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The study determined the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and their metabolites in staple cereals from Southwest Nigeria. Sixty composite samples of maize, sorghum and millet were evaluated for DON, ZEN and their masked forms; 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3Ac-DON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15Ac-DON), α-zearalenone (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenone (β-ZEL). Deoxynivalenol did not co-occur with ZEN in maize, sorghum and millet samples in contrast to previous reports. Only the masked forms; 3Ac-DON occurred in few maize samples within the range < LOQ-24 μg/kg and one millet sample at a concentration of 16 μg/kg. The levels of ZEN in maize and sorghum samples were lower than the maximum limit of 100 μg/kg set by the European Union for ZEN. However, two millet samples exceeded this limit with concentration of 152 and 396 μg/kg. The percentage incidence for α-ZEL was 100% for maize, sorghum and millet samples while the percentage incidence of β-ZEL was 100% for maize and millet and 95% for sorghum samples. Regardless of the low levels of these mycotoxins, particularly DON, the high incidence rates are of concern as there could be synergistic or additive effects from ZEN and its masked forms.
Bunmi K. Olopade; Solomon U. Oranusi; Obinna C. Nwinyi; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick B. Njobeh. Occurrences of Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and some of their masked forms in selected cereals from Southwest Nigeria. NFS Journal 2021, 23, 24 -29.
AMA StyleBunmi K. Olopade, Solomon U. Oranusi, Obinna C. Nwinyi, Sefater Gbashi, Patrick B. Njobeh. Occurrences of Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and some of their masked forms in selected cereals from Southwest Nigeria. NFS Journal. 2021; 23 ():24-29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBunmi K. Olopade; Solomon U. Oranusi; Obinna C. Nwinyi; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick B. Njobeh. 2021. "Occurrences of Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and some of their masked forms in selected cereals from Southwest Nigeria." NFS Journal 23, no. : 24-29.
Trametes species are mushroom fungi with several biotechnological applications. This includes decolourisation of wastewater from olive mill and elimination of endocrine-disrupting hormones. This study reports the presence of two Trametesspecies, namely Trametespolyzona and Trametesvillosa from the phylumBasidiomycota in sorghum and milletvended inSouthwest Nigeria. These fungal isolates were identified culturally and further identified through phylogenetic characterisation. Trametessp occurred in 10% of sorghum samples and 20% of millet samples. The two species were morphologically similar but distantly related phylogenetically. Most fungal species present in cereal crops belong to the division Ascomycota. However, two Trametesspecies belonging to division Basidiomycota are being reported for the first time in cereal crops. Trametessp can be harnessed for their health benefits such as the treatment of cancer and the reduction of viral activity in humans.
B.K. Olopade; S.U. Oranusi; O.C. Nwinyi; O.S. Taiwo; F.F. Fru; P.B. Njobeh. First report on Basidiomycota fungi in sorghum and millet from Southwest Nigeria. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2021, 655, 012009 .
AMA StyleB.K. Olopade, S.U. Oranusi, O.C. Nwinyi, O.S. Taiwo, F.F. Fru, P.B. Njobeh. First report on Basidiomycota fungi in sorghum and millet from Southwest Nigeria. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2021; 655 (1):012009.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB.K. Olopade; S.U. Oranusi; O.C. Nwinyi; O.S. Taiwo; F.F. Fru; P.B. Njobeh. 2021. "First report on Basidiomycota fungi in sorghum and millet from Southwest Nigeria." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 655, no. 1: 012009.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to study the stability of nanoformulations used for the decontamination of mycotoxins. The TGA patterns of the nanoformulations from montmorillonite clay and Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) extracts were assessed with temperature ranging from ambient (20°C) to 1000°C. The various nanoformulations studied included unmodified montmorillonite clay (Mont), montmorillonite washed with sodium chloride (Mont-Na), montmorillonite mixed with lemongrass essential oil (Mont-LGEO), and montmorillonite mixed with an equal quantity of lemongrass powder (Mont-LGP). There was no significant difference in the median of the various nanoformulations within 4 weeks at p < 0.05 using the Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test. For the TGA, the first degradation for montmorillonite clay and the nanoformulations occurred at a temperature between 80 and 101°C and was attributed to the loss of lattice water outside the coordination sphere with a range of 3.5–6.5% weight loss. The second degradation occurred within the temperature of 338 to 344°C, and the third, at a temperature between 640 and 668°C for Mont and the formulations of Mont-Na, Mont-LGEO, and Mont-LGP. There were strong similarities in the degradation patterns of Mont and Mont-Na with the minimum difference being the relatively higher weight loss of the sodium-exchanged cation for Mont-Na at the third degradation step. Hence, the order of stability from the most resistant to the least resistant to degradation is as follows: Mont-LGEO ≥ Mont-Na ≥ Mont ≥ Mont-LGP.
Bunmi K. Olopade; Obinna C. Nwinyi; Joseph A. Adekoya; Isiaka A. Lawal; Olushola A. Abiodun; Solomon U. Oranusi; Patrick B. Njobeh. Thermogravimetric Analysis of Modified Montmorillonite Clay for Mycotoxin Decontamination in Cereal Grains. The Scientific World Journal 2020, 2020, 1 -5.
AMA StyleBunmi K. Olopade, Obinna C. Nwinyi, Joseph A. Adekoya, Isiaka A. Lawal, Olushola A. Abiodun, Solomon U. Oranusi, Patrick B. Njobeh. Thermogravimetric Analysis of Modified Montmorillonite Clay for Mycotoxin Decontamination in Cereal Grains. The Scientific World Journal. 2020; 2020 ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBunmi K. Olopade; Obinna C. Nwinyi; Joseph A. Adekoya; Isiaka A. Lawal; Olushola A. Abiodun; Solomon U. Oranusi; Patrick B. Njobeh. 2020. "Thermogravimetric Analysis of Modified Montmorillonite Clay for Mycotoxin Decontamination in Cereal Grains." The Scientific World Journal 2020, no. : 1-5.
Montmorillonite clay has a wide range of industrial applications which include the removal of mycotoxins in foods and feed because of its low toxicity both in vitro and in vivo. T-2 toxin is produced mostly by fungal species of Fusarium. Other T-2 producing fungal species are Myrothecium and Stachybotrys. T-2 toxin poses several health hazards such as dystrophy in the brain, heart, kidney and liver as well as ulceration and necrosis of the digestive tract in man and animals. To reduce T-2 toxin in maize, montmorillonite clay modified with lemongrass essential oil (MMT-LGEO) and montmorillonite clay washed with NaCl (Na-MMT) were applied to maize at a concentration of 8% and 12% and kept under storage for one month at 30°C. Untreated maize samples and unmodified montmorillonite clay (MMT) served as controls. The FTIR spectra were recorded for the two treatments and unmodified montmorillonite clay (MMT) used for the removal of T-2 toxin in maize. The FTIR spectra of the two treatments and unmodified clay (MMT) showed the major functional groups as Si-O and -OH. All the treatments reduced the level of T-2 toxin in maize. However, sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) and montmorillonite clay modified with lemongrass essential oil (MMT-LGEO) were more efficient than unmodified montmorillonite clay (MMT) in the removal of T-2 toxin in maize.
B.K. Olopade; S.U. Oranusi; O.C. Nwinyi; P.B. Njobeh; I.A. Lawal. Studies on FT-IR Spectroscopy of modified Montmorillonite clays applied for the removal of T-2 toxin in maize. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019, 1378, 022065 .
AMA StyleB.K. Olopade, S.U. Oranusi, O.C. Nwinyi, P.B. Njobeh, I.A. Lawal. Studies on FT-IR Spectroscopy of modified Montmorillonite clays applied for the removal of T-2 toxin in maize. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019; 1378 (2):022065.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB.K. Olopade; S.U. Oranusi; O.C. Nwinyi; P.B. Njobeh; I.A. Lawal. 2019. "Studies on FT-IR Spectroscopy of modified Montmorillonite clays applied for the removal of T-2 toxin in maize." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378, no. 2: 022065.
Montmorillonite clay has a wide range of applications, one of which includes the binding of mycotoxins in foods and feeds through adsorption. T-2 toxin, produced by some Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys species, causes dystrophy in the brain, heart, and kidney. Various formulations that include lemongrass essential oil-modified montmorillonite clay (LGEO-MMT), lemongrass powder (LGP), montmorillonite clay washed with 1 mM NaCl (Na-MMT), montmorillonite clay (MMT), and lemongrass powder mixed with montmorillonite clay (LGP-MMT) were applied to maize at concentrations of 8% and 12% and stored for a period of one month at 30 °C. Unmodified montmorillonite clay and LGP served as the negative controls alongside untreated maize. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the various treatments showed the major functional groups as Si-O and -OH. All treatment formulations were effective in the decontamination of T-2 toxin in maize. Accordingly, it was revealed that the inclusion of Na-MMT in maize at a concentration of 8% was most effective in decontaminating T-2 toxin by 66% in maize followed by LGP-MMT at 12% inclusion level recording a 56% decontamination of T-2 toxin in maize (p = 0.05). Montmorillonite clay can be effectively modified with plant extracts for the decontamination of T-2 toxin.
Bunmi K. Olopade; Solomon U. Oranusi; Obinna C. Nwinyi; Isiaka A. Lawal; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick B. Njobeh. Decontamination of T-2 Toxin in Maize by Modified Montmorillonite Clay. Toxins 2019, 11, 616 .
AMA StyleBunmi K. Olopade, Solomon U. Oranusi, Obinna C. Nwinyi, Isiaka A. Lawal, Sefater Gbashi, Patrick B. Njobeh. Decontamination of T-2 Toxin in Maize by Modified Montmorillonite Clay. Toxins. 2019; 11 (11):616.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBunmi K. Olopade; Solomon U. Oranusi; Obinna C. Nwinyi; Isiaka A. Lawal; Sefater Gbashi; Patrick B. Njobeh. 2019. "Decontamination of T-2 Toxin in Maize by Modified Montmorillonite Clay." Toxins 11, no. 11: 616.
Montmorillonite clay due to its abundance and environmental friendliness has several industrial applications among which are the adsorption of mycotoxins in foods and feed. The mycotoxin; zearalenone (ZEA) is oestrogenic and has been implicated in hormonal and reproductive issues for both man and animals. Thus, nanoformulations from Montmorillonite clay and Cymbopogoncitratus (lemongrass) extracts were developed for the reduction of the toxin in millet. The various formulations include: Montmorillonite clay to which extract of Cymbopogoncitratus(lemon grass essential oil)has been incorporated (Mont-LGEO), Montmorillonite clay mixed with C. citratus(lemon grass)powder (Mont-LGP) and Montmorillonite clay washed with NaCl (Mont-Na). Pure Montmorillonite clay (Mont) and C. citratus (lemon grass) powder (LGP) served as the controls for the treatment. Each of these compositions were applied to millet samples at a concentration of 8 % and 12% and stored for 4 weeks. XRD patterns for compositions containing Montmorillonite clay revealed major peaks at 2-Theta value of 20.06° representing Montmorillonite and 26.56° and 68.53°representing quartz. The level of ZEA in all treated samples was quantified after 4 weeks using the Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectrophotometer LC-MS/MS. All the compositions were effective in the decontamination of zearalenone. Furthermore, C. citratus powder was the most effective in the decontamination of zearalenone in the cereal after 4 weeks.
B. K Olopade; S. Oranusi; O. C. Nwinyi; P. B. Njobeh; Isiaka Lawal. Characterization of Nanoformulations from Montmorillonite clay for the decontamination of zearalenonein cereals using X-ray Diffraction Technique. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019, 1299, 012107 .
AMA StyleB. K Olopade, S. Oranusi, O. C. Nwinyi, P. B. Njobeh, Isiaka Lawal. Characterization of Nanoformulations from Montmorillonite clay for the decontamination of zearalenonein cereals using X-ray Diffraction Technique. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2019; 1299 (1):012107.
Chicago/Turabian StyleB. K Olopade; S. Oranusi; O. C. Nwinyi; P. B. Njobeh; Isiaka Lawal. 2019. "Characterization of Nanoformulations from Montmorillonite clay for the decontamination of zearalenonein cereals using X-ray Diffraction Technique." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1299, no. 1: 012107.
Bunmi K. Olopade; Solomon U. Oranusi; Obinna C. Nwinyi; Patrick B. Njobeh; Isiaka A. Lawal. Modification of montmorillonite clay with Cymbopogon citratus for the decontamination of zearalenone in millet. AIMS Agriculture and Food 2019, 4, 643 -657.
AMA StyleBunmi K. Olopade, Solomon U. Oranusi, Obinna C. Nwinyi, Patrick B. Njobeh, Isiaka A. Lawal. Modification of montmorillonite clay with Cymbopogon citratus for the decontamination of zearalenone in millet. AIMS Agriculture and Food. 2019; 4 (3):643-657.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBunmi K. Olopade; Solomon U. Oranusi; Obinna C. Nwinyi; Patrick B. Njobeh; Isiaka A. Lawal. 2019. "Modification of montmorillonite clay with Cymbopogon citratus for the decontamination of zearalenone in millet." AIMS Agriculture and Food 4, no. 3: 643-657.