Soil moisture is highly variable in space and time, and it has nonlinear effects on a wide variety of environmental systems. Understanding the multiple hydrological processes, developing more accurate models of those processes, and applying those models to conservation planning all benefit...

Climate change significantly affects environment, ecosystems, communities, and economies. These impacts often result in quick and gradual changes in water resources, environmental conditions, and weather patterns. A geographical study was conducted in Arizona State, USA, to examine monthly precipitation concentration rates over time. This analysis used a high-resolution 0.50×0.50 grid for monthly precipitation data from 1961 to 2022, Provided by the Climatic Research Unit. The study aimed to analyze climatic changes affected the first and last five years of each decade, as well as the entire decade, during the specified period. GIS was used to meet the objectives of this study. Arizona experienced 51–568 mm, 67–560 mm, 63–622 mm, and 52–590 mm of rainfall in the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth decades of the second millennium, respectively. Both the first and second five year periods of each decade showed acceptable rainfall amounts despite fluctuations. However, rainfall decreased in the first and second decades of the third millennium. and in the first two years of the third decade. Rainfall amounts dropped to 42–472 mm, 55–469 mm, and 74–498 mm, respectively, indicating a downward trend in precipitation. The central part of the state received the highest rainfall, while the eastern and western regions (spanning north to south) had significantly less. Over the decades of the third millennium, the average annual rainfall every five years was relatively low, showing a declining trend due to severe climate changes, generally ranging between 35 mm and 498 mm. The central regions consistently received more rainfall than the eastern and western outskirts. Arizona is currently experiencing a decrease in rainfall due to climate change, a situation that could deteriorate further. This highlights the need to optimize the use of existing rainfall and explore alternative water sources.

The issue of global warming has negatively affected the global climate, which caused a decrease in the amount of precipitation and a significant increase in temperatures and evaporation rates. Iraq suffers from poor rainfall, which exacerbates the problem of declining water levels in rivers and the drying up of some tributaries. The Euphrates river, which passes through the eastern side of the Al-Najaf Governorate, is the case study in the current research. A statistical downscaling model is created for rainfall data from 2010 to 2020 with the aim of predicting the future precipitation biennially from 2022 to 2028. The model is calibrated and reflects close results with observations with high accuracy and reliability. The future precipitation levels are transformed after multiplying these levels by the total surface areas of the Euphrates river and its tributaries, and the value of future flowrates to be added to the Euphrates river is estimated. The results showed that the Euphrates river will receive a flowrate of 1,535,945 m³ in 2026, which is the highest value when compared with the values of flowrate for the years 2022, 2024, and 2028, which are estimated at 1,475,072, 1,456,037, and 1,378,403 m³, respectively.

Since surface water is such a vital component to ecosystem health and human well-being, knowing where it can be found is of paramount importance. Moderate and low-resolution satellite photos are widely used for this purpose because to their practicality in large-scale implementation. However,...

The available watersheds in the vast lands need extraction and determination in order to benefit from them and estimate the quantities of water supplied by these watersheds. The satellite image is uploaded to the NI-38-14 Karbala-Al-Najaf plateau from the USGU website in the form of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). GIS technology is used to calculate the morphometric properties and output them in the form of tables and cartographic models. The water networks of the geographical plateau NI-38-14 located between the administrative borders of the provinces of Al-Najaf and Karbala in Iraq are devised by extracting a topographic map of the area and calculating the areas of the watersheds and their perimeters. The topographic map showed great variations in the level of the earth’s surface, as the heights of the area ranged between 20m and 120m. The number of watersheds extracted in the Karbala-Al-Najaf plateau is 150 watersheds with different areas, the large area is about 4882 km², while the small area is about 1 km², and between those areas there are various areas. The largest recorded watershed circumference reached 580km in area (4882 km²), while the lowest recorded perimeter is 8km for the area (1 km²).

Groundwater is crucial for urban and rural water systems, especially as demand increases from climate change and population growth. This study addresses a gap in previous research on Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZ). Drainage density, rainfall, slope, land use/land cover (LULC), soil, and geology, along with elevation were analyzed using ArcGIS and Remote Sensing with a weighted overlay method. GWPZs for Liandrindod Wells Watershed, Wales, UK is mapped using Multi-Criteria Analysis and Analytical Hierarchical Processing. Rainfall amounts range from very low (70–92 mm to very high (127–141 mm). The slope ranges from 0 to 195 degrees, with low slopes indicating high groundwater potential and high slopes indicating low potential. The LULC forming the region were water land, built-up area, cropland, rangeland, and treeland. The sub-basin soil falls into four distinct types: loam, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and clay loam. The majority of the sub-basin is covered by rocks from the Silurian and Devonian periods. The following five zones make up the GWPZ map: Very High (147.7 km2) (2.9%), High (1943.4 km2) (38.3%), Moderate (2318.7 km2) (45.7%), Low (662.2 km2) (13%), and Very Low (4 km2) (0.08%). Groundwater-rich regions comprise about 87% of the study area.