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This paper studies the effect of environmental regulations on border pollution reduction in developing countries' rural areas by taking livestock environmental regulations (LERs) in China as a quasi-natural experiment. Applying the generalized difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) method, we find that LERs are effective in reducing border pollution: the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3−N) of the border counties are 21.78% and 39.51%, less than that of the interior counties. We document that the effectiveness of LERs in reducing border pollution can be attributed to the fact that LERs require local governments to make collective decisions in fighting livestock pollution. Further heterogeneity analysis finds that the reduction effect of LERs on border pollution is greater in the downstream border and underdeveloped areas. Our paper implies that the externality of border pollution can be internalized through collective decision-making between local governments.
Dan Pan; Huan Chen. Border pollution reduction in China: The role of livestock environmental regulations. China Economic Review 2021, 69, 101681 .
AMA StyleDan Pan, Huan Chen. Border pollution reduction in China: The role of livestock environmental regulations. China Economic Review. 2021; 69 ():101681.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan; Huan Chen. 2021. "Border pollution reduction in China: The role of livestock environmental regulations." China Economic Review 69, no. : 101681.
The timely delivery of scientific information regarding pesticide use to farmers is essential to address negative externalities. Farmers have four information sources regarding pesticide use in China: public agricultural extension agents (PAEAs), pesticide sellers, peer farmers, and farmers’ own experience. A better understanding of which information source is the most effective in reducing pesticide use would be a principal step toward designing policy strategies for sustainable agricultural production. In this study, we examine the relative effectiveness of each information source on farmers’ pesticide use, based on nationally representative data from 603 rice farmers in seven major rice-producing provinces in China. We adopt a multinomial endogenous switching regression model to correct for selection bias due to observed and unobserved factors. Results show that compared with farmers’ own experience, PAEAs significantly increase farmers’ pesticide expenditure by 8.7 %, while pesticide sellers and peer farmers significantly decrease farmers’ pesticide expenditure by 18.5 % and 10.1 % respectively, with the largest reduction coming from pesticide sellers. Discouraging PAEAs’ commercial activities, working with pesticide sellers, and using peer farmers as social multipliers to disseminate knowledge may be effective ways to develop education programs that aim to reduce pesticide use.
Dan Pan; Ning Zhang; Fanbin Kong. Does it matter who gives information? The impact of information sources on farmers’ pesticide use in China. Journal of Asian Economics 2021, 76, 101345 .
AMA StyleDan Pan, Ning Zhang, Fanbin Kong. Does it matter who gives information? The impact of information sources on farmers’ pesticide use in China. Journal of Asian Economics. 2021; 76 ():101345.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan; Ning Zhang; Fanbin Kong. 2021. "Does it matter who gives information? The impact of information sources on farmers’ pesticide use in China." Journal of Asian Economics 76, no. : 101345.
Environmental information disclosure (EID) is playing an increasingly important role in water pollution management. However, since EID is hard to measure and other endogeneity problems, it is difficult to capture the causal inference between the two. Using the difference-in-difference method, this paper takes advantage of the Pollution Source Regulatory Information Disclosure Index (PITI) program promulgated by China in 2008 as a quasi-natural experiment to empirically capture the net effect of EID on water pollution management and its impact mechanism. The results show that from the average treatment effects perspective, the PITI strongly promote water pollution management. However, the dynamic effects of PITI present a decreasing and weakening trend over time. Further mechanism analysis reveals that PITI improves water pollution management mainly through the technological innovation effect. Several robustness checks justify our findings. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the PITI has a greater positive impact on water pollution management in cities located in the southern areas and with high economic levels and with a larger population.
Dan Pan; Wenchao Fan. Benefits of environmental information disclosure in managing water pollution: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 28, 14764 -14781.
AMA StyleDan Pan, Wenchao Fan. Benefits of environmental information disclosure in managing water pollution: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 28 (12):14764-14781.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan; Wenchao Fan. 2020. "Benefits of environmental information disclosure in managing water pollution: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 12: 14764-14781.
Understanding the influence of COVID-19 on China's agricultural economy and the Chinese government's emergency measures to ease the economic impacts of viral spread can offer urgently-needed lessons while this virus continues to spread across the globe. Thus, this study collected over 750,000 words upon the topic of COVID-19 and agriculture from the largest two media channels in China: WeChat and Sina Weibo, and employed web crawler technology and text mining method to explore the influence of COVID-19 on agricultural economy and mitigation measures in China. The results show that: (1) the impact of COVID-19 on China's agricultural economy at the very first phase is mainly reflected in eight aspects as crop production, agricultural products supply, livestock production, farmers' income and employment, economic crop development, agricultural products sales model, leisure agriculture development, and agricultural products trade. (2) The government's immediate countermeasures include resuming agricultural production and farmers' work, providing financial support, stabilizing agricultural production and products supply, promoting agricultural products sale, providing subsidies, providing agricultural technology guidance and field management, and providing assistance to poor farmers to reduce poverty. (3) The order of government's immediate countermeasures is not all in line with the order of impact aspects, which indicates that more-tailored policies should be implemented to mitigate the strikes of COVID-19 on China's agricultural economy in the future.
Dan Pan; Jiaqing Yang; Guzhen Zhou; Fanbin Kong. The influence of COVID-19 on agricultural economy and emergency mitigation measures in China: A text mining analysis. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0241167 .
AMA StyleDan Pan, Jiaqing Yang, Guzhen Zhou, Fanbin Kong. The influence of COVID-19 on agricultural economy and emergency mitigation measures in China: A text mining analysis. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (10):e0241167.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan; Jiaqing Yang; Guzhen Zhou; Fanbin Kong. 2020. "The influence of COVID-19 on agricultural economy and emergency mitigation measures in China: A text mining analysis." PLOS ONE 15, no. 10: e0241167.
A key strategy in reducing ecological damage from livestock manure is to improve farms’ adoption of sustainable manure management technologies (SMMTs). However, designing policies to promote SMMTs’ adoption is challenging due to the heterogeneity in farm scale and technology characteristics. Based on a questionnaire-based survey of 686 hog farms in the Poyang Lake Region—one of the biggest ecological wetlands in Asia and the largest freshwater lakes in China, this paper adopted a multivariate probit model to empirically investigate the impact of farm scale and technology characteristics on SMMTs’ adoption. The results show that there is significant heterogeneity in the SMMTs’ adoption across farm scales. Small-scale farms are more likely to adopt land-intensive and labor-intensive SMMTs, while medium-scale and large-scale farms are more likely to adopt capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive SMMTs. The main determinants of the adoption heterogeneity can be explained by the characteristics of farm and technology in labor, capital, land, and knowledge. Small-scale farms’ decision to adopt SMMTs is mostly associated with labor availability and land area; variables expressing capital constraints have the highest effect on medium-scale farms’ decision to adopt SMMTs, while land area is the key constraint for large-scale farms to choose SMMTs. We suggest that policies designed to promote SMMTs’ adoption need to be carefully planned and tailored to different scales of farms rather than being standardized.
Dan Pan; Jing Tang; Liguo Zhang; Mimi He; Chih-Chun Kung. The impact of farm scale and technology characteristics on the adoption of sustainable manure management technologies: Evidence from hog production in China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 280, 124340 .
AMA StyleDan Pan, Jing Tang, Liguo Zhang, Mimi He, Chih-Chun Kung. The impact of farm scale and technology characteristics on the adoption of sustainable manure management technologies: Evidence from hog production in China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 280 ():124340.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan; Jing Tang; Liguo Zhang; Mimi He; Chih-Chun Kung. 2020. "The impact of farm scale and technology characteristics on the adoption of sustainable manure management technologies: Evidence from hog production in China." Journal of Cleaner Production 280, no. : 124340.
Understanding farmers’ pesticide application behaviors is essential for environmental sustainability and food safety in China. Based on a nationally representative survey of 603 rice farmers from seven major rice-producing provinces in China, this paper constructs a moderation and mediation model to examine the causal relationship between risk attitudes, risk perceptions, and farmers’ pesticide application behaviors. The results show that risk-averse farmers are more likely to use more pesticides. Farmers’ perceptions of the risks posed by pesticides to profit-maximizing factors, namely food quality and human health, can decrease their pesticide expenditure, while their perceptions of risks to environmental factors, namely soil degradation, water pollution, and air pollution, are not significantly associated with their pesticide expenditure. Moreover, their perceptions of risks to food quality and human health can alleviate the positive effect of risk attitude on pesticide expenditure, and can also play a partial mediating role in the relationship between risk attitude and pesticide expenditure. Risk management tools such as crop insurance, and educational programs to improve farmers’ risk perception, would be beneficial policies to help alleviate farmers’ excessive pesticide use.
Dan Pan; Mimi He; Fanbin Kong. Risk attitude, risk perception, and farmers’ pesticide application behavior in China: A moderation and mediation model. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 276, 124241 .
AMA StyleDan Pan, Mimi He, Fanbin Kong. Risk attitude, risk perception, and farmers’ pesticide application behavior in China: A moderation and mediation model. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 276 ():124241.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan; Mimi He; Fanbin Kong. 2020. "Risk attitude, risk perception, and farmers’ pesticide application behavior in China: A moderation and mediation model." Journal of Cleaner Production 276, no. : 124241.
The policy effect of environmental regulations on water pollution has been widely discussed, but few studies have empirically tested the relative effectiveness of heterogeneous environmental regulations—command-and-control environmental regulations and market-based environmental regulations—on water pollution control. Using the difference-in-difference method, this paper takes advantage of two Chinese policies—the National Key Ecological Functional Areas Policy (NKEFAP), which can be regarded as a command-and-control environmental regulation, and the Transfer Payment of Ecological Functional Areas Policy (TPEFAP), which can be regarded as a market-based environmental regulation—as quasi-natural experiments to examine the relative effectiveness of different environmental regulations on water pollution control. The results show that both the NKEFAP and TPEFAP can reduce water pollution, but the reduction effect is higher for the TPEFAP than for the NKEFAP. For underlying mechanisms, the NKEFAP and TPEFAP reduce water pollution mainly by controlling industrial waste discharge, rather than by controlling agricultural and domestic pollution. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that counties with higher initial pollution levels and higher economic levels have a greater water pollution reduction effect. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the effect of heterogeneous environmental regulations on pollution control and are conducive to future policymaking.
Dan Pan; Jing Tang. The effects of heterogeneous environmental regulations on water pollution control: Quasi-natural experimental evidence from China. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 751, 141550 .
AMA StyleDan Pan, Jing Tang. The effects of heterogeneous environmental regulations on water pollution control: Quasi-natural experimental evidence from China. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 751 ():141550.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan; Jing Tang. 2020. "The effects of heterogeneous environmental regulations on water pollution control: Quasi-natural experimental evidence from China." Science of The Total Environment 751, no. : 141550.
Rural solid waste management is a severe challenge in China. The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is an effective method for rural solid waste management. However, policy efforts aimed at stimulating the adoption of PPP in rural solid waste management have been limited in their success. This study aims to empirically investigate the determinants of rural solid waste management PPP adoption in China. First, this study builds a theoretical model that consists of factors related to the institutional environment and market and proposes theoretical hypotheses. Then, using the balanced provincial panel data of 150 samples from 2015 to 2019, this study applies various count regression models and truncated regression models to empirically test the theoretical hypotheses. The results show that provinces with higher fiscal transparency, financial burdens, and market demand tend to adopt more PPP, while provinces with lower per capita GDP and market openness index ratings have a stronger motivation to initiate more PPP. In contrast, investment institutional environment factors have no impact on PPP adoption. To stimulate the development of PPP in rural solid waste management, this study proposed that a good-governed government and a strong market demand are critical foundations, and also a debt-risk prevention and evaluation system should be established to avoid local debt risks resulting from over-adoption of PPP.
Dan Pan; Huan Chen; Guzhen Zhou; Fanbin Kong. Determinants of Public-Private Partnership Adoption in Solid Waste Management in Rural China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5350 .
AMA StyleDan Pan, Huan Chen, Guzhen Zhou, Fanbin Kong. Determinants of Public-Private Partnership Adoption in Solid Waste Management in Rural China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (15):5350.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan; Huan Chen; Guzhen Zhou; Fanbin Kong. 2020. "Determinants of Public-Private Partnership Adoption in Solid Waste Management in Rural China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5350.
To resolve the increasing water pollution crisis, scientifically evaluating the urban wastewater treatment efficiency (UWTE) is an essential prerequisite to ensure the success of any policies aiming to decrease water pollution. Using 113 city-level panel data in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB)—the biggest economic belt in China, during 2008–2017, this study aims to evaluate the UWTE based on a Bootstrap-DEA and to measure the efficiency changes through a Malmquist index model. The results show that the overall UWTE is at a low level, evidenced by the fact the average efficiency score is 0.51 during 2008–2017, and no cities have an efficiency score equal to 1. The UWTE is in the trend of decreasing, which is mainly caused by the decline of technical progress change. 69.02% of cities are in the state of decreasing returns to scale. The UWTE shows considerable disparities both between regions and city sizes, with the highest efficiency score observed in the midstream area and large-sized cities, the lowest efficiency score observed in the downstream area and small-sized cities. The findings of this study are expected to have great practical significance for governing wastewater pollution.
Dan Pan; Wei Hong; Fanbin Kong. Efficiency evaluation of urban wastewater treatment: Evidence from 113 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of China. Journal of Environmental Management 2020, 270, 110940 .
AMA StyleDan Pan, Wei Hong, Fanbin Kong. Efficiency evaluation of urban wastewater treatment: Evidence from 113 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of China. Journal of Environmental Management. 2020; 270 ():110940.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan; Wei Hong; Fanbin Kong. 2020. "Efficiency evaluation of urban wastewater treatment: Evidence from 113 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of China." Journal of Environmental Management 270, no. : 110940.
The adoption of sustainable manure treatment technologies (SMTTs) in livestock production helps to reduce agricultural contamination. As such, understanding what determines farmers’ adoption of SMTTs is an essential prerequisite for the administrative handling of livestock pollution. Applying a multivariate probit model on a cross-sectional data set of 686 pig farmers in Poyang Lake Region in China, this study discovered that two key factors influencing farmers’ decisions to adopt multiple SMTTs are off-farm labor and environmental awareness. In other words, households with a higher share of off-farm labor are less likely to adopt SMTTs. Farmers with higher environmental awareness are more likely to adopt SMTTs. The results also revealed that because of the inappropriateness of government subsidy and insufficient technical training, the impact of Chinese government subsidy on the adoption of biogas technology is negligible, but the subsidy on composting greatly helps to promote the adoption of composting technology. We also found a substitution effect and complementary effects between different SMTTs. These findings can improve policymakers’ understanding of farmers’ joint adoption decisions. It also helps policymakers to optimize subsidy strategies to encourage farmers’ adoption of SMTTs in rural China.
Jingyuan Cai; Liguo Zhang; Jing Tang; Dan Pan. Adoption of Multiple Sustainable Manure Treatment Technologies by Pig Farmers in Rural China: A Case Study of Poyang Lake Region. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6458 .
AMA StyleJingyuan Cai, Liguo Zhang, Jing Tang, Dan Pan. Adoption of Multiple Sustainable Manure Treatment Technologies by Pig Farmers in Rural China: A Case Study of Poyang Lake Region. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (22):6458.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJingyuan Cai; Liguo Zhang; Jing Tang; Dan Pan. 2019. "Adoption of Multiple Sustainable Manure Treatment Technologies by Pig Farmers in Rural China: A Case Study of Poyang Lake Region." Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6458.
High fertilizer use intensity is a serious issue throughout China, with adverse environmental and economic impacts. The lack of knowledge of Chinese farmers has been found to be the primary constraint. Using a propensity score matching (PSM) method to create a credible counterfactual analysis, this study examines the causal effects of two kinds of knowledge training approaches, traditional one-time training and in-field guidance, on the change of fertilizer use intensity of wheat farmers in China. The estimated results provide evidence that the traditional one-time training approach has a small effect on fertilizer use intensity reduction (only a 4% average), while the in-field guidance has a larger effect on fertilizer use intensity reduction (a 17% average). Moreover, we also found knowledge training has heterogeneous treatment effects. The reduction in fertilizer use intensity is larger for the farmers who are male and middle aged, have acquired a middle level of education, receive a lower share of off-farm income, collect a lower income, and operate a larger farm.
Dan Pan; Fanbin Kong; Ning Zhang; Ruiyao Ying. Knowledge training and the change of fertilizer use intensity: Evidence from wheat farmers in China. Journal of Environmental Management 2017, 197, 130 -139.
AMA StyleDan Pan, Fanbin Kong, Ning Zhang, Ruiyao Ying. Knowledge training and the change of fertilizer use intensity: Evidence from wheat farmers in China. Journal of Environmental Management. 2017; 197 ():130-139.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan; Fanbin Kong; Ning Zhang; Ruiyao Ying. 2017. "Knowledge training and the change of fertilizer use intensity: Evidence from wheat farmers in China." Journal of Environmental Management 197, no. : 130-139.
Ruiyao Ying; Li Zhou; Wuyang Hu; Dan Pan. Agricultural technical education and agrochemical use by rice farmers in China. Agribusiness 2017, 33, 522 -536.
AMA StyleRuiyao Ying, Li Zhou, Wuyang Hu, Dan Pan. Agricultural technical education and agrochemical use by rice farmers in China. Agribusiness. 2017; 33 (4):522-536.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuiyao Ying; Li Zhou; Wuyang Hu; Dan Pan. 2017. "Agricultural technical education and agrochemical use by rice farmers in China." Agribusiness 33, no. 4: 522-536.
Providing residential solid waste collection (RSWC) services is the first and most indispensable part of residential solid waste management and is crucial for rural environment protection. This paper seeks to analyze the determinants of RSWC services’ provision at the village level, based on a latest survey data set of 150 villages in the Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Zone (PLEEZ) in Jiangxi Province. Using a Probit regression model and a Bivariate Probit regression model, our results indicated that: (1) The provision of RSWC services is not evenly distributed and richer villages have more RSWC services; (2) A showcasing phenomenon exists in the provision of RSWC services. Villages that are more populous, nearer to the township government, and located in the new countryside and old liberated areas saw an increase in the provision of RSWC facilities, services that will more easily showcase village leaders’ political achievement, while the provision of RSWC workers and both RSWC facilities and workers, services that will less easily showcase village leaders’ political achievement, do not increase in these villages; (3) Informal governance characteristics, such as the ratio of largest family clans, whether village leaders come from the village’s largest family clans, and the number of people working in the upper-level government have strong predictive power over the provision of RSWC services, while formal governance characteristics, such as elections, do not matter in RSWC services’ provision.
Dan Pan; Ruiyao Ying; Zuhui Huang. Determinants of Residential Solid Waste Management Services Provision: A Village-Level Analysis in Rural China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 110 .
AMA StyleDan Pan, Ruiyao Ying, Zuhui Huang. Determinants of Residential Solid Waste Management Services Provision: A Village-Level Analysis in Rural China. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (1):110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan; Ruiyao Ying; Zuhui Huang. 2017. "Determinants of Residential Solid Waste Management Services Provision: A Village-Level Analysis in Rural China." Sustainability 9, no. 1: 110.
In face of gradual ecological deterioration, the Chinese government has been in search of more efficient and effective mitigation policies, aiming to promote the sustainability of livestock production. However, researchers and policy makers seem to neglect a key issue: pinpoint policies are the most important, which means niche targeting is the premise before any policy design, such that better knowing of the livestock farmers preference is prerequisite. This paper then analyzes this question using a method of choice experiment to elicit the farmers’ preference and valuation of livestock pollution control policy instruments at household-scale, medium-scale and large-scale farms. Five attributes (technology regulation, pollution charge, biogas subsidy, manure price, and information provisioning) were set as livestock pollution control policy instruments. In total, 754 pigs farmers from five representative provinces in China were surveyed, and the collected data were analyzed using random parameter logit models. The marginal substitution rates for attributes are estimated both with preference space approach and willingness to pay space approach. The results show significant heterogeneities in farmers’ preferences and valuations for livestock pollution control policy instruments within the three scales. All policy instruments effectively increased the manure eco-friendly treatment ratio for medium-scale farms, and household-scale farms showed little change in the manure eco-friendly treatment ratio under all policy instruments. Household-scale farms and medium-scale farms suggested the highest preference for the biogas subsidy policy, while large-scale farms suggested the highest preference for the manure price policy.
Dan Pan. The Design of Policy Instruments towards Sustainable Livestock Production in China: An Application of the Choice Experiment Method. Sustainability 2016, 8, 611 .
AMA StyleDan Pan. The Design of Policy Instruments towards Sustainable Livestock Production in China: An Application of the Choice Experiment Method. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (7):611.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan. 2016. "The Design of Policy Instruments towards Sustainable Livestock Production in China: An Application of the Choice Experiment Method." Sustainability 8, no. 7: 611.
Agricultural nutrients play a critical role in food production and human nutrition in China. Against this backdrop, agricultural extension services are essential for providing farmers with knowledge and information about nutrient management. By using a propensity score-matching (PSM) approach, this study examines the impact of agricultural extension on farmer nutrient management behavior. Survey data about rice farmers in seven provinces of rural China are used. The empirical results indicate that participation in agricultural extension has a positive impact on rationalizing farmer nutrient management behavior. However, this impact is trivial. Compared with non-participating farmers, the reduced ratio of total fertilizer use and total inorganic fertilizer use by participating farmers is only 1.7% to 3.7%, and the improved ratio of the total organic fertilizer use and the level of soil-testing-based fertilizer use by participating farmers is only 1.008% to 1.173%. Additionally, the causal impacts of agricultural extension participation on nutrient management behavior tend to be higher for more educated, risk-loving and larger-scale farmers. This study reveals that China faces great challenges in implementing improved nutrient management practices for hundreds of millions of farmers through extension services. The findings also have important implications for China’s extension system to meet the objectives of improving nutrient management.
Dan Pan. The Impact of Agricultural Extension on Farmer Nutrient Management Behavior in Chinese Rice Production: A Household-Level Analysis. Sustainability 2014, 6, 6644 -6665.
AMA StyleDan Pan. The Impact of Agricultural Extension on Farmer Nutrient Management Behavior in Chinese Rice Production: A Household-Level Analysis. Sustainability. 2014; 6 (10):6644-6665.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan Pan. 2014. "The Impact of Agricultural Extension on Farmer Nutrient Management Behavior in Chinese Rice Production: A Household-Level Analysis." Sustainability 6, no. 10: 6644-6665.