Augmented reality and virtual reality, collectively called extended reality (XR), has made substantial strides in the education sector in both theory and practice. Existing active research focuses on implementation by educators to teach real-world phenomena, and for students to learn through an immersive experience. This article surveys existing research in XR with special focus on the implications of immersive extended realities for teaching and learning engineering mathematics in institutes of higher learning. We also survey various interactive multimedia associated with XR before examining the implications of XR as an educational tool for existing mathematics pedagogy. Finally, the contribution of this scoping review is to provide an adaptable framework on XR implementation for educators, and potential academic advances for researchers.

Fractals play an important role in nonlinear science. The most important parameter when modeling a fractal is the fractal dimension. Existing information dimension can calculate the dimension of probability distribution. However, calculating the fractal dimension given a mass function, which is the generalization of probability, is still an open problem of immense interest. The main contribution of this work is to propose an information fractal dimension of mass function. Numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of our proposed dimension. We discover an important property in that the dimension of mass function with the maximum Deng entropy is $\frac{ln3}{ln2}\approx 1.585$ , which is the well-known fractal dimension of Sierpiski triangle. The application in complexity analysis of time series illustrates the effectiveness of our method.