Blazing of fossil energy resources generally changes the global climate. Speeding up of global temperate nowadays is an important aspect. Emission of greenhouse gases mainly from blazing of fossil energy resources is one of the most important sources. So, to carry the significant energy and to reduce air pollution, biofuels might be a substitute energy sources. The unnecessary utilization of fossil energy resources or fuels results deficient in the storage in underground earth then people naturally have to depend on biofuels. Consequently increasing demand for the manufacture of biofuels will put a huge burden on agriculture and food prices. Biofuels generally attributed as liquid fuels which are made from the biomass. This consists of mostly wood, vegetable oils, forestry products, agricultural crops, agricultural residues or municipal garbage, residues of domestic animal wastes and aquatic plants. In this review, we summarized the different types of biofuels including biodiesel and their comparative study, production and uses from an ecological perspective.

The standard free energies (ΔG⁰ _t(i)) and entropies (ΔS⁰ _t(i)) of transfer of DL-serine and DL-phenylalanine from water (1) to aqueous mixtures of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (2) at 298.15 K are reported in the present study. The transfer energies have been determined from solubility measurements of the amino acids. The solubility is measured at different temperatures i.e. from 288.15 to 308.15 K by an ‘analytical gravimetric method’. The chemical parts of the free energies (ΔG⁰ _t,ch(i)) and entropies (TΔS⁰ _t,ch(i)) of transfer of the amino acids have been computed by subtracting the cavity effects and dipole–dipole interaction effects from the total transfer energies. The characteristics of the solvation thermodynamics of the amino acids in an aqua-organic solvent system are studied and discussed in the present manuscript.