The promotion of pro-environmental behavior is regarded as very important in solving environmental problems. The Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory usually emphasizes internal factors; however, we have transformed this theory by including the environmental knowledge as an external factor. The results showed that action-related environmental knowledge was related to the ecological worldview and directly influenced the private sphere behavior. The ecological worldview, which in this paper was operationalized as environmental concern, had a direct effect on public sphere behavior and an indirect effect on private behavior through awareness of behavioral consequences. Thus, in this paper we revealed how specific environmental knowledge influenced pro-environmental behavior. We also suggest that it is important to educate people about local and global environmental problems, about the impact of behavior on the environment not only in private but also in the public sphere, and to foster the ecocentrism, as well. In addition, we revealed the meaning and necessity of education for environmental citizenship.

A meta-analysis was carried out to investigate the relationship between connectedness with nature, environmental identity, and environmental self-identity. Through meta-analyzing these relationships, we are able to assess the true estimate of their magnitude. The results revealed a strong correlation between measures of connectedness with nature and environmental identity (r = .75 [0.67, 0.83], k = 11) as well as environmental self-identity (r = .57 [.31, .84], k = 5). Further moderation analysis indicated that the relationship between connectedness with nature and environmental identity is different for graphical and questionnaire instruments used for assessing connectedness with nature; the aggregated correlation for graphical instruments (r = .62 [.56, .67], k = 9) was significantly lower than for questionnaires (r = .82 [.74, .91], k = 9). We suggest revisiting the various instruments assessing human–nature relatedness to maximize unique variance among them.

The theory of planned behavior is a popular and well grounded model of predicting and explaining behavior; however, some researchers propose that in the case of sustainable behavior the model could benefit from the inclusion of moral norms as an additional variable. A paper-and-pencil survey has been carried out to test the assumption that the addition of moral norms can improve the theory of planned behavior in the case of recycling behavior. A sample of 142 university students participated in the study, their mean age was 20 years (SD = 2.5). Participants filled in questionnaires that measured constructs of the theory of planned behavior and moral norms regarding recycling. The results have shown that in the case of recycling behavior, the addition of moral norms to the theory of planned behavior increases the amount of explained behavioral variance. These findings suggest that when using the theory of planned behavior for recycling and perhaps sustainable behavior in general, researchers should consider adding moral norms as an additional predictor of behavioral intention and perhaps behavior as well.

The health benefits of a sustainable environment are numerous: from clean air and water, to spaces for recreation and regeneration, but in order to attain sustainable environments, there first needs to be a shift towards pro-environmental behaviour on the individual, as well as on the societal level.3 Personality traits have been investigated as predictors of pro-environmental behaviour in order to understand how to better explain and promote pro-environmental behaviour, yet often such studies yield small or even insignificant effects because personality traits are not very good predictors of specific behaviours.6 Despite that, most research indicates that socially desirable personality traits such as extraversion, openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness are usually positively related to pro-environmental behaviour, while neuroticism is negatively related to pro-environmental behaviour.3 5 Correlational results between pro-environmental behaviours and personality traits, however, are often inconsistent and even if the effects are in the predicted direction, they are …