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Idoia Goiri
NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 30 August 2021 in Animals
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The aim of this trial was to assess the effect of feeding a concentrate including cold-pressed rapeseed cake (CPRC) on productive performance, milk quality and its sensory properties, ruminal biohydrogenation, and bacterial communities. Eighteen cows were paired, and two experimental diets (control vs. CPRC) were distributed within the pair. Concentrates were iso-energetic and iso-proteic and contained similar amounts of fat. The average days in milk, milk yield, and body weight of the animals were (mean ± SD) 172 ± 112 d, 585 ± 26 kg, and 25.4 ± 6.2 kg/d, respectively. The experiment lasted for 10 wk. Feeding CPRC resulted in lower ruminal saturated (p < 0.001) and higher monounsaturated (p = 0.002) fatty acids. Feeding CPRC increased Ruminococcus, Prevotella, and Entodinium but decreased Blautia; p-75-a5; undefined genera within orders Clostridiaceae and RF39 and within families Christensenellaceae, Lachnospiracease, and Ruminococcaceae; and fungi from the phylum neocallimastigomycota. The milk fatty acid profile was characterized by a lower n6:n3 ratio (p = 0.028). Feeding CPRC did not affect the milk yield, milk quality, or fat corrected milk (p > 0.05). Feeding CPRC improved the overall milk acceptability (p = 0.047). In conclusion, CPRC affected some microbial taxa, modified the biohydrogenation process, and improved the milk fatty acid profile and consumer acceptance without detrimental effects on milk production and composition.

ACS Style

Idoia Goiri; Izaro Zubiria; Jose Luís Lavín; Hanen Benhissi; Raquel Atxaerandio; Roberto Ruiz; Nerea Mandaluniz; Aser García-Rodríguez. Evaluating the Inclusion of Cold-Pressed Rapeseed Cake in the Concentrate for Dairy Cows upon Ruminal Biohydrogenation Process, Ruminal Microbial Community and Milk Production and Acceptability. Animals 2021, 11, 2553 .

AMA Style

Idoia Goiri, Izaro Zubiria, Jose Luís Lavín, Hanen Benhissi, Raquel Atxaerandio, Roberto Ruiz, Nerea Mandaluniz, Aser García-Rodríguez. Evaluating the Inclusion of Cold-Pressed Rapeseed Cake in the Concentrate for Dairy Cows upon Ruminal Biohydrogenation Process, Ruminal Microbial Community and Milk Production and Acceptability. Animals. 2021; 11 (9):2553.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Idoia Goiri; Izaro Zubiria; Jose Luís Lavín; Hanen Benhissi; Raquel Atxaerandio; Roberto Ruiz; Nerea Mandaluniz; Aser García-Rodríguez. 2021. "Evaluating the Inclusion of Cold-Pressed Rapeseed Cake in the Concentrate for Dairy Cows upon Ruminal Biohydrogenation Process, Ruminal Microbial Community and Milk Production and Acceptability." Animals 11, no. 9: 2553.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2021 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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This study was conducted to assess the influence of supplementing broiler diets with a commercial biochar on productive performance, pH of digestive organs, cecum short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile and bacterial community. 720 one day-old male Ross 308 broilers were fed with the following diets at starter (1–21 days) and grower-finisher period (22–42 days): control diet (0 g/kg of inclusion on diet of biochar, CTR) or 30 g/kg of inclusion of biochar. Regarding performance results, at the starter period animals fed a diet with biochar showed lower daily weight gain (DWG, P = 0.045) and higher feed conversion ratio (FCR, P = 0.034) but similar feed intake (FI, P = 0.928) compared to CTR. At the grower-finisher period, feeding broilers with biochar promoted an increase on DWG (P < 0.001) and a reduction on FCR (P < 0.001) with similar FI (P = 0.579) compared to CTR. For the entire period of feeding, animals fed with biochar showed an increased DWG (P < 0.001), body weight (P < 0.001) and European production efficiency factor (P < 0.001), a reduced FCR (P < 0.001) and a similar FI (P = 0.577) compared to CTR. Regarding digesta pH of digestive organs the pH of digesta of crop (P = 0.834), proventriculus (P = 0.846), gizzard (P = 0.850), ileum (P = 0.750) or cecum (P = 0.467) were not affected by biochar. Animals fed with biochar showed increased acetic (P = 0.011) and caproic (P = 0.003) contents, and similar propionic (P = 0.724), butyric (P = 0.568), isobutyric (P = 0.436), valeric (P = 0.898) and isovaleric (P = 884) contents compared to CTR. Biochar did not influence cecal bacterial species richness and diversity but altered community structure by increasing relative abundance of [Ruminococcus], Ruminococcus, Blautia and undefined genera (family Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Erysipelotrichaceae) and decreasing Lactobacillus, Coprococcus, Desulfotomaculum, Oscillospira, Clostridium (family Clostridiaceae) and undefined genera (families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae). In conclusion although the inclusion on diet of 30 g/kg biochar reduced the productive performance during the starter phase, an enhanced growth of animals during the grower-finisher period was observed, resulting in a greater performance and efficiency of production for the entire cycle without affecting the pH of digestive organs and increasing acetate contents in the caecum. The greater performance could be explained by minor microbiota shifts observed at OTU (Operational Taxonomic Unit) level without disturbing the native beneficial intestinal bacteria as expressed by the retained richness and diversity of the broilers caecal microbiota.

ACS Style

Idoia Goiri; Roberto Ruiz; Raquel Atxaerandio; José Luis Lavin; Xabier Díaz de Otálora; Aser García-Rodríguez. Assessing the potential use of a feed additive based on biochar on broilers feeding upon productive performance, pH of digestive organs, cecum fermentation and bacterial community. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2021, 279, 115039 .

AMA Style

Idoia Goiri, Roberto Ruiz, Raquel Atxaerandio, José Luis Lavin, Xabier Díaz de Otálora, Aser García-Rodríguez. Assessing the potential use of a feed additive based on biochar on broilers feeding upon productive performance, pH of digestive organs, cecum fermentation and bacterial community. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2021; 279 ():115039.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Idoia Goiri; Roberto Ruiz; Raquel Atxaerandio; José Luis Lavin; Xabier Díaz de Otálora; Aser García-Rodríguez. 2021. "Assessing the potential use of a feed additive based on biochar on broilers feeding upon productive performance, pH of digestive organs, cecum fermentation and bacterial community." Animal Feed Science and Technology 279, no. : 115039.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2021 in Journal of Dairy Science
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ACS Style

Alejandro Saborío-Montero; Adrían López-García; Mónica Gutiérrez-Rivas; Raquel Atxaerandio; Idoia Goiri; Aser García-Rodriguez; José A. Jiménez-Montero; Carmen González; Javier Tamames; Fernando Puente-Sánchez; Luis Varona; Magdalena Serrano; Cristina Ovilo; Oscar González-Recio. A dimensional reduction approach to modulate the core ruminal microbiome associated with methane emissions via selective breeding. Journal of Dairy Science 2021, 104, 8135 -8151.

AMA Style

Alejandro Saborío-Montero, Adrían López-García, Mónica Gutiérrez-Rivas, Raquel Atxaerandio, Idoia Goiri, Aser García-Rodriguez, José A. Jiménez-Montero, Carmen González, Javier Tamames, Fernando Puente-Sánchez, Luis Varona, Magdalena Serrano, Cristina Ovilo, Oscar González-Recio. A dimensional reduction approach to modulate the core ruminal microbiome associated with methane emissions via selective breeding. Journal of Dairy Science. 2021; 104 (7):8135-8151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Saborío-Montero; Adrían López-García; Mónica Gutiérrez-Rivas; Raquel Atxaerandio; Idoia Goiri; Aser García-Rodriguez; José A. Jiménez-Montero; Carmen González; Javier Tamames; Fernando Puente-Sánchez; Luis Varona; Magdalena Serrano; Cristina Ovilo; Oscar González-Recio. 2021. "A dimensional reduction approach to modulate the core ruminal microbiome associated with methane emissions via selective breeding." Journal of Dairy Science 104, no. 7: 8135-8151.

Journal article
Published: 02 June 2021 in Animals
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This research aimed to evaluate in vitro organic matter digestibility, fermentation characteristics and methane production of fruit and vegetable discards processed by solid state fermentation (SSF) by Rhizopus sp. Mixtures were composed of approximately 28% citric fruits, 35% other fruits and 37% vegetables. Fruit and vegetables were processed and fermented to obtain a stabilized product. Nutritional characterization and in vitro ruminal fermentation tests were performed to determine the effect of fungal bioconversion on digestibility, end products and gas production kinetics. Results indicate that SSF reduced organic matter and reducing sugars, while it increased crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent insoluble protein. The in vitro gas production showed that SSF led to a reduction of the organic matter digestibility (p< 0.001), short chain fatty acids (SCFA; p = 0.003) and CH4 (p = 0.002). SSF reduced the gas production from the insoluble fraction (p = 0.001), without modifying the production rate (p = 0.676) or the lag time (p = 0.574). Regarding SCFA profile, SSF increased acetic (p = 0.020) and decreased propionic (p = 0.004) and butyric (p = 0.006) acids proportions, increasing acetic to propionic (p = 0.008) and acetic plus butyric to propionic (p = 0.011) ratios. SSF succeeded in obtaining a stabilized material enriched in protein, but at the expense of a reduction of protein availability and organic matter digestibility. These changes should be considered before including them in a ruminant’s rations.

ACS Style

Jone Ibarruri; Idoia Goiri; Marta Cebrián; Aser García-Rodríguez. Solid State Fermentation as a Tool to Stabilize and Improve Nutritive Value of Fruit and Vegetable Discards: Effect on Nutritional Composition, In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Organic Matter Digestibility. Animals 2021, 11, 1653 .

AMA Style

Jone Ibarruri, Idoia Goiri, Marta Cebrián, Aser García-Rodríguez. Solid State Fermentation as a Tool to Stabilize and Improve Nutritive Value of Fruit and Vegetable Discards: Effect on Nutritional Composition, In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Organic Matter Digestibility. Animals. 2021; 11 (6):1653.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jone Ibarruri; Idoia Goiri; Marta Cebrián; Aser García-Rodríguez. 2021. "Solid State Fermentation as a Tool to Stabilize and Improve Nutritive Value of Fruit and Vegetable Discards: Effect on Nutritional Composition, In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Organic Matter Digestibility." Animals 11, no. 6: 1653.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2020 in Microorganisms
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Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of spent coffee grounds (SCG) make them a potential ingredient in a diet for ruminants. This study investigated the effects of SCG on rumen microbiota. For 51 days, 36 dairy ewes were assigned to the experimental treatments (0, 30, 50, and 100 g SCG/kg). Ruminal samples were collected on day 50. DNA was extracted and subjected to paired-end Illumina sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA genes. Bioinformatic analyses were performed using QIIME (v.1.9.0). SCG increased dose-dependently bacterial diversity and altered bacterial structure. Further, 60, 78, and 449 operational taxonomic unit (OUT) were different between control and 30, 50 and 100 g/kg SCG groups, respectively. Higher differences were observed between the control and 100 g/kg SCG group, where OTU of the genera Treponema, CF231, Butyrivibrio, BF331, Anaeroplasma, Blautia, Fibrobacter, and Clostridium were enriched with SCG. Correlations between volatile fatty acids (VFA) and bacterial taxa were sparser in the SCG groups and had little overlap. Certain bacterial taxa presented different signs of the correlation with VFA in SCG and control groups, but Butyrivibrio and Blautia consistently correlated with branched-chain VFA in all groups. SCG induced shifts in the ruminal bacterial community and altered the correlation networks among bacterial taxa and ruminal VFA.

ACS Style

Idoia Goiri; Xabier Díaz De Otálora; Roberto Ruiz; Jagoba Rey; Raquel Atxaerandio; Jose Luis Lavín; David San Martin; Mikel Orive; Bruno Iñarra; Jaime Zufia; Jabi Urkiza; Aser García-Rodríguez. Spent Coffee Grounds Alter Bacterial Communities in Latxa Dairy Ewes. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1961 .

AMA Style

Idoia Goiri, Xabier Díaz De Otálora, Roberto Ruiz, Jagoba Rey, Raquel Atxaerandio, Jose Luis Lavín, David San Martin, Mikel Orive, Bruno Iñarra, Jaime Zufia, Jabi Urkiza, Aser García-Rodríguez. Spent Coffee Grounds Alter Bacterial Communities in Latxa Dairy Ewes. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (12):1961.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Idoia Goiri; Xabier Díaz De Otálora; Roberto Ruiz; Jagoba Rey; Raquel Atxaerandio; Jose Luis Lavín; David San Martin; Mikel Orive; Bruno Iñarra; Jaime Zufia; Jabi Urkiza; Aser García-Rodríguez. 2020. "Spent Coffee Grounds Alter Bacterial Communities in Latxa Dairy Ewes." Microorganisms 8, no. 12: 1961.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Records of methane emissions from 1,501 cows on 14 commercial farms in 4 regions of Spain were collected from May 2018 to June 2019. Methane concentrations (MeC) were measured using a nondispersive infrared methane detector installed within the feed bin of the automatic milking system during 14- to 21-d periods. Rumination time (RT; min/d) was collected using collars with a tag that registered time (minutes) spent eating and ruminating. The means of MeC and methane production (MeP) were 1,254.28 ppm and 182.49 g/d, respectively; mean RT was 473.38 min/d. Variance components for MeC, MeP, and RT were estimated with REML using pedigree and genomic information in a single-step model. Heritabilities for MeC and MeP were 0.11 and 0.12, respectively. Rumination time showed a slightly larger heritability estimate (0.17). The genetic correlation between MeP and MeC was high (>0.95), suggesting that selection on either trait would lead to a positive correlated response on the other. Negative correlations were estimated between RT and MeC (-0.24 ± 0.38) and MeP (-0.43 ± 0.35). Methane concentration and MeP had slightly positive correlations with milk yield (0.17 ± 0.39 and 0.21 ± 0.36), protein percentage (0.08 ± 0.32 and 0.30 ± 0.45), protein yield (0.22 ± 0.41 and 0.31 ± 0.35), fat percentage (0.02 ± 0.40 and 0.27 ± 0.36), and fat yield (0.27 ± 0.28 and 0.29 ± 0.28) from bivariate analyses. Rumination time had positive correlations with milk yield (0.41 ± 0.75) and protein yield (0.26 ± 0.57) and negative correlations with fat yield (-0.45 ± 0.32), protein percentage (-0.15 ± 0.38), and fat percentage (-0.40 ± 0.47). A positive approximated genetic correlation was estimated between fertility and MeC (0.10 ± 0.05) and MeP (0.18 ± 0.05), resulting in slightly higher CH4 production when selecting for better fertility [days open estimated breeding values (EBV) are expressed with mean 100 and SD 10, inversely related to days from calving to conception; that is, greater days open EBV implies better fertility]. Positive correlations were also estimated for stature with MeC and MeP (0.30 ± 0.04 and 0.43 ± 0.04, respectively). Other type traits (chest width, udder depth, angularity, and capacity) were positively correlated with methane traits, possibly because of higher milk yield and higher feed intake from these animals. Rumination time showed positive EBV correlations with production traits and type traits, and negative correlations with somatic cell count and body condition score. Based on the genetic correlations and heritabilities estimated in this study, methane is measurable and heritable, and estimates of genetic correlations suggest no strong opposition to current breeding objectives in Spanish Holsteins.

ACS Style

J. López-Paredes; I. Goiri; R. Atxaerandio; A. García-Rodríguez; E. Ugarte; J.A. Jiménez-Montero; R. Alenda; O. González-Recio. Mitigation of greenhouse gases in dairy cattle via genetic selection: 1. Genetic parameters of direct methane using noninvasive methods and proxies of methane. Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 7199 -7209.

AMA Style

J. López-Paredes, I. Goiri, R. Atxaerandio, A. García-Rodríguez, E. Ugarte, J.A. Jiménez-Montero, R. Alenda, O. González-Recio. Mitigation of greenhouse gases in dairy cattle via genetic selection: 1. Genetic parameters of direct methane using noninvasive methods and proxies of methane. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (8):7199-7209.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. López-Paredes; I. Goiri; R. Atxaerandio; A. García-Rodríguez; E. Ugarte; J.A. Jiménez-Montero; R. Alenda; O. González-Recio. 2020. "Mitigation of greenhouse gases in dairy cattle via genetic selection: 1. Genetic parameters of direct methane using noninvasive methods and proxies of methane." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 8: 7199-7209.

Journal article
Published: 14 October 2019 in Animals
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Cold-pressed sunflower cake (CPSC) is a cheap by-product of oil-manufacturing. Supplementing diets with CPSC, rich in fat and linoleic acid, could be an effective tool for increasing healthy fatty acids (FA) in milk. To test this hypothesis, 10 cows were used in a crossover design with two experimental diets fed during two 63-day periods. Cows' milk production was recorded and samples were taken for fat, protein, lactose, and for FA composition analysis. Dry matter intake (DMI) and dry matter apparent digestibility (DMD) were estimated using two markers. Milk acceptance test was carried out. CPSC decreased milk C12:0 (10%, p = 0.023) and C16:0 (5%, p = 0.035) and increased C18:1 cis-12 (37%, p = 0.006), C18:1 trans-11 (32%, p = 0.005), C18:2 cis-9 cis-12 (13%, p = 0.004), and cis-9 trans-11 CLA (35%, p = 0.004). CPSC increased total trans-monounsaturated FA (21%, p = 0.003), total CLA (31%, p = 0.007), and PUFA:SFA ratio (18%, p = 0.006). CPSC did not affect milk production, DMD, DMI and milk composition, but reduced fat yield (9%, p = 0.013) and FCM (7%, p = 0.013). CPSC improved milk overall acceptability. In conclusion, CPSC could modify milk FA profile without a detrimental effect on digestibility, production performance, or milk acceptance.

ACS Style

Idoia Goiri; Izaro Zubiria; Hanen Benhissi; Raquel Atxaerandio; Roberto Ruiz; Nerea Mandaluniz; Aser Garcia-Rodriguez. Use of Cold-Pressed Sunflower Cake in the Concentrate as a Low-Input Local Strategy to Modify the Milk Fatty Acid Profile of Dairy Cows. Animals 2019, 9, 803 .

AMA Style

Idoia Goiri, Izaro Zubiria, Hanen Benhissi, Raquel Atxaerandio, Roberto Ruiz, Nerea Mandaluniz, Aser Garcia-Rodriguez. Use of Cold-Pressed Sunflower Cake in the Concentrate as a Low-Input Local Strategy to Modify the Milk Fatty Acid Profile of Dairy Cows. Animals. 2019; 9 (10):803.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Idoia Goiri; Izaro Zubiria; Hanen Benhissi; Raquel Atxaerandio; Roberto Ruiz; Nerea Mandaluniz; Aser Garcia-Rodriguez. 2019. "Use of Cold-Pressed Sunflower Cake in the Concentrate as a Low-Input Local Strategy to Modify the Milk Fatty Acid Profile of Dairy Cows." Animals 9, no. 10: 803.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2019 in Animals
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Cold-pressed sunflower cake (CPSC), by-product of oil-manufacturing, has high crude fat and linoleic acid concentrations, being a promising supplement to modulate rumen fatty acid (FA) profile. This trial studied CPSC effects on ruminal fermentation, biohydrogenation and the bacterial community in dairy cows. Ten cows were used in a crossover design with two experimental diets and fed during two 63-day periods. The cows were group fed forage ad libitum and the concentrate individually. The concentrates, control and CPSC, were isoenergetic, isoproteic and isofat. The ruminal samples collected at the end of each experimental period were analyzed for short-chain fatty acid, FA and DNA sequencing. CPSC decreased butyrate molar proportion (4%, p = 0.005). CPSC decreased C16:0 (28%, p < 0.001) and increased C18:0 (14%, p < 0.001) and total monounsaturated FA, especially C18:1 trans-11 (13%, p = 0.023). The total purine derivative excretion tended to be greater (5%, p = 0.05) with CPSC, resulting in a 6% greater daily microbial N flow. CPSC did not affect the diversity indices but increased the relative abundances of Treponema and Coprococcus, and decreased Enterococcus, Ruminococcus and Succinivibrio. In conclusion, the changes in ruminal fermentation and the FA profile were not associated with changes in microbial diversity or abundance of dominant populations, however, they might be associated with less abundant genera.

ACS Style

Izaro Zubiria; Aser Garcia-Rodriguez; Raquel Atxaerandio; Roberto Ruiz; Hanen Benhissi; Nerea Mandaluniz; Jose Luis Lavín; Leticia Abecia; Idoia Goiri; Garcia- Rodriguez; Ruiz. Effect of Feeding Cold-Pressed Sunflower Cake on Ruminal Fermentation, Lipid Metabolism and Bacterial Community in Dairy Cows. Animals 2019, 9, 755 .

AMA Style

Izaro Zubiria, Aser Garcia-Rodriguez, Raquel Atxaerandio, Roberto Ruiz, Hanen Benhissi, Nerea Mandaluniz, Jose Luis Lavín, Leticia Abecia, Idoia Goiri, Garcia- Rodriguez, Ruiz. Effect of Feeding Cold-Pressed Sunflower Cake on Ruminal Fermentation, Lipid Metabolism and Bacterial Community in Dairy Cows. Animals. 2019; 9 (10):755.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Izaro Zubiria; Aser Garcia-Rodriguez; Raquel Atxaerandio; Roberto Ruiz; Hanen Benhissi; Nerea Mandaluniz; Jose Luis Lavín; Leticia Abecia; Idoia Goiri; Garcia- Rodriguez; Ruiz. 2019. "Effect of Feeding Cold-Pressed Sunflower Cake on Ruminal Fermentation, Lipid Metabolism and Bacterial Community in Dairy Cows." Animals 9, no. 10: 755.

Original article
Published: 16 August 2019 in Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics
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The advent of metagenomics in animal breeding poses the challenge of statistically modelling the relationship between the microbiome, the host genetics and relevant complex traits. A set of structural equation models (SEMs) of a recursive type within a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework was proposed here to jointly analyse the host–metagenome–phenotype relationship. A non‐recursive bivariate model was set as benchmark to compare the recursive model. The relative abundance of rumen microbes (RA), methane concentration (CH4) and the host genetics was used as a case of study. Data were from 337 Holstein cows from 12 herds in the north and north‐west of Spain. Microbial composition from each cow was obtained from whole metagenome sequencing of ruminal content samples using a MinION device from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Methane concentration was measured with Guardian® NG infrared gas monitor from Edinburgh Sensors during cow's visits to the milking automated system. A quarterly average from the methane eructation peaks for each cow was computed and used as phenotype for CH4. Heritability of CH4 was estimated at 0.12 ± 0.01 in both the recursive and bivariate models. Likewise, heritability estimates for the relative abundance of the taxa overlapped between models and ranged between 0.08 and 0.48. Genetic correlations between the microbial composition and CH4 ranged from −0.76 to 0.65 in the non‐recursive bivariate model and from −0.68 to 0.69 in the recursive model. Regardless of the statistical model used, positive genetic correlations with methane were estimated consistently for the seven genera pertaining to the Ciliophora phylum, as well as for those genera belonging to the Euryarchaeota (Methanobrevibacter sp.), Chytridiomycota (Neocallimastix sp.) and Fibrobacteres (Fibrobacter sp.) phyla. These results suggest that rumen's whole metagenome recursively regulates methane emissions in dairy cows and that both CH4 and the microbiota compositions are partially controlled by the host genotype.

ACS Style

Alejandro Saborío‐Montero; Mónica Gutiérrez‐Rivas; Aser García‐Rodríguez; Raquel Atxaerandio; Idoia Goiri; Evangelina López De Maturana; José Antonio Jiménez‐Montero; Rafael Alenda; Oscar González‐Recio. Structural equation models to disentangle the biological relationship between microbiota and complex traits: Methane production in dairy cattle as a case of study. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 2019, 137, 36 -48.

AMA Style

Alejandro Saborío‐Montero, Mónica Gutiérrez‐Rivas, Aser García‐Rodríguez, Raquel Atxaerandio, Idoia Goiri, Evangelina López De Maturana, José Antonio Jiménez‐Montero, Rafael Alenda, Oscar González‐Recio. Structural equation models to disentangle the biological relationship between microbiota and complex traits: Methane production in dairy cattle as a case of study. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics. 2019; 137 (1):36-48.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alejandro Saborío‐Montero; Mónica Gutiérrez‐Rivas; Aser García‐Rodríguez; Raquel Atxaerandio; Idoia Goiri; Evangelina López De Maturana; José Antonio Jiménez‐Montero; Rafael Alenda; Oscar González‐Recio. 2019. "Structural equation models to disentangle the biological relationship between microbiota and complex traits: Methane production in dairy cattle as a case of study." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 137, no. 1: 36-48.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2019 in Animals
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The aim of this trial was to study the agreement between the non-dispersive infrared methane analyzer (NDIR) method and the hand held laser methane detector (LMD). Methane (CH4) was measured simultaneously with the two devices totaling 164 paired measurements. The repeatability of the CH4 concentration was greater with the NDIR (0.42) than for the LMD (0.23). However, for the number of peaks, repeatability of the LMD was greater (0.20 vs. 0.14, respectively). Correlation was moderately high and positive for CH4 concentration (0.73 and 0.74, respectively) and number of peaks (0.72 and 0.72, respectively), and the repeated measures correlation and the individual-level correlation were high (0.98 and 0.94, respectively). A moderate concordance correlation coefficient was observed for the CH4 concentration (0.62) and for the number of peaks (0.66). A moderate-high coefficient of individual agreement for the CH4 concentration (0.83) and the number of peaks (0.77) were observed. However, CH4 concentrations population means and all variance components differed between instruments. In conclusion, methane concentration measurements obtained by means of NDIR and LMD cannot be used interchangeably. The joint use of both methods could be considered for genetic selection purposes or for mitigation strategies only if sources of disagreement, which result in different between-subject and within-subject variabilities, are identified and corrected for.

ACS Style

Jagoba Rey; Raquel Atxaerandio; Roberto Ruiz; Eva Ugarte; Oscar González-Recio; Aser Garcia-Rodriguez; Idoia Goiri; Rey; Ruiz; González- Recio; Garcia- Rodriguez. Comparison Between Non-Invasive Methane Measurement Techniques in Cattle. Animals 2019, 9, 563 .

AMA Style

Jagoba Rey, Raquel Atxaerandio, Roberto Ruiz, Eva Ugarte, Oscar González-Recio, Aser Garcia-Rodriguez, Idoia Goiri, Rey, Ruiz, González- Recio, Garcia- Rodriguez. Comparison Between Non-Invasive Methane Measurement Techniques in Cattle. Animals. 2019; 9 (8):563.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jagoba Rey; Raquel Atxaerandio; Roberto Ruiz; Eva Ugarte; Oscar González-Recio; Aser Garcia-Rodriguez; Idoia Goiri; Rey; Ruiz; González- Recio; Garcia- Rodriguez. 2019. "Comparison Between Non-Invasive Methane Measurement Techniques in Cattle." Animals 9, no. 8: 563.

Journal article
Published: 02 December 2015 in Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan (CHI) supplementation on production performance and blood parameters in dairy ewes. Twenty-four multiparous Latxa dairy ewes at d 16 of lactation were divided into two groups of 12 ewes each. Ewes were fed one of two experimental concentrates (0.840 kg dry matter/d), control or supplemented with 1.2% CHI, on a dry matter basis. Ewes also had free access to tall fescue hay, water, and mineral salts. The experimental period lasted for 25 d, of which the first 14 d were for treatment adaptation and the last 11 d for measurements and samplings. Supplementation with CHI decreased total (p=0.043) and fescue (p=0.035) dry matter intake (DMI), but did not affect concentrate DMI. Supplementation with CHI, moreover, increased plasma glucose (p=0.013) and BUN concentrations (p=0.035), but did not affect those of non-esterified fatty acids. Dietary supplementation with CHI, however, did not affect milk yield, 6.5% FCM, milk composition, or BW, but it improved dietary apparent efficiency by increasing the milk yield-to-DMI (p=0.055) and 6.5% FCM-to-DMI (p=0.045) ratios. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of chitosan maintained ewe performance while reducing feed intake and improving dietary apparent efficiency.

ACS Style

Aser García-Rodríguez; Josune Arranz; Nerea Mandaluniz; Ina Beltrán-De-Heredia; Roberto Ruiz; Idoia Goiri. Short communication: Production performance and plasma metabolites of dairy ewes in early lactation as affected by chitosan. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2015, 13, e06SC04 .

AMA Style

Aser García-Rodríguez, Josune Arranz, Nerea Mandaluniz, Ina Beltrán-De-Heredia, Roberto Ruiz, Idoia Goiri. Short communication: Production performance and plasma metabolites of dairy ewes in early lactation as affected by chitosan. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2015; 13 (4):e06SC04.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aser García-Rodríguez; Josune Arranz; Nerea Mandaluniz; Ina Beltrán-De-Heredia; Roberto Ruiz; Idoia Goiri. 2015. "Short communication: Production performance and plasma metabolites of dairy ewes in early lactation as affected by chitosan." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 4: e06SC04.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2012 in Cattle husbandry in Eastern Europe and China
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A. Garcia-Rodriguez; Idoia Goiri; R. Ruiz; N. Mandaluniz; L. M. Oregui. Relation between the distribution of time spent on pasture and protein content of the concentrate on milk yield and grazing behaviour. Cattle husbandry in Eastern Europe and China 2012, 139 -142.

AMA Style

A. Garcia-Rodriguez, Idoia Goiri, R. Ruiz, N. Mandaluniz, L. M. Oregui. Relation between the distribution of time spent on pasture and protein content of the concentrate on milk yield and grazing behaviour. Cattle husbandry in Eastern Europe and China. 2012; ():139-142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Garcia-Rodriguez; Idoia Goiri; R. Ruiz; N. Mandaluniz; L. M. Oregui. 2012. "Relation between the distribution of time spent on pasture and protein content of the concentrate on milk yield and grazing behaviour." Cattle husbandry in Eastern Europe and China , no. : 139-142.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2010 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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Because of the health-promoting effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in humans, there is growing interest in increasing the content of C18:1 t11 in the rumen in order to enhance the final CLA level in ruminant milk and meat products. Modifying ruminal microflora populations has been viewed as a means to increase their C18:1 t11 content. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to identify whether chitosan, a natural antimicrobial agent, could be used to modify the biohydrogenation intermediates of two fat sources. The study used a Rusitec unit consisting of eight vessels, and the diets were grass hay and a concentrate mixture (10:90) formulated using either sunflower or rapeseed meal as a fatty acid (FA) source. The incubation experiment consisted of a 6-day adaptation followed by a 5-day chitosan dosing period (750 mg/d), sampling for FA profile and pH determination on the last 3 days. Chitosan interfered in FA biohydrogenation, decreasing total C18:0 (48.7 g/100 g FA versus 23.2 g/100 g FA; P < 0.01) and increasing total C18:1 (5.4 g/100 g FA versus 25.8 g/100 g FA; P < 0.05), C18:1 t11 (4.5 g/100 g FA versus 19.6 g/100 g FA; P < 0.05), total CLA (0.17 g/100 g FA versus 0.37 g/100 g FA; P < 0.05), t9t11 CLA (0.10 g/100 g FA versus 0.21 g/100 g FA; P < 0.05), and the C18:1 t11/C18:0 ratio (0.09 g/100 g FA versus 0.89 g/100 g FA; P < 0.05). Compared to sunflower meal, when rapeseed meal was incubated as the fat source in the concentrate mixture, only total C16:0 was decreased (22.9 g/100 g FA versus 20.6 g/100 g FA; P < 0.05). Chitosan supplementation increased proportions of C18:1 c9, C18:1 c11, and t10c12 CLA only when rapeseed meal was used as the fat source in the concentrate mixture. Chitosan was very effective at inhibiting biohydrogenation in vitro by increasing C18:1 t11 and total CLA proportions and lowering the proportion of saturated FA, regardless of the FA source. However, chitosan increased other biohydrogenation intermediates to a greater extent with rapeseed meal as the dietary fat source. Abbreviations ADFom acid detergent fibre aNDFom neutral detergent fibre CLA conjugated linoleic acid DM dry matter EE ether extract FA fatty acid Keywords Chitosan Antimicrobial Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) Vaccenic acid Rumenic acid Rusitec 1 Introduction Consumers are demanding animal products that are safe and health-promoting. In this context, lipids, in addition to supplying dietary energy to finishing cattle, can modify the fat composition of their meat ( Madron et al., 2002 ). This is of great importance, given the reported beneficial effects of some long-chain fatty acids (FA), such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), on human health ( Parodi, 1997 ). Conjugated linoleic acid isomers are intermediate products of biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated FA by rumen bacteria ( Harfoot and Hazlewood, 1988 ). Many intermediates are formed, but the two that are important to final levels of CLA in animal products are c9t11 CLA ( i.e. , rumenic acid) and C18:1 t11 ( i.e. , trans-vaccenic acid). Conjugated linoleic acid isomers are absorbed in the small intestine and incorporated into animal tissues while, in the adipose tissue, the cis-9 trans-11 isomer of CLA can be derived from C18:1 t11 via Δ 9 -desaturase ( Bauman et al., 2003 ). Griinari and Bauman (1999) , nevertheless, indicated that the flow of C18:1 t11 from the rumen plays a more important role than ruminal CLA in determining final CLA concentration in animal tissues. Many researchers have been interested in increasing the content of C18:1 t11 in the rumen to enhance the CLA content of ruminant products. Trans-vaccenic acid flow to the duodenum can be enhanced by increasing the ratio of unsaturated to saturated FA in the fat supplement ( Pantoja et al., 1996 ). According to Duckett et al. (2002) , this ratio could be enhanced to differing extents by supplementing fats rich in polyunsaturated FA to the diet, such as linoleic acid, or monounsaturated FA, such as oleic acid. Feed additives, such as antibiotics, have been found to increase this ratio by modifying ruminal microflora populations ( Van Nevel and Demeyer, 1995; Fellner et al., 1997 ), but are banned in Europe because of the potential antibiotic resistance that could threaten the efficacy of therapeutic antibiotics in humans ( Witte, 2000 ). Trends in demands for safer products have encouraged a search for natural alternatives to direct fed antibiotics. Chitosan (an N-acetyl- d -glucosamine polymer) is a natural non-toxic, biodegradable biopolymer ( Muzzarelli, 1993 ) derived from deacetylation of chitin, a major component of the shells of crustaceans. The antimicrobial activity of chitosan has noted out as one of its most interesting properties ( Matsuhashi and Kume, 1997 ), which has led to evaluation of its use in ruminant nutrition ( Goiri et al., 2010 ). Apart from its biodegradable character in physiological conditions, chitosan has reactive amine and hydroxyl groups, which offer possibilities of graft reactions ( i.e. , carboxymethyl chitosan) and ionic interactions ( Wu et al., 2005 ). Because lipolytic bacteria and some hydrogenating bacteria are Gram-negative ( Harfoot and Hazlewood, 1988 ), additives with Gram-negative antimicrobial spectra, such as chitosan ( Helander et al., 2001 ), might decrease lipolytic activity and biohydrogenation. Thus, it could be hypothesised that chitosan's “negative-outer-barrier-disruption” property ( Helander et al., 2001 ), concomitant with its ability to interact electrostatically with negatively charged FA in fat ( Chiang et al., 2009 ), could be used to increase the ratio of unsaturated to saturated FA in the rumen, and thus increase the C18:1 t11 flow to the duodenum. The objective was to identify whether chitosan supplementation could be used to modify biohydrogenation intermediates of fat sources with differing FA profiles ( i.e. , rich in linoleic acid versus rich in oleic acid)...

ACS Style

Idoia Goiri; G. Indurain; K. Insausti; V. Sarries; Aser Garcia. Ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in vitro as affected by chitosan. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2010, 159, 35 -40.

AMA Style

Idoia Goiri, G. Indurain, K. Insausti, V. Sarries, Aser Garcia. Ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in vitro as affected by chitosan. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2010; 159 (1-2):35-40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Idoia Goiri; G. Indurain; K. Insausti; V. Sarries; Aser Garcia. 2010. "Ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in vitro as affected by chitosan." Animal Feed Science and Technology 159, no. 1-2: 35-40.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2010 in Journal of Animal Science
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chitosan (CHI) on ruminal and cecal fermentation and on apparent digestibility in sheep. In a first trial, 4 ruminally fistulated sheep fed an alfalfa hay and concentrate diet formulated to meet 1.2 times their maintenance energy requirements were assigned to 2 treatments [no-additive control (CTR), or 136 mg/kg of BW of CHI] for 19 d in a 2 × 2 crossover design. Samples of ruminal fluid and feces were taken for VFA and NH3-N concentrations. At the end of each period of the crossover, ruminal fluid was used as inoculum for batch cultures (24 and 96 h), and the effects on rate and extent of gas production and on fermentation variables for starch, cellulose, and the same diet fed to the animals were calculated. In a second trial, 4 sheep fed the alfalfa hay and concentrate diet were assigned to 2 treatments (CTR and CHI), as for the first trial, but this time for 14 d in a 2 × 2 crossover design. Apparent digestibility was studied. In the first trial, in terms of ruminal fermentation, CHI did not affect (P = 0.12) total VFA concentration or acetate proportion, but increased propionate proportion (P = 0.004) and propionate-to-acetate ratio (C3:C2; P = 0.007) and decreased branched-chain VFA (BCVFA) proportion (P = 0.003) and NH3-N concentration (P = 0.045). In feces, CHI decreased total VFA concentration (P = 0.01) and acetate (P = 0.045) and butyrate (P = 0.025) proportions, and increased propionate (P = 0.04), valerate (P = 0.01), and BCVFA (P = 0.032) proportions and C3:C2 ratio (P = 0.045). In batch cultures, when starch was used as substrate, CHI decreased acetate proportion (P = 0.016) and methane production (P = 0.03) and increased propionate and valerate proportions and C3:C2 ratio (P < 0.001). When cellulose was used as substrate, CHI decreased in vitro OM digestibility (P = 0.033), total VFA concentration, propionate proportion (P < 0.001), C3:C2 ratio (P = 0.006), methane production (P < 0.001), NH3-N concentration (P = 0.019), and gas production rate (P = 0.002), and increased butyrate (P = 0.029) and BCVFA (P = 0.004) proportions and pH (P < 0.001). When the alfalfa hay and concentrate diet was used as substrate, CHI decreased butyrate (P < 0.001) and BCVFA (P = 0.008) proportions, methane (P = 0.005) and asymptotic gas production (P = 0.02), and gas production rate (P = 0.05). In the second trial, CHI decreased NDF apparent digestibility (P = 0.09). In conclusion, CHI shifted ruminal fermentation toward energetically more efficient routes, without reducing OM apparent digestibility. Copyright © 2010. American Society of Animal Science.

ACS Style

Idoia Goiri; L. M. Oregui; Aser Garcia. Use of chitosans to modulate ruminal fermentation of a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate diet in sheep1. Journal of Animal Science 2010, 88, 749 -755.

AMA Style

Idoia Goiri, L. M. Oregui, Aser Garcia. Use of chitosans to modulate ruminal fermentation of a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate diet in sheep1. Journal of Animal Science. 2010; 88 (2):749-755.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Idoia Goiri; L. M. Oregui; Aser Garcia. 2010. "Use of chitosans to modulate ruminal fermentation of a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate diet in sheep1." Journal of Animal Science 88, no. 2: 749-755.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2009 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chitosan on in vitro fermentation of an alfalfa:concentrate diet (50:50, Dry matter (DM) basis) using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). The Rusitec system consisted of eight vessels: two received 1380 mg of chitosan (CHI-H) daily, two received 690 mg of chitosan (CHI-L), two received 16 mg of monensin (MON), and two received no additives (CTR). After an adaptation period, fermentation parameters were determined for 9 days, divided into three sub-periods. At the end of the Rusitec trial, the vessels fluid was used as inoculum and incubation medium for batch cultures (96 h), and the response in rate and extent of gas production for starch, cellulose, and the same diet used in the Rusitec trial was calculated. The apparent DM, organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) disappearance was decreased by CHI-H and CHI-L in a dose-dependent manner, but only CHI-H decreased neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom) disappearance. No effects of MON were found in the disappearance of DM, OM, aNDFom, or CP. CHI-H and CHI-L decreased total gas and methane production, but only CHI-H reduced methane production per gram of disappeared DM. MON reduced total gas production, but no effects were observed for methane production or methane per gram of disappeared DM. Only CHI-H decreased fermenter fluid NH3 concentration. No effects of CHI or MON were found for total volatile fatty acids (VFA), but propionate and valerate were enhanced by CHI-H, CHI-L, and MON. Both CHI treatments increased propionate-to-acetate (C3:C2) ratio, but MON only increased this ratio in the first sub-period. CHI-H and CHI-L reduced branch-chained VFA (BCVFA) in a dose-dependent manner from the second sub-period onward. In the in vitro batch fermentation trial, MON, CHI-H, and CHI-L treatments reduced gas production compared with CTR at sampling times beyond 8 h for the alfalfa:concentrate diet and beyond 24 h for cellulose and starch. CHI-H, CHI-L, and MON reduced asymptotic gas production with the starch substrate. With the cellulose substrate, CHI-H reduced asymptotic gas production, and CHI-H, CHI-L, and MON reduced the gas production rate, but MON reduced it to a greater extent. With the alfalfa:concentrate substrate, CHI-H and CHI-L reduced asymptotic gas production, but MON reduced it to a greater extent. In conclusion, addition of chitosan exerted an effect on some fermentative processes in the rumen, which may improve in vitro energy efficiency, and this effect was maintained over the entire experimental period without any apparent adaptation.

ACS Style

Idoia Goiri; Aser Garcia; L.M. Oregui. Effect of chitosan on mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Animal Feed Science and Technology 2009, 152, 92 -102.

AMA Style

Idoia Goiri, Aser Garcia, L.M. Oregui. Effect of chitosan on mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2009; 152 (1-2):92-102.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Idoia Goiri; Aser Garcia; L.M. Oregui. 2009. "Effect of chitosan on mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)." Animal Feed Science and Technology 152, no. 1-2: 92-102.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2009 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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The in vitro gas production technique was used to study the dose–response effects of three chitosans on rumen fermentation of three mixtures differing in their forage-to-concentrate ratio (80:20, 50:50 and 20:80). Four concentrations (0, 325, 750 and 1500 mg/l of culture fluid) for each chitosan (CHI1, CHI2, and CHI3) were incubated for 24 h in diluted ruminal fluid with three different mixtures. Samples were collected to determine pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia–N concentrations. Methane concentration was estimated stoichiometrically, and in vitro true organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was calculated. In the high-forage mixture, no differences were found between additives except for propionate molar proportion, for which CHI1 showed a lower proportion than CHI2 or CHI3. Increasing doses of chitosans did not affect total VFA or acetate molar proportions, but decreased IVOMD as well as butyrate and branch-chained volatile fatty acid (BCVFA) molar proportions, and increased propionate molar proportion as well as ratios of C3:C2 and VFA to truly degraded substrate (VFA:TDS). In the medium-forage mixture, no differences were found between additives. Increasing doses of chitosan did not affect total VFA or acetate molar proportions or methane production compared to control, but decreased IVOMD as well as butyrate and BCVFA molar proportions, and increased propionate molar proportion as well as C3:C2 and VFA:TDS ratios. In the low-forage mixture, increasing doses did not reduce total VFA, but decreased IVOMD, acetate, butyrate, and BCVFA molar proportions and methane production, and increased propionate molar proportion as well as C3:C2 and total VFA:TDS ratios compared to control. No differences were found between additives in IVOMD or butyrate molar proportion, but differences were found in acetate molar proportion, with CHI1 showing a higher proportion than CHI2 or CHI3. Differences between additives were also found for propionate molar proportion, C3:C2 ratio, and methane production, and an additive × dose effect was found, with CHI1 showing a weaker response than CHI2 or CHI3 at all tested doses. Differences were found between additives for BCVFA molar proportion, with CHI1 and CHI2 showing greater production than CHI3, and for VFA:TDS ratio, with CHI1 showing a higher ratio than CHI2 or CHI3. These results indicate that chitosans affect rumen microbial fermentation in a dose-dependent manner and that the optimum dose depends on the nature of the incubated substrate and the chitosan's characteristics. Abbreviations ADFom acid detergent fibre aNDFom neutral detergent fibre BCVFA branch-chained volatile fatty acid C3:C2 propionate-to-acetate ratio CHI1–CHI3 chitosans CP crude protein DM dry matter GRAS generally recognized as safe HF high-forage mixture IVOMD in vitro organic matter digestibility LF low-forage mixture MF medium-forage mixture MON monensin OM organic matter SEM standard error of mean VFA volatile fatty acid VFA:TDS ratio of total VFA to truly degraded substrate Keywords Chitosan Rumen fermentation Antimicrobial Dose–response 1 Introduction For the past few decades, antibiotics have been successfully used as growth promoters in livestock production systems, preventing disease and metabolic disorders as well as improving feed efficiency. However, public concern over the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in humans, due to routine use of antibiotics in livestock nutrition, has increased in recent years, leading to the ban of this use in the European Union ( Regulation 1831/2003/EC ). Consequently, there is substantial interest in developing alternatives to antibiotics for modifying rumen microbial fermentation. Chitosans are natural biopolymers derived through the deacetylation of chitin, a major component of crustacean shells. These compounds have received much attention for their diverse potential applications in medicine and food preservation, due to their strong antimicrobial properties against a wide range of bacteria, moulds, and yeast ( Sudarshan et al., 1992; Fang et al., 1994; Cuero, 1999 ). Furthermore, chitosans have received a “generally recognized as safe (GRAS)” status in the USA (FDA, 2001) and therefore could be used as a safe alternative to antibiotics. Previous studies reported that in the presence of chitosans, rumen fermentation metabolism could be modified by shifting the volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile towards an energetically more favourable fermentation with a higher proportion of propionate, at the same time producing less methane ( Goiri et al., 2008 ). However, this beneficial effect could be offset by decreased feed digestibility and total VFA production ( Goiri et al., 2008 ). Thus, when chitosans are intended for use as feed additives, in which their purpose is not to inhibit fermentation completely but to increase its efficiency, the concentration of chitosans in the diet appears to be important for achieving positive effects on rumen fermentation. In addition, it can be hypothesised that additive effects would depend on a wide range of factors, with the nature of the fermented substrate being one of the most relevant ( Weimer et al., 1999 ), as has been reported with other additives ( Garcia-Martinez et al., 2005 ). Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effects of three chitosan additives differing in chemical characteristics on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of three mixtures differing in forage-to-concentrate ratio, as well as to identify the optimum dose levels, using the in vitro gas production technique. 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Additives The effects of three chitosans (CHI1, CHI2, and CHI3) differing in deacetylation degree and molecular weight were evaluated using the in vitro gas production technique. Characteristics of each chitosan and monensin (MON, as a positive control) are shown in Table 1 . Chitosan additives and doses were chosen as a result of...

ACS Style

Idoia Goiri; L.M. Oregui; Aser Garcia. Dose–response effects of chitosans on in vitro rumen digestion and fermentation of mixtures differing in forage-to-concentrate ratios. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2009, 151, 215 -227.

AMA Style

Idoia Goiri, L.M. Oregui, Aser Garcia. Dose–response effects of chitosans on in vitro rumen digestion and fermentation of mixtures differing in forage-to-concentrate ratios. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2009; 151 (3-4):215-227.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Idoia Goiri; L.M. Oregui; Aser Garcia. 2009. "Dose–response effects of chitosans on in vitro rumen digestion and fermentation of mixtures differing in forage-to-concentrate ratios." Animal Feed Science and Technology 151, no. 3-4: 215-227.

Journal article
Published: 16 January 2009 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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ACS Style

Idoia Goiri; Aser Garcia; L.M. Oregui. Effect of chitosans on in vitro rumen digestion and fermentation of maize silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2009, 148, 276 -287.

AMA Style

Idoia Goiri, Aser Garcia, L.M. Oregui. Effect of chitosans on in vitro rumen digestion and fermentation of maize silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2009; 148 (2-4):276-287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Idoia Goiri; Aser Garcia; L.M. Oregui. 2009. "Effect of chitosans on in vitro rumen digestion and fermentation of maize silage." Animal Feed Science and Technology 148, no. 2-4: 276-287.