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Dr. David Rojas-Rueda
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

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0 Environmental Health
0 Epidemiology
0 Health Impact Assessment
0 Public Health
0 Urban health

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Health Impact Assessment
Public Health
Environmental Health
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Epidemiology

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Short Biography

Dr. David Rojas-Rueda's primary research focuses on promoting a healthy urban design, supporting mitigation, and adaptation to climate change. David is an environmental epidemiologist with over ten years of experience evaluating the health impacts of urban and transport planning policies, related to air pollution, traffic noise, green spaces, heat island effects, physical activity, and traffic accidents. He has worked in several countries around Europe, Africa, Latin, and North America. David specializes in methods such as health impact assessment, populational risk assessment, the burden of disease, and citizen science. His research actively involves citizens, stakeholders, local and national authorities. He is also a member of the university’s Partnership of Air Quality, Climate, and Health (PACH). He has active collaborations with United Nations agencies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), and UN-Habitat.

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Correspondence
Published: 01 August 2021 in The Lancet Planetary Health
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We thank Samuel Trethewey and Ella Reynolds for their Correspondence about our Article.1Rojas-Rueda D Nieuwenhuijsen MJ Gascon M Perez-Leon D Mudu P Green spaces and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Lancet Planet Health. 2019; 3: e469-e477Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar We appreciate their comments because they offer the opportunity to clarify some issues on the exposure definition of green spaces and the complex relationship between green spaces and health.

ACS Style

David Rojas-Rueda; Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen; Mireia Gascon; Daniela Perez-Leon; Pierpaolo Mudu. Exposure to green spaces and all-cause mortality: limitations in measurement and definitions of exposure – Authors' reply. The Lancet Planetary Health 2021, 5, e502 .

AMA Style

David Rojas-Rueda, Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen, Mireia Gascon, Daniela Perez-Leon, Pierpaolo Mudu. Exposure to green spaces and all-cause mortality: limitations in measurement and definitions of exposure – Authors' reply. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2021; 5 (8):e502.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Rojas-Rueda; Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen; Mireia Gascon; Daniela Perez-Leon; Pierpaolo Mudu. 2021. "Exposure to green spaces and all-cause mortality: limitations in measurement and definitions of exposure – Authors' reply." The Lancet Planetary Health 5, no. 8: e502.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2021 in Environmental Research
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Bike-sharing systems (BSS) are short-term bike rentals that can be borrowed from one location and retired to another at the conclusion of the trip. In 2019, 109,589 BSS trips were made each day in the U.S, and half of those in New York City (NYC). This study aims to quantify the health risks and benefits of BSS in the U.S. and NYC. This study followed a quantitative health impact assessment approach to estimate the risks and benefits of BSS. Specifically, we quantified the health impacts of physical activity, air pollution, and traffic incidents. We analyzed all the trips made by BSS in the U.S. and NYC. Input data on transport, traffic safety, air quality, and physical activity were collated from public records and scientific publications. We modeled the health impacts on adult users related to mortality, disease incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and health economic impacts (related to morbidity and mortality). We estimated that in the U.S. BSS trips resulted in an annual reduction of 4.7 premature deaths, 737 DALYs, and 36 million $USD in health economic impacts, mainly derived from the increment in physical activity. In NYC, we estimated an annual reduction of 2 premature deaths, 355 DALYs, and 15 million $USD in health economic impacts. BSS in the U.S. and NYC provide a health benefit for bicyclists. Improvements in air quality and traffic safety across U.S. cities will maximize the health benefits of BSS.

ACS Style

Raeven Lynn M. Clockston; David Rojas-Rueda. Health impacts of bike-sharing systems in the U.S. Environmental Research 2021, 202, 111709 .

AMA Style

Raeven Lynn M. Clockston, David Rojas-Rueda. Health impacts of bike-sharing systems in the U.S. Environmental Research. 2021; 202 ():111709.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raeven Lynn M. Clockston; David Rojas-Rueda. 2021. "Health impacts of bike-sharing systems in the U.S." Environmental Research 202, no. : 111709.

Pediatrics
Published: 14 July 2021 in PLOS ONE
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We hypothesize that high altitudes could have an adverse effect on neonatal health outcomes, especially among at-risk neonates. The current study aims to assess the association between higher altitudes on survival time among at-risk neonates. Retrospective survival analysis. Setting: Ecuadorian neonates who died at ≤28 days of life. Patients: We analyzed the nationwide dataset of neonatal deaths from the Surveillance System of Neonatal Mortality of the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador, registered from 126 public and private health care facilities, between January 2014 to September 2017. Main outcome measures: We retrospectively reviewed 3016 patients. We performed a survival analysis by setting the survival time in days as the primary outcome and fixed and mixed-effects Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for each altitude stratum of each one of the health care facilities in which those neonates were attended, adjusting by individual variables (i.e., birth weight, gestational age at birth, Apgar scale at 5 minutes, and comorbidities); and contextual variables (i.e., administrative planning areas, type of health care facility, and level of care). Altitudes of health care facilities ranging from 80 to <2500 m, 2500 to <2750m, and ≥2750 m were associated respectively with 20% (95% CI: 1% to 44%), 32% (95% CI:<1% to 79%) and 37% (95% CI: 8% to 75%) increased HR; compared with altitudes at <80 m. Higher altitudes are independently associated with shorter survival time, as measured by days among at-risk neonates. Altitude should be considered when assessing the risk of having negative health outcomes during neonatal period.

ACS Style

Iván Dueñas-Espín; Luciana Armijos-Acurio; Estefanía Espín; Fernando Espinosa-Herrera; Ruth Jimbo; Ángela León-Cáceres; Raif Nasre-Nasser; María F. Rivadeneira; David Rojas-Rueda; Laura Ruiz-Cedeño; Betzabé Tello; Daniela Vásconez-Romero. Is a higher altitude associated with shorter survival among at-risk neonates? PLOS ONE 2021, 16, 1 .

AMA Style

Iván Dueñas-Espín, Luciana Armijos-Acurio, Estefanía Espín, Fernando Espinosa-Herrera, Ruth Jimbo, Ángela León-Cáceres, Raif Nasre-Nasser, María F. Rivadeneira, David Rojas-Rueda, Laura Ruiz-Cedeño, Betzabé Tello, Daniela Vásconez-Romero. Is a higher altitude associated with shorter survival among at-risk neonates? PLOS ONE. 2021; 16 (7):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iván Dueñas-Espín; Luciana Armijos-Acurio; Estefanía Espín; Fernando Espinosa-Herrera; Ruth Jimbo; Ángela León-Cáceres; Raif Nasre-Nasser; María F. Rivadeneira; David Rojas-Rueda; Laura Ruiz-Cedeño; Betzabé Tello; Daniela Vásconez-Romero. 2021. "Is a higher altitude associated with shorter survival among at-risk neonates?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 7: 1.

Review article
Published: 06 June 2021 in International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
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Today, urban and transport planners face considerable challenges in designing and retrofitting cities that are prepared for increasing urban populations, and their service and mobility needs. When it comes to health-promoting urban and transport developments, there is also a lack of standardized, quantitative indicators to guide the integration of health components right from the outset, i.e. in the formal planning or zoning phase. We narratively reviewed the literature and organized stakeholder workshops to identify and tailor planning principles and indicators that can be linked to health outcomes. We defined four core planning objectives that previous authoritative studies have suggested to result in positive health outcomes among city dwellers, which are: I) development of compact cities, II) reduction of private motorized transport, III) promotion of active (i.e. walking and cycling) and public transport, IV) development of green and public open space. Built on the review and stakeholder consensus, we identified 10 urban and transport planning principles that work towards achieving the four core objectives thought to provide health benefits for European city dwellers. These 10 planning principles are: 1) land use mix, 2) street connectivity, 3) density, 4) motorized transport reductions, 5) walking, 6) cycling, 7) public transport, 8) multi-modality, 9) green and public open space, and 10) integration of all planning principles. A set of indicators was developed and tailored for each planning principle. The final output of this work is a checklist ready to be applied by urban and transport professionals to integrate health into urban and transport developments in urban environments right from the outset.

ACS Style

Natalie Mueller; Carolyn Daher; David Rojas-Rueda; Laura Delgado; Horacio Vicioso; Mireia Gascon; Oriol Marquet; Cristina Vert; Irene Martin; Mark Nieuwenhuijsen. Integrating health indicators into urban and transport planning: A narrative literature review and participatory process. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2021, 235, 113772 .

AMA Style

Natalie Mueller, Carolyn Daher, David Rojas-Rueda, Laura Delgado, Horacio Vicioso, Mireia Gascon, Oriol Marquet, Cristina Vert, Irene Martin, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen. Integrating health indicators into urban and transport planning: A narrative literature review and participatory process. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2021; 235 ():113772.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalie Mueller; Carolyn Daher; David Rojas-Rueda; Laura Delgado; Horacio Vicioso; Mireia Gascon; Oriol Marquet; Cristina Vert; Irene Martin; Mark Nieuwenhuijsen. 2021. "Integrating health indicators into urban and transport planning: A narrative literature review and participatory process." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 235, no. : 113772.

Review
Published: 29 May 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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(1) Background: Increasing and improving green spaces have been suggested to enhance health and well-being through different mechanisms. Latin America is experiencing fast population and urbanization growth; with rising demand for interventions to improve public health and mitigate climate change. (2) Aim: This study aimed to review the epidemiological evidence on green spaces and health outcomes in Latin America. (3) Methods: A systematic literature review of green spaces and health outcomes was carried out for studies published in Latin America before 28 September 2020. A search strategy was designed to identify studies published in Medline via PubMed and LILACS. The search strategy included terms related to green spaces combined with keywords related to health and geographical location. No time limit for the publication was chosen. The search was limited to English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French published articles and humans’ studies. (4) Findings: This systematic review found 19 epidemiological studies in Latin America related to green spaces and health outcomes. Nine studies were conducted in Brazil, six in Mexico, three in Colombia, and one in Chile. In terms of study design, 14 were cross-sectional studies, 3 ecological, and 2 cohort studies. The population included among the studies ranged from 120 persons to 103 million. The green space definition used among studies was green density or proximity (eight studies), green presence (five studies), green spaces index (four studies), and green space visit (two studies). The health outcomes included were mental health (six studies), overweight and obesity (three studies), quality of life (three studies), mortality (two studies), cardiorespiratory disease (one study), disability (one study), falls (one study), and life expectancy (one study). Eleven studies found a positive association between green spaces and health, and eight studies found no association. (5) Conclusion: This systematic review identified 19 epidemiological studies associating green spaces and health outcomes in Latin America. Most of the evidence suggests a positive association between green spaces and health in the region. However, most of the evidence was supported by cross-sectional studies. Prioritizing longitudinal studies with harmonized exposure and outcome definitions and including vulnerable and susceptible populations is needed in the region.

ACS Style

David Rojas-Rueda; Elida Vaught; Daniel Buss. Why a New Research Agenda on Green Spaces and Health Is Needed in Latin America: Results of a Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 5839 .

AMA Style

David Rojas-Rueda, Elida Vaught, Daniel Buss. Why a New Research Agenda on Green Spaces and Health Is Needed in Latin America: Results of a Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (11):5839.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Rojas-Rueda; Elida Vaught; Daniel Buss. 2021. "Why a New Research Agenda on Green Spaces and Health Is Needed in Latin America: Results of a Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5839.

Book chapter
Published: 12 May 2021 in Handbook of Global Health
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The Environmental Burden of Disease (EBoD) is a tool to integrate health metrics and evidence into the public health decision-making process. EBoD helps to integrate morbidity and mortality in the same unit, estimating base on the life expectancy and the natural history of the disease, those years that certain populations will live with a disability related to specific health diagnosis and those years of life lost due to premature death related to an environmental risk factor. EBoD is a tool that can help health professionals and stakeholders understand the impact of different environmental exposures on diseases and causes of death in a population. EBoD can also help to compare how different health and nonhealth interventions can impact public health. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the EBoD concept and how it is commonly being conducted.

ACS Style

David Rojas-Rueda. Environmental Burden of Disease. Handbook of Global Health 2021, 2197 -2209.

AMA Style

David Rojas-Rueda. Environmental Burden of Disease. Handbook of Global Health. 2021; ():2197-2209.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Rojas-Rueda. 2021. "Environmental Burden of Disease." Handbook of Global Health , no. : 2197-2209.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Environmental Research
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Air pollution is one of the top 10 global health risk factors and has been associated with premature mortality, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, respiratory, and metabolic disease. Currently, there is a lack of health assessments on the public health impacts of air pollution in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study aims to assess the ambient particulate matter burden of disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A comparative risk assessment (CRA) using the 2017 Global Burden of Disease was performed to estimate ambient particulate matter exposure, mortality, and lost years of a healthy life. Saudi Arabia population-weighted mean concentrations of particle mass with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2·5 μm (PM2.5), at an approximate 11 km × 11 km resolution was estimated using satellite-based estimates, chemical transport models, and ground-level measurements. The CRA for PM2.5 was based on relative risks originated from epidemiological studies using integrated exposure-response functions for ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, lower respiratory infections, and type 2 diabetes. Mortality, years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to PM2.5 were estimated at the national level for all ages and both sexes from 1990 to 2017. In 2017, the annual exposure to ambient particulate matter in the population-weighted mean PM2.5 in Saudi Arabia was 87.9 μg/m3 (95% UI 29.6–197.9). The PM2.5 population-weighted mean has increased by 24% since 1990. Annual deaths attributable to PM2.5 were estimated at 8536 (95% UI 6046–11,080), representing 9% of the total annual deaths in Saudi Arabia. In 2017, 315,200 (95% UI 231,608–401,926) DALYs were attributable to PM2.5. Males contributed to 67% (209,822 (95% UI 151,322–277,503)) of DALYs, and females contributed to 33% (105,378 (95% UI 76,014–135,269) of DALYs. Ischemic heart disease represented 44% of the PM2.5 attributable DALYs, followed by type 2 diabetes (20%), lower respiratory infections (13%), stroke (11%), COPD (10%), and tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (3%). In 2017, 240,966 (95% UI 168,833–319,178) years of life lost (YLL) and 74,234 (95% UI 50,229–100,410) years lived with disability (YLD) were attributed to PM2.5. Ambient particulate matter is the fifth health risk factor in Saudi Arabia, contributing 9% of total mortality. Over the past 27 years, estimated exposure levels of PM2.5 in Saudi Arabia have been above WHO's air quality guidelines. Although since 2011 mortality and DALY rates attributable to PM2.5 have decreased, air pollution concentrations continue to increase. National and local authorities in Saudi Arabia should consider policies to reduce industrial and traffic-related air pollution in combination with the strengthening of current investments and improvements in health care and prevention services.

ACS Style

D. Rojas-Rueda; W. Alsufyani; C. Herbst; S. AlBalawi; R. Alsukait; M. Alomran. Ambient particulate matter burden of disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Environmental Research 2021, 197, 111036 .

AMA Style

D. Rojas-Rueda, W. Alsufyani, C. Herbst, S. AlBalawi, R. Alsukait, M. Alomran. Ambient particulate matter burden of disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Environmental Research. 2021; 197 ():111036.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Rojas-Rueda; W. Alsufyani; C. Herbst; S. AlBalawi; R. Alsukait; M. Alomran. 2021. "Ambient particulate matter burden of disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Environmental Research 197, no. : 111036.

Review
Published: 05 March 2021 in Current Environmental Health Reports
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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted daily-life activities around the world. Multiple countries and cities are implementing different mitigation strategies to reduce their transmission (e.g., physical distancing, stay-at-home orders, avoiding large gatherings). Such interventions have been related to positive and negative health externalities. Currently, the selection of mitigation strategies has not been systematically considering a long-term vision for urban health equity. This review presents evidence and a framework linking COVID-19 mitigation strategies, the built environment, and transport to health determinants and outcomes. In addition, the paper provides a set of urban interventions aimed at supporting COVID-19 mitigation strategies and promoting a long-term health equity vision. COVID-19 mitigation strategies, in addition to helping reduce disease transmission, have also decreased urban road transport, resulting in indirect benefits on air quality, traffic noise, and traffic incidents. On the other hand, the same mitigation strategies have had negative impacts on physical activity, mental health, home isolation, and access to transport options, among others. COVID-19 mitigation strategies are an opportunity to test and implement built environment and transport interventions aimed to maximize health equity and minimize health risks. National and local authorities should systematically integrate a long-term urban health equity vision when designing and implementing COVID-19 mitigation strategies. COVID-19 offers an opportunity to rethink the built environment and transport infrastructure with the aim to support short-term mitigation strategies and reduce long-term urban health inequities.

ACS Style

David Rojas-Rueda; Emily Morales-Zamora. Built Environment, Transport, and COVID-19: a Review. Current Environmental Health Reports 2021, 8, 138 -145.

AMA Style

David Rojas-Rueda, Emily Morales-Zamora. Built Environment, Transport, and COVID-19: a Review. Current Environmental Health Reports. 2021; 8 (2):138-145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Rojas-Rueda; Emily Morales-Zamora. 2021. "Built Environment, Transport, and COVID-19: a Review." Current Environmental Health Reports 8, no. 2: 138-145.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Bicycling has been associated with health benefits. Local and national authorities have been promoting bicycling as a tool to improve public health and the environment. Mexico is one of the largest Latin American countries, with high levels of sedentarism and non-communicable diseases. No previous studies have estimated the health impacts of Mexico’s national bicycling scenarios. Aim: Quantify the health impacts of Mexico urban bicycling scenarios. Methodology: Quantitative Health Impact Assessment, estimating health risks and benefits of bicycling scenarios in 51,718,756 adult urban inhabitants in Mexico (between 20 and 64 years old). Five bike scenarios were created based on current bike trends in Mexico. The number of premature deaths (increased or reduced) was estimated in relation to physical activity, road traffic fatalities, and air pollution. Input data were collected from national publicly available data sources from transport, environment, health and population reports, and surveys, in addition to scientific literature. Results: We estimated that nine premature deaths are prevented each year among urban populations in Mexico on the current car-bike substitution and trip levels (1% of bike trips), with an annual health economic benefit of US $1,897,920. If Mexico achieves similar trip levels to those reported in The Netherlands (27% of bike trips), 217 premature deaths could be saved annually, with an economic impact of US $45,760,960. In all bicycling scenarios assessed in Mexico, physical activity’s health benefits outweighed the health risks related to traffic fatalities and air pollution exposure. Conclusion: The study found that bicycling promotion in Mexico would provide important health benefits. The benefits of physical activity outweigh the risk from traffic fatalities and air pollution exposure in bicyclists. At the national level, Mexico could consider using sustainable transport policies as a tool to promote public health. Specifically, the support of active transportation through bicycling and urban design improvements could encourage physical activity and its health co-benefits.

ACS Style

David Rojas-Rueda. Health Impacts of Urban Bicycling in Mexico. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 2300 .

AMA Style

David Rojas-Rueda. Health Impacts of Urban Bicycling in Mexico. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (5):2300.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Rojas-Rueda. 2021. "Health Impacts of Urban Bicycling in Mexico." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2300.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The importance of setting a policy focus on promoting cycling and walking as sustainable and healthy modes of transport is increasingly recognized. However, to date a science-driven scoring system to assess the policy environment for cycling and walking is lacking. In this study, spreadsheet-based scoring systems for cycling and walking were developed, including six dimensions (cycling/walking culture, social acceptance, perception of traffic safety, advocacy, politics and urban planning). Feasibility was tested using qualitative data from pre-specified sections of semi-standardized interview and workshop reports from a European research project in seven cities, assessed independently by two experts. Disagreements were resolved by discussions of no more than 75 minutes per city. On the dimension “perception of traffic safety”, quantitative panel data were used. While the interrater agreement was fair, feasibility was confirmed in general. Validity testing against social norms towards active travel, modal split and network length was encouraging for the policy area of cycling. Rating the policy friendliness for cycling and walking separately was found to be appropriate, as different cities received the highest scores for each. Replicating this approach in a more standardized way would pave the way towards a transparent, evidence-based system for benchmarking policy approaches of cities towards cycling and walking.

ACS Style

Sonja Kahlmeier; Esther Anaya Boig; Castro Fernandez A.; Emilia Smeds; Fabrizio Benvenuti; Ulf Eriksson; Francesco Iacorossi; Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen; Luc Int Panis; David Rojas-Rueda; Sandra Wegener; Audrey de Nazelle. Assessing the Policy Environment for Active Mobility in Cities—Development and Feasibility of the PASTA Cycling and Walking Policy Environment Score. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 986 .

AMA Style

Sonja Kahlmeier, Esther Anaya Boig, Castro Fernandez A., Emilia Smeds, Fabrizio Benvenuti, Ulf Eriksson, Francesco Iacorossi, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen, Luc Int Panis, David Rojas-Rueda, Sandra Wegener, Audrey de Nazelle. Assessing the Policy Environment for Active Mobility in Cities—Development and Feasibility of the PASTA Cycling and Walking Policy Environment Score. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (3):986.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonja Kahlmeier; Esther Anaya Boig; Castro Fernandez A.; Emilia Smeds; Fabrizio Benvenuti; Ulf Eriksson; Francesco Iacorossi; Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen; Luc Int Panis; David Rojas-Rueda; Sandra Wegener; Audrey de Nazelle. 2021. "Assessing the Policy Environment for Active Mobility in Cities—Development and Feasibility of the PASTA Cycling and Walking Policy Environment Score." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 986.

Preprint content
Published: 19 January 2021
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Active travel (walking or cycling for transport) is considered the most sustainable form of personal transport. Yet its net effects on mobility-related CO2 emissions are complex and under-researched. Here we collected travel activity data in seven European cities and derived life cycle CO2 emissions across modes and purposes. Daily mobility-related life cycle CO2 emissions were 3.2 kgCO2 per person, with car travel contributing 70% and cycling 1%. Cyclists had 84% lower life cycle CO2 emissions than non-cyclists. Life cycle CO2 emissions decreased by -14% per additional cycling trip and decreased by -62% for each avoided car trip. An average person who ‘shifted travel modes’ from car to bike decreased life cycle CO2 emissions by 3.2 kgCO2/day. Promoting active travel should be a cornerstone of strategies to meet net zero carbon targets, particularly in urban areas, while also improving public health and quality of urban life.

ACS Style

Christian Brand; Evi Dons; Esther Anaya-Boig; Ione Avila-Palencia; Anna Clark; Audrey De Nazelle; Mireia Gascon; Mailin Gaupp-Berghausen; Regine Gerike; Thomas Gotschi; Francesco Iacorossi; Sonja Kahlmeier; Michelle Laeremans; Mark Nieuwenhuijsen; Juan Orjuela Mendoza; Francesca Racioppi; Elisabeth Raser; David Rojas Rueda; Arnout Standaert; Erik Stigell; Simona Sulikova; Sandra Wegener; Luc Int Panis. The climate change mitigation effects of daily active travel in cities. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Christian Brand, Evi Dons, Esther Anaya-Boig, Ione Avila-Palencia, Anna Clark, Audrey De Nazelle, Mireia Gascon, Mailin Gaupp-Berghausen, Regine Gerike, Thomas Gotschi, Francesco Iacorossi, Sonja Kahlmeier, Michelle Laeremans, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Juan Orjuela Mendoza, Francesca Racioppi, Elisabeth Raser, David Rojas Rueda, Arnout Standaert, Erik Stigell, Simona Sulikova, Sandra Wegener, Luc Int Panis. The climate change mitigation effects of daily active travel in cities. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christian Brand; Evi Dons; Esther Anaya-Boig; Ione Avila-Palencia; Anna Clark; Audrey De Nazelle; Mireia Gascon; Mailin Gaupp-Berghausen; Regine Gerike; Thomas Gotschi; Francesco Iacorossi; Sonja Kahlmeier; Michelle Laeremans; Mark Nieuwenhuijsen; Juan Orjuela Mendoza; Francesca Racioppi; Elisabeth Raser; David Rojas Rueda; Arnout Standaert; Erik Stigell; Simona Sulikova; Sandra Wegener; Luc Int Panis. 2021. "The climate change mitigation effects of daily active travel in cities." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 15 January 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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: Background: Environmental health is a growing area of knowledge, continually increasing and updating the body of evidence linking the environment to human health. Aim: This study summarizes the epidemiological evidence on environmental risk factors from meta-analyses through an umbrella review. Methods: An umbrella review was conducted on meta-analyses of cohort, case-control, case-crossover, and time-series studies that evaluated the associations between environmental risk factors and health outcomes defined as incidence, prevalence, and mortality. The specific search strategy was designed in PubMed using free text and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms related to risk factors, environment, health outcomes, observational studies, and meta-analysis. The search was limited to English, Spanish, and French published articles and studies on humans. The search was conducted on September 20, 2020. Risk factors were defined as any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or death. The environment was defined as the external elements and conditions that surround, influence, and affect a human organism or population’s life and development. The environment definition included the physical environment such as nature, built environment, or pollution, but not the social environment. We excluded occupational exposures, microorganisms, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), behavioral risk factors, and no-natural disasters. Results: This umbrella review found 197 associations among 69 environmental exposures and 83 diseases and death causes reported in 103 publications. The environmental factors found in this review were air pollution, environmental tobacco smoke, heavy metals, chemicals, ambient temperature, noise, radiation, and urban residential surroundings. Among these, we identified 65 environmental exposures defined as risk factors and 4 environmental protective factors. In terms of study design, 57 included cohort and/or case-control studies, and 46 included time-series and/or case-crossover studies. In terms of the study population, 21 included children, and the rest included adult population and both sexes. In this review, the largest body of evidence was found in air pollution (91 associations among 14 air pollution definitions and 34 diseases and mortality diagnoses), followed by environmental tobacco smoke with 24 associations. Chemicals (including pesticides) were the third larger group of environmental exposures found among the meta-analyses included, with 19 associations. Conclusion: Environmental exposures are an important health determinant. This review provides an overview of an evolving research area and should be used as a complementary tool to understand the connections between the environment and human health. The evidence presented by this review should help to design public health interventions and the implementation of health in all policies approach aiming to improve populational health.

ACS Style

David Rojas-Rueda; Emily Morales-Zamora; Wael Abdullah Alsufyani; Christopher H. Herbst; Salem M. AlBalawi; Reem Alsukait; Mashael Alomran. Environmental Risk Factors and Health: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 704 .

AMA Style

David Rojas-Rueda, Emily Morales-Zamora, Wael Abdullah Alsufyani, Christopher H. Herbst, Salem M. AlBalawi, Reem Alsukait, Mashael Alomran. Environmental Risk Factors and Health: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (2):704.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Rojas-Rueda; Emily Morales-Zamora; Wael Abdullah Alsufyani; Christopher H. Herbst; Salem M. AlBalawi; Reem Alsukait; Mashael Alomran. 2021. "Environmental Risk Factors and Health: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 704.

Journal article
Published: 14 January 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Ciclovía Recreativa is a program in which streets are closed off to automobiles so that people have a safe and inclusive space for recreation and for being physically active. The study aims were: (1) to compare participant’s spatial trajectories in four Ciclovía Recreativa programs in Latin America (Bogotá, Mexico City, Santiago de Cali, and Santiago de Chile) according to socioeconomic characteristics and urban segregation of these cities; and (2) to assess the relationship between participants’ physical activity (PA) levels and sociodemographic characteristics. We harmonized data of cross-sectional studies including 3282 adults collected between 2015 and 2019. We found the highest mobility for recreation in Bogotá, followed closely by Santiago de Cali. In these two cities, the maximum SES (socioeconomic status) percentile differences between the neighborhood of origin and the neighborhoods visited as part of the Ciclovía use were 33.58 (p-value < 0.001) and 30.38 (p-value < 0.001), respectively, indicating that in these two cities, participants were more likely to visit higher or lower SES neighborhoods than their average SES-of-neighborhood origin. By contrast, participants from Mexico City and Santiago de Chile were more likely to stay in geographic units similar to their average SES-of-origin, having lower overall mobility during leisure time: maximum SES percentile difference 1.55 (p-value < 0.001) and −0.91 (p-value 0.001), respectively. PA levels of participants did not differ by sex or SES. Our results suggest that Ciclovía can be a socially inclusive program in highly unequal and segregated urban environments, which provides a space for PA whilefacilitat physical proximity, exposure to new communities and environments, and interactions between different socioeconomic groups.

ACS Style

Carlos Mejia-Arbelaez; Olga Sarmiento; Rodrigo Mora Vega; Mónica Flores Castillo; Ricardo Truffello; Lina Martínez; Catalina Medina; Oscar Guaje; José Pinzón Ortiz; Andres Useche; David Rojas-Rueda; Xavier Delclòs-Alió. Social Inclusion and Physical Activity in Ciclovía Recreativa Programs in Latin America. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 655 .

AMA Style

Carlos Mejia-Arbelaez, Olga Sarmiento, Rodrigo Mora Vega, Mónica Flores Castillo, Ricardo Truffello, Lina Martínez, Catalina Medina, Oscar Guaje, José Pinzón Ortiz, Andres Useche, David Rojas-Rueda, Xavier Delclòs-Alió. Social Inclusion and Physical Activity in Ciclovía Recreativa Programs in Latin America. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (2):655.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Mejia-Arbelaez; Olga Sarmiento; Rodrigo Mora Vega; Mónica Flores Castillo; Ricardo Truffello; Lina Martínez; Catalina Medina; Oscar Guaje; José Pinzón Ortiz; Andres Useche; David Rojas-Rueda; Xavier Delclòs-Alió. 2021. "Social Inclusion and Physical Activity in Ciclovía Recreativa Programs in Latin America." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 655.

Data article
Published: 15 December 2020 in Data in Brief
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Participatory quantitative Health Impact Assessments (HIAs) in developing countries are rare partly due to data scarcity. This paper reports on primary data collected in the city of Port Louis to complete a HIA of urban transport planning in Mauritius. We conducted a full-chain participatory HIA to assess health impacts on the basis of a transport mode shift in Port Louis, Mauritius [1]. By applying mixed-methods, we estimated averted deaths per year and economic outcomes by assessing the health determinants of air pollution, traffic deaths and physical activity. The participatory quantitative HIA included [1] baseline data collection [2] co-validation of transport policy scenarios with stakeholders and [3] quantitative modelling of health impacts. We used the risk assessment method for HIA appraisal. The data can be reused for epidemiological analysis and different types of impact assessments.

ACS Style

M. Thondoo; D. Rojas-Rueda; D. de Vries; N. Naraynen; M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen; J. Gupta. Data for a city-level health impact assessment of urban transport in Mauritius. Data in Brief 2020, 34, 106658 .

AMA Style

M. Thondoo, D. Rojas-Rueda, D. de Vries, N. Naraynen, M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen, J. Gupta. Data for a city-level health impact assessment of urban transport in Mauritius. Data in Brief. 2020; 34 ():106658.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Thondoo; D. Rojas-Rueda; D. de Vries; N. Naraynen; M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen; J. Gupta. 2020. "Data for a city-level health impact assessment of urban transport in Mauritius." Data in Brief 34, no. : 106658.

Reference work
Published: 26 November 2020 in Handbook of Global Health
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The Environmental Burden of Disease (EBoD) is a tool to integrate health metrics and evidence into the public health decision-making process. EBoD helps to integrate morbidity and mortality in the same unit, estimating base on the life expectancy and the natural history of the disease, those years that certain populations will live with a disability related to specific health diagnosis and those years of life lost due to premature death related to an environmental risk factor. EBoD is a tool that can help health professionals and stakeholders understand the impact of different environmental exposures on diseases and causes of death in a population. EBoD can also help to compare how different health and nonhealth interventions can impact public health. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the EBoD concept and how it is commonly being conducted.

ACS Style

David Rojas-Rueda. Environmental Burden of Disease. Handbook of Global Health 2020, 1 -13.

AMA Style

David Rojas-Rueda. Environmental Burden of Disease. Handbook of Global Health. 2020; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Rojas-Rueda. 2020. "Environmental Burden of Disease." Handbook of Global Health , no. : 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 21 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Conducting health impact assessments (HIAs) is a growing practice in various organizations and countries, yet scholarly interest in HIAs has primarily focused on the synergies between exposure and health outcomes. This limits our understanding of what factors influence HIAs and the uptake of their outcomes. This paper presents a framework for conducting participatory quantitative HIA (PQHIA) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including integrating the outcomes back into society after an HIA is conducted. The study responds to the question: what are the different components of a participatory quantitative model that can influence HIA implementation in LMICs? Methods: To build the framework, we used a case study from a PQHIA fieldwork model developed in Port Louis (Mauritius). To explore thinking on the participatory components of the framework, we extract and analyze data from ethnographic material including fieldnotes, interviews, focus group discussions and feedback exercises with 14 stakeholders from the same case study. We confirm the validity of the ethnographic data using five quality criteria: credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability, and authenticity. We build the PQHIA framework connecting the main HIA steps with factors influencing HIAs. Results: The final framework depicts the five standard HIA stages and summarizes participatory activities and outcomes. It also reflects key factors influencing PQHIA practice and uptake of HIA outcomes: costs for participation, HIA knowledge and interest of stakeholders, social responsibility of policymakers, existing policies, data availability, citizen participation, multi-level stakeholder engagement and multisectoral coordination. The framework suggests that factors necessary to complete a participatory HIA are the same needed to re-integrate HIA results back into the society. There are three different areas that can act as facilitators to PQHIAs: good governance, evidence-based policy making, and access to resources. Conclusions: The framework has several implications for research and practice. It underlines the importance of applying participatory approaches critically while providing a blueprint for methods to engage local stakeholders. Participatory approaches in quantitative HIAs are complex and demand a nuanced understanding of the context. Therefore, the political and cultural contexts in which HIA is conducted will define how the framework is applied. Finally, the framework underlines that participation in HIA does not need to be expensive or time consuming for the assessor or the participant. Yet, participatory quantitative models need to be contextually developed and integrated if they are to provide health benefits and be beneficial for the participants. This integration can be facilitated by investing in opportunities that fuel good governance and evidence-based policy making.

ACS Style

Meelan Thondoo; Daniel H. De Vries; David Rojas-Rueda; Yashila Ramkalam; Ersilia Verlinghieri; Joyeeta Gupta; Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen. Framework for Participatory Quantitative Health Impact Assessment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7688 .

AMA Style

Meelan Thondoo, Daniel H. De Vries, David Rojas-Rueda, Yashila Ramkalam, Ersilia Verlinghieri, Joyeeta Gupta, Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen. Framework for Participatory Quantitative Health Impact Assessment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (20):7688.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meelan Thondoo; Daniel H. De Vries; David Rojas-Rueda; Yashila Ramkalam; Ersilia Verlinghieri; Joyeeta Gupta; Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen. 2020. "Framework for Participatory Quantitative Health Impact Assessment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7688.

Journal article
Published: 09 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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The World Health Organization’s Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for walking and cycling is a user-friendly web-based tool to assess the health impacts of active travel. HEAT, developed over 10 years ago, has been used by researchers, planners and policymakers alike in appraisals of walking and cycling policies at both national and more local scales. HEAT has undergone regular upgrades adopting the latest scientific evidence. This article presents the most recent upgrades of the tool. The health impacts of walking and/or cycling in a specified population are quantified in terms of premature deaths avoided (or caused). In addition to the calculation of benefits derived from physical activity, HEAT was recently expanded to include assessments of the burden associated with air pollution exposure and crash risks while walking or cycling. Further, the impacts on carbon emissions from mode shifts to active travel modes can now be assessed. The monetization of impacts using Value of Statistical Life and Social Costs of Carbon now uses country-specific values. As active travel inherently results in often substantial health benefits as well as not always negligible risks, assessments of active travel behavior or policies are incomplete without considering health implications. The recent developments of HEAT make it easier than ever to obtain ballpark estimates of health impacts and carbon emissions related to walking and cycling.

ACS Style

Thomas Götschi; Sonja Kahlmeier; Alberto Castro; Christian Brand; Nick Cavill; Paul Kelly; Christoph Lieb; David Rojas-Rueda; James Woodcock; Francesca Racioppi. Integrated Impact Assessment of Active Travel: Expanding the Scope of the Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for Walking and Cycling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7361 .

AMA Style

Thomas Götschi, Sonja Kahlmeier, Alberto Castro, Christian Brand, Nick Cavill, Paul Kelly, Christoph Lieb, David Rojas-Rueda, James Woodcock, Francesca Racioppi. Integrated Impact Assessment of Active Travel: Expanding the Scope of the Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for Walking and Cycling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (20):7361.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Götschi; Sonja Kahlmeier; Alberto Castro; Christian Brand; Nick Cavill; Paul Kelly; Christoph Lieb; David Rojas-Rueda; James Woodcock; Francesca Racioppi. 2020. "Integrated Impact Assessment of Active Travel: Expanding the Scope of the Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for Walking and Cycling." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20: 7361.

Preprint
Published: 15 September 2020
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The World Health Organization’s Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for walking and cycling is a user-friendly web-based tool to assess health impacts of active travel. HEAT, developed over 10 years ago, has been used by researchers, planners and policymakers alike in appraisals of walking and cycling policies of both national and more local scales. HEAT has undergone regular upgrades adopting the latest scientific evidence. This article presents the most recent upgrades of the tool. Health impacts of walking and/or cycling in a specified population are quantified in terms of premature deaths avoided (or caused). In addition to the calculation of benefits from physical activity, HEAT was recently expanded to include assessments of the burden associated with air pollution exposure and crash risks while walking or cycling. Further, impacts on carbon emissions from mode shift to active travel modes can now be assessed. Monetization of impacts using Value of Statistical Life and Social Costs of Carbon now uses country-specific values. As active travel inherently results in often substantial health benefits as well as not always negligible risks, assessments of active travel behaviour or policies are incomplete without considering health implications. The recent developments of HEAT make it easier than ever to obtain ballpark estimates of health impacts and carbon emissions related to walking and cycling.

ACS Style

Thomas Götschi; Sonja Kahlmeier; Alberto Castro Fernandez; Christian Brand; Nick Cavill; Paul Kelly; Christoph Lieb; David Rojas Rueda; James Woodcock; Francesca Racioppi. Integrated Impact Assessment of Active Travel: Expanding the Scope of the Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for Walking and Cycling. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Thomas Götschi, Sonja Kahlmeier, Alberto Castro Fernandez, Christian Brand, Nick Cavill, Paul Kelly, Christoph Lieb, David Rojas Rueda, James Woodcock, Francesca Racioppi. Integrated Impact Assessment of Active Travel: Expanding the Scope of the Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for Walking and Cycling. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Götschi; Sonja Kahlmeier; Alberto Castro Fernandez; Christian Brand; Nick Cavill; Paul Kelly; Christoph Lieb; David Rojas Rueda; James Woodcock; Francesca Racioppi. 2020. "Integrated Impact Assessment of Active Travel: Expanding the Scope of the Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for Walking and Cycling." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 16 July 2020
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Active travel (walking or cycling for transport) is considered the most sustainable form of getting from A to B. Yet the net effects of active travel on mobility-related CO2 emissions are complex and under-researched. Here we collected travel activity data in seven European cities and derived lifecycle CO2 emissions from daily travel activity. Daily mobility-related lifecycle CO2 emissions were 3.2 kgCO2 per person, with car travel contributing 70% and cycling 1%. Cyclists had 84% lower lifecycle CO2 emissions from all daily travel than non-cyclists. Lifecycle CO2 emissions decreased by -14% (95%CI -12% to -16%) per additional cycling trip and decreased by -62% (95%CI -61% to -63%) for each avoided car trip. An average person who ‘shifted travel modes’ from car to bike decreased lifecycle CO2 emissions by 3.2 (95%CI 2.0 to 5.2) kgCO2/day, and using a bike as the ‘main method of travel’ gave 7.1 (95%CI 4.8 to 10.4) kgCO2/day lower lifecycle CO2 emissions than mainly using a car or van. Investing in and promoting active travel should be a cornerstone of strategies to meet net zero carbon targets, particularly in urban areas, while also improving public health and quality of urban life.

ACS Style

Christian Brand; Evi Dons; Esther Anaya-Boig; Ione Avila-Palencia; Anna Clark; Audrey De Nazelle; Mireia Gascon; Mailin Gaupp-Berghausen; Regine Gerike; Thomas Gotschi; Francesco Iacorossi; Sonja Kahlmeier; Michelle Laeremans; Mark Nieuwenhuijsen; Juan Orjuela Mendoza; Francesca Racioppi; Elisabeth Raser; David Rojas Rueda; Arnout Standaert; Erik Stigell; Simona Sulikova; Sandra Wegener; Luc Int Panis. The climate change mitigation effects of active travel. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Christian Brand, Evi Dons, Esther Anaya-Boig, Ione Avila-Palencia, Anna Clark, Audrey De Nazelle, Mireia Gascon, Mailin Gaupp-Berghausen, Regine Gerike, Thomas Gotschi, Francesco Iacorossi, Sonja Kahlmeier, Michelle Laeremans, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Juan Orjuela Mendoza, Francesca Racioppi, Elisabeth Raser, David Rojas Rueda, Arnout Standaert, Erik Stigell, Simona Sulikova, Sandra Wegener, Luc Int Panis. The climate change mitigation effects of active travel. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christian Brand; Evi Dons; Esther Anaya-Boig; Ione Avila-Palencia; Anna Clark; Audrey De Nazelle; Mireia Gascon; Mailin Gaupp-Berghausen; Regine Gerike; Thomas Gotschi; Francesco Iacorossi; Sonja Kahlmeier; Michelle Laeremans; Mark Nieuwenhuijsen; Juan Orjuela Mendoza; Francesca Racioppi; Elisabeth Raser; David Rojas Rueda; Arnout Standaert; Erik Stigell; Simona Sulikova; Sandra Wegener; Luc Int Panis. 2020. "The climate change mitigation effects of active travel." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Environmental Research
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Air pollution is one of the major health risk factors in urban populations. Air pollution has been associated with asthma in children. Air pollution has also been suggested to be distributed unequally within the cities, something that can lead to urban health inequalities. We aimed to estimate the number of childhood asthma cases attributable to three main air pollutants; Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Particulate Matter (PM 2.5), and Black Carbon (BC) in the city of Barcelona, Spain. We also aimed to describe the distribution of those impacts depending on the social deprivation index in Barcelona. We estimated the number of childhood asthma cases in Barcelona by applying a quantitative Health Impact Assessment (HIA) approach. Air pollution (NO2, PM2.5, and BC) exposure assessment was estimated using a land-use regression model. Two scenarios were assessed and compared the current levels of air pollution with 1) achieving the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline on exposure levels for NO2 and PM2.5 (scenario 1); and 2) achieving the minimum reported levels in a previously published meta-analysis (scenario 2), from where we also obtained the exposure-response functions. The relative risk and population attributable fraction (PAF) for each scenario and pollutant were estimated. Using the asthma incidence rate in Spain the expected number of asthma cases in Barcelona attributable to NO2, PM2.5, and BC for each scenario was estimated. The annual average levels of NO2, PM2.5, and BC at census levels were 56 μg/m3, 17.11 μg/m3, and 2.88 μg/m3, respectively. The number of asthma cases attributable to NO2 and PM2.5 (percentage of total cases) estimated in scenario 1 was 454 (18%) and 478 (19%) respectively. For scenario 2, the estimated number of cases attributable to NO2, PM2.5, and BC were 1230 (48%), 992 (39%) and 789 (31%) respectively. Although NO2 and BC showed differences between asthma cases and areas with different deprivation index, only BC differences were statistically significant between less and more deprived areas. This study estimated that up to 1230 (48%) of asthma cases in Barcelona could be attributable to air pollution each year. This study also found that in Barcelona, less socially deprived groups could be more affected by asthma-related to air pollution than those more socially deprived.

ACS Style

I. Pierangeli; Mark Nieuwenhuijsen; M. Cirach; D. Rojas-Rueda. Health equity and burden of childhood asthma - related to air pollution in Barcelona. Environmental Research 2020, 186, 109067 .

AMA Style

I. Pierangeli, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, M. Cirach, D. Rojas-Rueda. Health equity and burden of childhood asthma - related to air pollution in Barcelona. Environmental Research. 2020; 186 ():109067.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I. Pierangeli; Mark Nieuwenhuijsen; M. Cirach; D. Rojas-Rueda. 2020. "Health equity and burden of childhood asthma - related to air pollution in Barcelona." Environmental Research 186, no. : 109067.