privacy in the model of dependence between spatial attributes and preference. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2018; 38 ():193-204.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aleksandra Lis; Karolina Zalewska; Paweł Iwankowski. 2018. "Why do we choose fear-evoking spots in parks? The role of danger and privacy in the model of dependence between spatial attributes and preference." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 38, no. : 193-204.