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Spanish researchers’ recent evaluations regarding the transfer of knowledge have shown that activities that could help close the gender gap in STEM areas are penalized upon evaluation. The results were very disappointing and, upon inspection, could lead readers to reach certain conclusions: first, Spanish researchers transfer research to society in a mediocre way; second, female researchers are even less capable of transferring knowledge in a profitable, beneficial way; and third, activities without a high economic impact for either society or research institutions are not promoted and do not boost the prestige of researchers in this research area. With the help of an ad hoc questionnaire responded to by 513 researchers (both male and female), we examined the causes of the low scores received by female researchers and whether transfer of knowledge activities focused on promoting STEM among female students end up penalizing the female researchers dedicated to those activities. This issue is compounded by the problem of the low visibility of female role models for young female students. The conscientious analysis of the results of the questionnaire may help to improve the fairness of future application rounds, avoiding subsequent disastrous results and encouraging researchers and administrators to work toward fostering an equal society, even if no economic value is directly derived from female-led research.
Ana López; Dolores Pereira. The Value of Transfer of Knowledge in Bridging the Gender Gap in STEM. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5426 .
AMA StyleAna López, Dolores Pereira. The Value of Transfer of Knowledge in Bridging the Gender Gap in STEM. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5426.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna López; Dolores Pereira. 2021. "The Value of Transfer of Knowledge in Bridging the Gender Gap in STEM." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5426.
Laser ablation is an accepted cleaning technology for cultural heritage stonework. Optimized laser ablation may, however, have different side effects depending on the mineralogical composition of the stone. In the case of granitic rocks, observed side effects – colour changes, fracturing or/and mineral melting – have been attributed to laser parameter interactions with the patina to be cleaned from this complex rock with a grained texture and polymineral composition. We describe the influence of the weathering degree of a granite on its response to laser irradiation, confirming that the existence of secondary minerals in the rock influences the intensity and typology of side effects. Knowledge of this influence is of special relevance to the conservation of heritage built with Western European Variscan granites, which are already slightly weathered in quarry. Two specimens of the same Variscan granite taken from the same quarry but with different colours (suggesting different weathering rates) were subjected to nanosecond (ns) Nd:YVO4 laser irradiation, working at 355 nm (UV irradiation) under different fluences. The specimens responded very differently to laser irradiation in terms of colour changes and resistance of the main minerals to laser radiation. The existence on one of the specimens of kaolinite deposits covering feldspar grains and Fe oxyhydroxides filling fissures seemed to be the reason for the different response to laser radiation. Our findings would suggest the need, during laser interventions, to take into account – in addition to texture and porosity – the degree of weathering of this particular kind of granite, widely used in the architectural and archaeological heritage of Western Europe.
T. Rivas; J.S. Pozo-Antonio; A. Ramil; A.J. López. Influence of the weathering rate on the response of granite to nanosecond UV laser irradiation. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 706, 135999 .
AMA StyleT. Rivas, J.S. Pozo-Antonio, A. Ramil, A.J. López. Influence of the weathering rate on the response of granite to nanosecond UV laser irradiation. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 706 ():135999.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. Rivas; J.S. Pozo-Antonio; A. Ramil; A.J. López. 2019. "Influence of the weathering rate on the response of granite to nanosecond UV laser irradiation." Science of The Total Environment 706, no. : 135999.
Laser cleaning is an environmentally friendly method based on laser ablation processes to remove impurities or contaminants from a surface layer of a material. The configuration of a laser station in the case of flat surfaces is not complicated because laser irradiates from a fixed position. In contrast, controlled laser processing of 3D surfaces is not yet completely solved because the laser beam must be scanned along a three dimensional (3D) path. In this paper, a 3D laser processing strategy was developed to achieve an accurate and successful cleaning of freeform surfaces. Laser processing trajectories can be programmed directly on the 3D surface model instead of the 2D projection, which ensures both constant fluence and constant scanning speed all over the 3D surface during the laser processing. The strategy was applied to the removal of spray paint from a granite carved skirting board in order to validate the 3D cleaning system. The results, evaluated by means of hyperspectral imaging, stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, were compared with those of the surfaces treated with the same parameters but deactivating the 3D processing system. These analyses confirmed the improvement of the cleaning process when the 3D processing system is applied.
Ana J. López; Javier Lamas; José Santiago Pozo Antonio; Teresa Rivas; Alberto Ramil. Development of processing strategies for 3D controlled laser ablation: Application to the cleaning of stonework surfaces. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 2019, 126, 105897 .
AMA StyleAna J. López, Javier Lamas, José Santiago Pozo Antonio, Teresa Rivas, Alberto Ramil. Development of processing strategies for 3D controlled laser ablation: Application to the cleaning of stonework surfaces. Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 2019; 126 ():105897.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna J. López; Javier Lamas; José Santiago Pozo Antonio; Teresa Rivas; Alberto Ramil. 2019. "Development of processing strategies for 3D controlled laser ablation: Application to the cleaning of stonework surfaces." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 126, no. : 105897.
Conservation strategies to reduce the degradation of stone caused by the action of water are focusing on increasing the hydrophobicity of the surface by imitating existing solutions in nature (lotus leafs and others). These are mainly based on the existence of hierarchical roughness with micro- and nanoscale structures. In the case of marble, research has focused on protective coatings that sometimes are dangerous for the health and the environment, and with undesirable effects such as color changes or reduction of water vapor permeability of the stone. Laser texturing, however, is an environmentally friendly technique, because no chemicals or toxic waste are added and, moreover, it can process nearly all types of materials. It has been used to change the surface texture of metals and other materials on a micro or even nanometric scale, to meet a specific functional requirement, such as hydrophobicity. The objective of this work was to analyze the feasibility of this technique to provide hydrophobic properties to a marble surface without appreciable changes in its appearance. Therefore, an analysis of the irradiation parameters with ultra-short-pulse laser was performed. Preliminary results demonstrate the ability of this technique to provide hydrophobic character the marble (contact angles well above 90 ∘ ). Besides, the analysis of the treated surfaces in terms of roughness, color and gloss indicates that changes in the appearance of the surface are minimal when properly selecting the process parameters.
Ana J. López; Alberto Ramil; José S. Pozo-Antonio; Teresa Rivas; Dolores Pereira. Ultrafast Laser Surface Texturing: A Sustainable Tool to Modify Wettability Properties of Marble. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4079 .
AMA StyleAna J. López, Alberto Ramil, José S. Pozo-Antonio, Teresa Rivas, Dolores Pereira. Ultrafast Laser Surface Texturing: A Sustainable Tool to Modify Wettability Properties of Marble. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (15):4079.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna J. López; Alberto Ramil; José S. Pozo-Antonio; Teresa Rivas; Dolores Pereira. 2019. "Ultrafast Laser Surface Texturing: A Sustainable Tool to Modify Wettability Properties of Marble." Sustainability 11, no. 15: 4079.
The effects of the four common commercial finishes (polished, honed, disc cutting and bush hammering) on several properties of ornamental granites were evaluated. Two granites of different texture, widely used as ornamental stones in NW Iberian Peninsula, were selected. Roughness, colour and reflectance (properties used as cleaning indicators of cultural heritage objects) of the surfaces subjected to each finish were characterized and the correlations among these parameters were obtained. The results show that the roughness generated by disk cutting and polishing is higher in Vilachán than in Rosa Porriño, showing that the finer the grain size, the higher the roughness generated. The lightness parameter (L∗) in CIELAB space is dependent on the roughness of the surface. The rest of the colour parameters (a∗, b∗, C∗ab and hab) does not depend on roughness and they are related mostly with the colour of the surface by itself. Reflectance features are not affected by the different content of forming minerals and superficial colour which condition the reflectance intensity of each commercial finish. Reflectance is directly related with the roughness of the granite; the rougher the surface the higher the reflectance intensity. In addition, the lightness L∗ and the reflectance are directly related while the other colour parameters do not show any relation with the reflectance. These results can be used as an aesthetical criteria in order to standardize an objective methodology to evaluate the cleaning effectiveness in the conservation of cultural heritage objects.
A.J. López; J.S. Pozo-Antonio; A. Ramil; T. Rivas. Influence of the commercial finishes of ornamental granites on roughness, colour and reflectance. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 182, 530 -540.
AMA StyleA.J. López, J.S. Pozo-Antonio, A. Ramil, T. Rivas. Influence of the commercial finishes of ornamental granites on roughness, colour and reflectance. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 182 ():530-540.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA.J. López; J.S. Pozo-Antonio; A. Ramil; T. Rivas. 2018. "Influence of the commercial finishes of ornamental granites on roughness, colour and reflectance." Construction and Building Materials 182, no. : 530-540.
The aim of this work is to present an experimental procedure to improve crack detection in rough surfaces by means of lensless Fourier digital holographic interferometry (DHI). To overcome the problem of analyzing high speckle interferograms that blurs phase maps and hinders, or even prevents, crack detection, it is proposed the application of a non-uniform thermal load to the object under study, as excitation source, instead of the most common uniform heating. Different tests with mock ups of cracks of controlled width allowed us to demonstrate the effect of a non-uniform thermal load, and confirmed the enhancement in DHI information, especially in unwrapping phase maps. Finally, DHI was applied to the detection of a crack in a cast iron sample and the results obtained with both uniform and non-uniform heating procedures were compared and the improvement attained by means of non-uniform heating was confirmed.
F. Vincitorio; L. Bahuer; M.P. Fiorucci; Ana López; A. Ramil. Improvement of crack detection on rough materials by digital holographic interferometry in combination with non-uniform thermal loads. Optik 2018, 163, 43 -48.
AMA StyleF. Vincitorio, L. Bahuer, M.P. Fiorucci, Ana López, A. Ramil. Improvement of crack detection on rough materials by digital holographic interferometry in combination with non-uniform thermal loads. Optik. 2018; 163 ():43-48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. Vincitorio; L. Bahuer; M.P. Fiorucci; Ana López; A. Ramil. 2018. "Improvement of crack detection on rough materials by digital holographic interferometry in combination with non-uniform thermal loads." Optik 163, no. : 43-48.
T. Rivas; José Santiago Pozo Antonio; M.E. López de Silanes; A. Ramil; Ana López. Laser versus scalpel cleaning of crustose lichens on granite. Applied Surface Science 2018, 440, 467 -476.
AMA StyleT. Rivas, José Santiago Pozo Antonio, M.E. López de Silanes, A. Ramil, Ana López. Laser versus scalpel cleaning of crustose lichens on granite. Applied Surface Science. 2018; 440 ():467-476.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT. Rivas; José Santiago Pozo Antonio; M.E. López de Silanes; A. Ramil; Ana López. 2018. "Laser versus scalpel cleaning of crustose lichens on granite." Applied Surface Science 440, no. : 467-476.
Laser surface structuring of biometals allows to achieve complex surface geometries at several scales since a rough surface is preferred to induce an optimal cellular response. A lack of standard measurement techniques to characterize implant surfaces was detected. This paper presents a comprehensive, multi-scale characterization of the topography of laser textured biometals with the ISO standard profile method; which allows to separate the contribution of the superimposed textures of the profile, the low frequency component (waviness) and the high frequency component (roughness), and to calculate the respective height parameters according to the standard definitions. Furthermore, the characterization was completed by the calculation of the spatial parameters obtained by FFT calculation in order to assess the horizontal characteristics of the surface. We focused on two common biometals, stainless steel 316L and titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, structured with an array of parallel grooves obtained by using a nanosecond Nd:YVO4 laser. Regarding waviness, some differences in symmetry and sharpness were found according to the metal. Conversely, the roughness of the topography revealed that the average height of the micro-structures developed inside the grooves is similar in both metals. The spatial periodicity of the micro-structures showed that the aspect ratio resulted higher in AISI 316L than in Ti6Al4V. The analytical approach presented in this paper allows to establish an elementary comparison of the results obtained in the scientific community, contributing to a better understanding of in vitro/vivo cellular growing on textured surfaces.
M.P. Fiorucci; A.J. López; A. Ramil. Multi-scale characterization of topographic modifications on metallic biomaterials induced by nanosecond Nd:YVO4 laser structuring. Precision Engineering 2018, 53, 163 -168.
AMA StyleM.P. Fiorucci, A.J. López, A. Ramil. Multi-scale characterization of topographic modifications on metallic biomaterials induced by nanosecond Nd:YVO4 laser structuring. Precision Engineering. 2018; 53 ():163-168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.P. Fiorucci; A.J. López; A. Ramil. 2018. "Multi-scale characterization of topographic modifications on metallic biomaterials induced by nanosecond Nd:YVO4 laser structuring." Precision Engineering 53, no. : 163-168.
Alberto Ramil; Ana López; José Santiago Pozo Antonio; T. Rivas. A computer vision system for identification of granite-forming minerals based on RGB data and artificial neural networks. Measurement 2018, 117, 90 -95.
AMA StyleAlberto Ramil, Ana López, José Santiago Pozo Antonio, T. Rivas. A computer vision system for identification of granite-forming minerals based on RGB data and artificial neural networks. Measurement. 2018; 117 ():90-95.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlberto Ramil; Ana López; José Santiago Pozo Antonio; T. Rivas. 2018. "A computer vision system for identification of granite-forming minerals based on RGB data and artificial neural networks." Measurement 117, no. : 90-95.
Alberto Ramil; José Santiago Pozo Antonio; M.P. Fiorucci; Ana López; T. Rivas. Detection of the optimal laser fluence ranges to clean graffiti on silicates. Construction and Building Materials 2017, 148, 122 -130.
AMA StyleAlberto Ramil, José Santiago Pozo Antonio, M.P. Fiorucci, Ana López, T. Rivas. Detection of the optimal laser fluence ranges to clean graffiti on silicates. Construction and Building Materials. 2017; 148 ():122-130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlberto Ramil; José Santiago Pozo Antonio; M.P. Fiorucci; Ana López; T. Rivas. 2017. "Detection of the optimal laser fluence ranges to clean graffiti on silicates." Construction and Building Materials 148, no. : 122-130.
Laser cleaning of stones is a well-established technique in conservation of Cultural Heritage. In case of polymineralic granular rocks like granite, the tuning of the laser parameters for safe cleaning becomes a demanding task due to the differential response of the constituent minerals to laser irradiation. In this sense, a compromise solution must be reached between removing unwanted layers and safeguarding the original characteristics of the stone substrate. Consequently, the need of non-invasive, rapid and accurate methods for in situ identification of the minerals in the stone surface is highlighted. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the ability of a laboratory scale hyperspectral reflectance imaging system, in combination with artificial neural networks for in situ, accurate identification of constituent minerals of a hercynian granite; with the ultimate goal of achieving automatic adjustment of laser irradiation parameters in cleaning processes. The effectiveness of a neural network with the structure of a three-layer perceptron was evaluated by comparing calculated results with modal analysis composition obtained by petrographic microscope and a high degree of accordance, above 95%, was achieved.
A. J. López; Alberto Ramil; José Santiago Pozo Antonio; M. P. Fiorucci; T. Rivas. Automatic Identification of Rock-Forming Minerals in Granite Using Laboratory Scale Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging and Artificial Neural Networks. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 2017, 36, 52 .
AMA StyleA. J. López, Alberto Ramil, José Santiago Pozo Antonio, M. P. Fiorucci, T. Rivas. Automatic Identification of Rock-Forming Minerals in Granite Using Laboratory Scale Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging and Artificial Neural Networks. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation. 2017; 36 (3):52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. J. López; Alberto Ramil; José Santiago Pozo Antonio; M. P. Fiorucci; T. Rivas. 2017. "Automatic Identification of Rock-Forming Minerals in Granite Using Laboratory Scale Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging and Artificial Neural Networks." Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 36, no. 3: 52.
Most of the Cultural Heritage built in NW Iberian Peninsula is made of granite which exposition to the environment leads to the formation of deposits and coatings, mainly two types: biological colonization and sulphated black crusts. Nowadays, another form of alteration derives from graffiti paints when these are applied as an act of vandalism. A deep revision needs to be addressed considering the severity of these deterioration forms on granite and the different cleaning effectiveness achieved by cleaning procedures used to remove them. The scientific literature about these topics on granite is scarcer than on sedimentary carbonate stones and marbles, but the importance of the granite in NW Iberian Peninsula Cultural Heritage claims this review centred on biological colonization, sulphated black crusts and graffiti on granite and their effectiveness of the common cleaning procedures. Furthermore, this paper carried out a review of the knowledge about those three alteration forms on granite, as well as bringing together all the major studies in the field of the granite cleaning with traditional procedures (chemical and mechanical) and with the recent developed technique based on the laser ablation. Findings concerning the effectiveness evaluation of these cleaning procedures, considering the coating extraction ability and the damage induced on the granite surface, are described. Finally, some futures research lines are pointed out.
J.S. Pozo-Antonio; T. Rivas; A.J. López; M.P. Fiorucci; A. Ramil. Effectiveness of granite cleaning procedures in cultural heritage: A review. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 571, 1017 -1028.
AMA StyleJ.S. Pozo-Antonio, T. Rivas, A.J. López, M.P. Fiorucci, A. Ramil. Effectiveness of granite cleaning procedures in cultural heritage: A review. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 571 ():1017-1028.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.S. Pozo-Antonio; T. Rivas; A.J. López; M.P. Fiorucci; A. Ramil. 2016. "Effectiveness of granite cleaning procedures in cultural heritage: A review." Science of The Total Environment 571, no. : 1017-1028.
The progress of the laser cleaning of two graffiti paints on coarse-grained granite was in situ followed up by the hyperspectral imaging technique, through the calculation of a quantitative index based on a linear spectral mixture analysis model, which provided an estimation of the cleaning level attained along the process. The laser used was a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YVO\(_{4}\) source, at 355 nm wavelength and, in order to validate the results of laser cleaning, conventional analytical techniques as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and spectrophotometer colour measurements were also implemented. The results indicated that hyperspectral imaging technique is a reliable tool to in situ control the process of laser cleaning of graffiti in coarse-grained granites in order to determine the laser scans enough to achieve the best possible cleaning without modifying the granitic substrate.
J. S. Pozo-Antonio; M. P. Fiorucci; Alberto Ramil; T. Rivas; Ana López. Hyperspectral Imaging as a Non Destructive Technique to Control the Laser Cleaning of Graffiti on Granite. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 2016, 35, 44 .
AMA StyleJ. S. Pozo-Antonio, M. P. Fiorucci, Alberto Ramil, T. Rivas, Ana López. Hyperspectral Imaging as a Non Destructive Technique to Control the Laser Cleaning of Graffiti on Granite. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation. 2016; 35 (3):44.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. S. Pozo-Antonio; M. P. Fiorucci; Alberto Ramil; T. Rivas; Ana López. 2016. "Hyperspectral Imaging as a Non Destructive Technique to Control the Laser Cleaning of Graffiti on Granite." Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation 35, no. 3: 44.
In this work we implemented dynamic speckle and holographic interferometry techniques to characterize the drying process of solvent-based paint coatings. We propose a simple way to estimate drying time by measuring speckle activity and incrementally fitting experimental data through standard regression algorithms. This allowed us to predict drying time after about 20–30 min of paint application, which is fast compared to usual times required to reach the so-called tack-free state (≈2 h). In turn, we used holographic interferometry to map small thickness variations in the coating surface during drying. We also demonstrate that results obtained from both techniques correlate with each other, which allows us to improve the accuracy of the drying time estimation.
N. Budini; C. Mulone; N. Balducci; F. M. Vincitorio; A. J. López; Alberto Ramil. Characterization of drying paint coatings by dynamic speckle and holographic interferometry measurements. Applied Optics 2016, 55, 4706 -4712.
AMA StyleN. Budini, C. Mulone, N. Balducci, F. M. Vincitorio, A. J. López, Alberto Ramil. Characterization of drying paint coatings by dynamic speckle and holographic interferometry measurements. Applied Optics. 2016; 55 (17):4706-4712.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Budini; C. Mulone; N. Balducci; F. M. Vincitorio; A. J. López; Alberto Ramil. 2016. "Characterization of drying paint coatings by dynamic speckle and holographic interferometry measurements." Applied Optics 55, no. 17: 4706-4712.
A study of the cleaning effectiveness of sulphated black crust developed on granite is presented. The sulphated black crust, previously characterized, was subjected to a cleaning by 1) a mechanical procedure –Hydrogommage– based on micro-sandblasting, 2) chemical procedures based on the application of poultices made on different mixes of thickening agents and cleaners and 3) laser cleaning using a 355 nm Nd:YVO4 nanosecond laser. Chemical, mineralogical and physical characterization of the cleaned surfaces were performed; the global effectiveness as well as the harmfulness were evaluated according to the level of black crust removal and the substrate damages. As result, none of the methods has been completely effective in removing the sulphated black crust and, also, all the methods produced undesirable effects on the stone. The crust nature, its degree of interaction with the stone and other factors related to the principle of the cleaning procedures were found as the main variables influencing the effectiveness of the cleaning procedures.
J.S. Pozo-Antonio; A. Ramil; T. Rivas; A.J. López; M.P. Fiorucci. Effectiveness of chemical, mechanical and laser cleaning methods of sulphated black crusts developed on granite. Construction and Building Materials 2016, 112, 682 -690.
AMA StyleJ.S. Pozo-Antonio, A. Ramil, T. Rivas, A.J. López, M.P. Fiorucci. Effectiveness of chemical, mechanical and laser cleaning methods of sulphated black crusts developed on granite. Construction and Building Materials. 2016; 112 ():682-690.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.S. Pozo-Antonio; A. Ramil; T. Rivas; A.J. López; M.P. Fiorucci. 2016. "Effectiveness of chemical, mechanical and laser cleaning methods of sulphated black crusts developed on granite." Construction and Building Materials 112, no. : 682-690.
The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of the laser cleaning of a complex biogenic patina, a crustose lichen, by means of hyperspectral imaging techniques. Samples of a Hercynian granite from NW Spain colonised by an endolithic crustose lichen (Pertusaria amara) were collected and cleaned following three procedures: a scalpel, the third harmonic of a Nd:YVO4 ns laser and the scalpel followed by the laser. The suitability of the hyperspectral camera as a non-destructive, online, fast and in situ monitoring technique to assess the effectiveness of the cleaning was evaluated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and colour measurements in CIELAB space. The hyperspectral imaging technique allowed us to measure the reflectivity variations of the cleaned surfaces in a non-invasive way, allowing the identification of the cleaning effectiveness of each procedure. Nevertheless, the results of the hyperspectral imaging technique must be validated by conventional techniques.
J. S. Pozo-Antonio; M. P. Fiorucci; T. Rivas; Ana López; Alberto Ramil; D. Barral. Suitability of hyperspectral imaging technique to evaluate the effectiveness of the cleaning of a crustose lichen developed on granite. Applied Physics A 2016, 122, 1 -9.
AMA StyleJ. S. Pozo-Antonio, M. P. Fiorucci, T. Rivas, Ana López, Alberto Ramil, D. Barral. Suitability of hyperspectral imaging technique to evaluate the effectiveness of the cleaning of a crustose lichen developed on granite. Applied Physics A. 2016; 122 (2):1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. S. Pozo-Antonio; M. P. Fiorucci; T. Rivas; Ana López; Alberto Ramil; D. Barral. 2016. "Suitability of hyperspectral imaging technique to evaluate the effectiveness of the cleaning of a crustose lichen developed on granite." Applied Physics A 122, no. 2: 1-9.
Nowadays, graffiti paints are one of the most common human interventions on monuments and historic façades with damaging results. It is an aesthetic problem but also a serious threat to the conservation of built heritage. The aim of this article is to evaluate the suitability of a hyperspectral imaging technique as a non-destructive tool to determine the most adequate method of removing graffiti paints applied on granite rocks. Different cleaning procedures were analyzed; i.e., chemical, mechanical, and laser ablation. The cleaning effectiveness was evaluated based on the degree of paint extraction and the final appearance of the stone surface. The results obtained by hyperspectral technique were compared with those obtained by optical and electronic microscopies and color spectrophotometry. These results indicate the ability of hyperspectral imaging technique to assess the paint removal and thus to evaluate the suitability of the different graffiti cleaning procedures. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016
José Santiago Pozo Antonio; Alberto Ramil; M. P. Fiorucci; Ana López; T. Rivas. The use of hyperspectral imaging technique to detect the most suitable graffiti-cleaning procedure. Color Research & Application 2016, 41, 308 -312.
AMA StyleJosé Santiago Pozo Antonio, Alberto Ramil, M. P. Fiorucci, Ana López, T. Rivas. The use of hyperspectral imaging technique to detect the most suitable graffiti-cleaning procedure. Color Research & Application. 2016; 41 (3):308-312.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Santiago Pozo Antonio; Alberto Ramil; M. P. Fiorucci; Ana López; T. Rivas. 2016. "The use of hyperspectral imaging technique to detect the most suitable graffiti-cleaning procedure." Color Research & Application 41, no. 3: 308-312.
This paper reports the results from the comparative evaluation of the global cleaning effectiveness of four graffiti colours (red, blue, black and silver) applied on two granites with different textures and compositions. A conventional mechanical method and several chemical products were evaluated. Additionally, it was evaluated the cleaning based on laser ablation by means of a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YVO4 at a wavelength of 355 nm. Optical and electronic microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and spectrophotometry were applied in order to assess the cleaning effectiveness and also the harmful effects on the stones. Taking into account the graffiti extraction degree, it was found that blue, red and black colours were successfully extracted by all the evaluated methods. However, the extraction of silver colour, whose chemical composition differs from that of the other three colours, was more difficult and it was only achieved by the mechanical procedure and by several chemical products; Nd:YVO4 laser at 355 nm was an ineffective procedure in removing this paint. All the cleaning methods produced damage on the granites: a roughness increase after the mechanical cleaning, chemical contamination related to some chemical procedures and melting of biotite crystals after laser cleaning. Moreover, the ability of different paints to penetrate into the rock affected the global cleaning effectiveness evaluation.
José Santiago Pozo Antonio; T. Rivas; M.P. Fiorucci; Ana López; Alberto Ramil. Effectiveness and harmfulness evaluation of graffiti cleaning by mechanical, chemical and laser procedures on granite. Microchemical Journal 2015, 125, 1 -9.
AMA StyleJosé Santiago Pozo Antonio, T. Rivas, M.P. Fiorucci, Ana López, Alberto Ramil. Effectiveness and harmfulness evaluation of graffiti cleaning by mechanical, chemical and laser procedures on granite. Microchemical Journal. 2015; 125 ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Santiago Pozo Antonio; T. Rivas; M.P. Fiorucci; Ana López; Alberto Ramil. 2015. "Effectiveness and harmfulness evaluation of graffiti cleaning by mechanical, chemical and laser procedures on granite." Microchemical Journal 125, no. : 1-9.
F. M. Vincitorio; C. Mulone; P. A. Marcuzzi; Nicolás Budini; C. Freyre; Ana López; Alberto Ramil. Dynamic speckle study of microbial growth. SPECKLE 2015: VI International Conference on Speckle Metrology 2015, 96601Q -96601Q-6.
AMA StyleF. M. Vincitorio, C. Mulone, P. A. Marcuzzi, Nicolás Budini, C. Freyre, Ana López, Alberto Ramil. Dynamic speckle study of microbial growth. SPECKLE 2015: VI International Conference on Speckle Metrology. 2015; ():96601Q-96601Q-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF. M. Vincitorio; C. Mulone; P. A. Marcuzzi; Nicolás Budini; C. Freyre; Ana López; Alberto Ramil. 2015. "Dynamic speckle study of microbial growth." SPECKLE 2015: VI International Conference on Speckle Metrology , no. : 96601Q-96601Q-6.
J.S. Pozo-Antonio; M.P. Fiorucci; A. Ramil; A.J. López; T. Rivas. Evaluation of the effectiveness of laser crust removal on granites by means of hyperspectral imaging techniques. Applied Surface Science 2015, 347, 832 -838.
AMA StyleJ.S. Pozo-Antonio, M.P. Fiorucci, A. Ramil, A.J. López, T. Rivas. Evaluation of the effectiveness of laser crust removal on granites by means of hyperspectral imaging techniques. Applied Surface Science. 2015; 347 ():832-838.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.S. Pozo-Antonio; M.P. Fiorucci; A. Ramil; A.J. López; T. Rivas. 2015. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of laser crust removal on granites by means of hyperspectral imaging techniques." Applied Surface Science 347, no. : 832-838.