Lignans are bioactive compounds that are especially abundant in the Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) knotwood. By combining a variety of chromatographic, spectroscopic and imaging techniques, we were able to quantify, qualify and localise the easily extractable lignans in the xylem tissue. The knotwood samples contained 15 different lignans according to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. They comprised 16% of the knotwood dry weight and 82% of the acetone extract. The main lignans were found to be hydroxymatairesinols HMR1 and HMR2. Cryosectioned and resin-embedded ultrathin sections of the knotwood were analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). Cryosectioning was found to retain only lignan residues inside the cell lumina. In the resin-embedded samples, lignan was interpreted to be unevenly distributed inside the cell lumina, and partially confined in deposits which were either readily present in the lumina or formed when OsO₄ used in staining reacted with the lignans. Furthermore, the multi-technique characterisation enabled us to obtain information on the chemical composition of the structural components of knotwood. A simple spectral analysis of the STXM data gave consistent results with the gas chromatographic methods about the relative amounts of cell wall components (lignin and polysaccharides). The STXM analysis also indicated that a torus of a bordered pit contained aromatic compounds, possibly lignin.

Tracheid length and width patterns from pith to bark at a height of 0.6 m in uneven-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees were studied. Identification of the main factors and a comparison with even-aged stands were also carried out. Ninety-six trees were sampled from experimental stands in southern Finland. The material encompassed the variation in tracheid properties from early years to silvicultural maturity, i.e., from corewood to outerwood up to a cambial age of 111 years. Data from 39 Norway spruce trees from even-aged stands were utilized for comparison. Models fitted to the data indicated that annual ring widths did not influence mean tracheid dimensions but that the latewood proportion had a significant influence on tracheid dimensions. Tracheids in uneven-aged stands were slightly wider and longer at the base of the stem in trees with a similar diameter, cambial age, and annual ring number.

This study focused on wood distortion of boards sawn from Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees grown in uneven-aged stands. The stands were multi-aged with tree ages up to 170 years. In total, 60 trees were harvested from six stands that had been managed by single-tree selection for decades. A butt log and a top log were sawn from each tree, both 2.5 m long. Wood deformations were measured from boards dried to an average moisture content of 7–10% from the 2.5 m long boards. A linear mixed model was constructed to describe the variation in twist deformations in the boards after drying. According to the model analysis, twist increased with greater grain angle, greater average annual ring width and relative ring width difference, greater knot size and count, and the interaction of grain angle with the vertical log position along the stem. Greater distance of the board from the pith was associated with lesser twist. Contrary to expectations, proportion of compression wood and tree position in the stand diameter distribution were not correlated with twist. Pin knots, although their occurrence and size was minimal, had a high degree of correlation with twist. The occurrence and severity of twist remained approximately at the same level as in even-aged Norway spruce as observed in other studies.