Increased Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from both natural and man-made systems contribute to climate change. In addition to reducing the use of crude petroleum’s derived fuels, and increasing tree-planting efforts and sustainable practices, air pollution can be minimized through phytoremediation. Bio-fuel from crops grown on marginal land can sustainably address climate change, global warming, and geopolitical issues. There are numerous methods for producing renewable energy from both organic and inorganic environmental resources (sunlight, air, water, tides, waves, and convective energy), and numerous technologies for doing the same with biomass with different properties and derived from different sources (food industry, agriculture, forestry). However, the production of bio-fuels is challenging and contentious in many parts of the world since it competes for soil with the growth of crops and may be harmful to the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to use wildlife management techniques to provide sustainable bio-energy while maintaining or even improving essential ecosystem processes. The second generation of bio-fuels is viewed as a solution to the serious issue. Agricultural lignocellulosic waste is the primary source of second-generation bio-fuel, possibly the bio-fuel of the future. Sustainable practices to grow biomass, followed by their holistic conversion into ethanol with desired yield and productivity, are the key concerns for employing renewable energy mix successfully. In this paper, we analyze the various types of bio-fuels, their sources, and their production and impact on sustainability.

Aggrandize industrialization and urbanization have resulted in many issues, such as increased energy demand, a plethora of waste output, and negative environmental consequences. As a result, there is excessive exploitation and over-usage of fuels and finite resources, which is paving the path for the exhaustion of fuels. Extensive use of these fossil-derived fuels has caused serious threats to the environment in terms of greenhouse gases emission leading to breathing troubles and other associated health hazards. In order to mitigate the harmful effects of fossil-derived fuels, researchers are more focused towards the production and application of bio-based fuels like bioethanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen etc. These biofuels are produced from crops and edible/non-edible materials and emit much lower pollution compared to fossil-derived fuels. Even though biofuels are effective alternatives, high operational costs with low production volume are the major limitations of this process, which the available technologies cannot handle. With increasing application of nanoparticles as catalysts in several sectors due to its unique properties such as high catalytic activity, surface to volume ratio, mechanical properties, etc., its application in biofuels production has been explored recently. The present review focuses on the application of nanocatalysts in various stages of biofuel production, different types of nanocatalyst used in the innovative era and for biofuels production and their merits and demerits. The supply of biofuels, such as feedstock is large, and with improved processing, we may be able to significantly lower our reliance on fossil fuels. The present review discusses the current updates, future possibilities, and challenges of biofuels production to help make the country self-reliant in the field of green energy.

Once thought to be uncommon, celiac disease has now become a common disease globally. While avoidance of the gluten-containing diet is the only effective treatment so far, many new targets are being explored for the development of new drugs for its treatment. The endpoints of therapy include not only reversal of symptoms, normalization of immunological abnormalities and healing of mucosa, but also maintenance of remission of the disease by strict adherence of the gluten-free diet (GFD). There is no single gold standard test for the diagnosis of celiac disease and the diagnosis is based on the presence of a combination of characteristics including the presence of a celiac-specific antibody (anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody, anti-endomysial antibody or anti-deamidated gliadin peptide antibody) and demonstration of villous abnormalities. While the demonstration of enteropathy is an important criterion for a definite diagnosis of celiac disease, it requires endoscopic examination which is perceived as an invasive procedure. The capability of prediction of enteropathy by the presence of the high titer of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody led to an option of making a diagnosis even without obtaining mucosal biopsies. While present day diagnostic tests are great, they, however, have certain limitations. Therefore, there is a need for biomarkers for screening of patients, prediction of enteropathy, and monitoring of patients for adherence of the gluten-free diet. Efforts are now being made to explore various biomarkers which reflect different changes that occur in the intestinal mucosa using modern day tools including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. In the present review, we have discussed comprehensively the pros and cons of available biomarkers and also summarized the current status of emerging biomarkers for the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of celiac disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) significantly impacts global health due to persistent airflow limitation and inflammation. Despite standard therapies, symptoms persist. Ensifentrine, targeting both bronchoconstriction and inflammation as a dual phosphodiesterase 3 and 4 inhibitor, offers a promising therapeutic advancement for COPD management. This meta-analysis evaluates the safety and efficacy of ensifentrine in improving lung function, dyspnea, and quality of life in COPD patients. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science through August 2024 for randomized controlled trials evaluating ensifentrine in COPD patients over a minimum of four weeks. Data extraction and screening utilized Knowledge software, and meta-analyses were performed using R v4.4 with a random-effects model. From 206 studies identified, four met our inclusion criteria. Ensifentrine improved FEV1 significantly at a dose of 3 mg (LS mean difference: 40.90 mL; 95 % CI: 19.65-62.15). It also improved dyspnea as measured by the Transition Dyspnea Index (TDI) (LS mean difference: 0.91; 95 % CI: 0.61-1.21) and quality of life according to the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire-C (SGRQ-C) scores (LS mean difference: -1.92; 95 % CI: -3.28 to -0.55). Safety profiles were comparable between the ensifentrine and placebo groups, with no significant increase in treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) (RR: 1.02; 95 % CI: 0.94-1.10). Ensifentrine significantly enhances lung function, reduces dyspnea, and improves quality of life in COPD patients, especially at a 3 mg dose. These benefits, coupled with a stable safety profile, support its use as an adjunctive therapy in COPD management.