Irrigation is the artificial application of water to crops to supply moisture. With rising drought indices and rapid population expansion, the need for irrigation water for food production is growing. Nonetheless, irrigated agriculture is battling several issues that have resulted in poor performance, inefficient water usage, and low crop water production. Improving water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture necessitates using technology that decreases water losses, matches available supplies to demand, and tracks performance. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) allow for effectively managing water and land resources for irrigation. Current GIS and RS uses in irrigation systems are covered in this study, covering land suitability for irrigation, crop water needs, irrigation scheduling, performance evaluation, and other related applications. The future potential of GIS and RS applications for sustainable irrigation water management are highlighted. This paper offers relevant information for researchers, irrigators, and policymakers on using GIS and RS in irrigation water management and how technological improvements will change irrigation water management to enhance water usage efficiency.

Lakes and dams located in sediment-laden rivers infill with time which reduces the storage capacity and consequently the quality of aquatic life. Anthropogenic activities in Kenya’s Murera watershed have had significant impacts on storage capacity and water quality of Murera reservoir which inturn affects aquatic ecosystems. This study focused on the reservoir sedimentation assessment and examination of the sediment impacts on the storage loss in Murera reservoir dam. This was achieved by establishing the engineering concepts using the Bathymetric Survey System (BSS) comprising of navigation twin boat system (Dual Jon-boats) with an in-built Global Positioning System (GPS) for collecting spatial data. A multi-frequency acoustic system with frequencies of 200,50 and 12 kHz was used to determine the reservoir bed level, part of sediment layers, and deposited sediments, respectively, to pre-impoundment levels of the reservoir. Data processing and analysis were performed using Depthpic 5.0.2 Surfer 15.5, and ArcGIS 10.3 software. The results show that the reservoir depth increased from the North part to the South part of the reservoir with a maximum depth of 7.78 m and the reservoir water storage of 707,862.03 m³. Sediment deposition is concentrated in the southern part compared to the north part of the reservoir. The sediment layer thickness varied from 0 m up to 0.8 m (maximum) and the total sediment storage capacity of 117,683.39 m³, this implies that the reservoir lost 14% of its actual storage capacity. Results from this study provide pertinent information to policymakers in Kenya regarding the development, prioritization and assessment of mitigation and remediation strategies to address sedimentation problems in Kenya’s water resources.

The current global climate has shown a significant change, mostly resulting from human-induced activities. Frequent experiences of extreme rainstorms, deadly landslides, and floods followed by the destruction of roads, bridges, drainage, buildings, agriculture, and other infrastructures have been appearing across the globe along with extensive socio-economic effects including human lives losses whereby tropical Africa is among the greatly affected regions. Several studies in the region acclaim the increase of climate-related extremes due to a gradual climate variation. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate how existing water structures might respond to the future climate, which is getting more severe and frequent in the region. The study was conducted on the Nyabugogo River catchment (NRC), covering a huge part of the Kigali metropolitan area. It was carried out through a downscaled global climate model (CMIP6 GCM) projection coupled with a joint SWAT + hydrological model and HEC-RAS hydrodynamic simulation. The study showed that the annual precipitation in Kigali might keep increasing, resulting in increased risks of extreme weather events. The study identified up to 38% (+514.9 mm) annual precipitation increment, which resulted in more than a doubled flow rate (+28.0 ${\mathrm{m}}^3/\mathrm{s}$) increment by the end of the century under a high greenhouse gas emission scenario (ssp585). As a result, hydrodynamic simulations revealed that the Bridge-1 in NRC might fail to accommodate the 50-year return peak storm under ssp585. Henceforth, there is a need to adopt high GHG emission scenarios in critical infrastructure development. Further, enforcing green-grey infrastructures in flood risk-low resilient areas is recommended to improve climate resilience. Thus, the results of this study might prove useful in climate-resilient infrastructure development and other pre-emptive adaptation practices, most importantly building anticipated resilience against climate-related hazards.

Roads, bridges, sewer systems, and other infrastructure failures often result from climate-related incidences along with extensive socioeconomic impacts including human life losses. Infrastructures with frequent experiences are usually replaced, altered, or adopt different Low-Impact Development, Best Management Practice (LID-BMP) approaches. Adapting and recovering from the damages cost a substantial budget. This study reviewed Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) i.e., risk analysis, hydroclimatic analysis, and Life Cycle Cost-Benefits Analysis (LCC-BA) in the Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Development (CRID). It was carried out following the protocols and guidelines for systematic literature review . Throughout the review, 1D is acclaimed as the best and most suitable to identify critical flooding zones and nodes within the drainage network. The study showed that integrated GIS and 1D hydrodynamic modelling are reliable in waterlogging characterisation and locating suitable floodwater regulating areas, while 2D analysis was found ideal for appropriate damages assessment over different inundation depths, duration, return periods and different climate scenarios. Indeed, about 62.5% of the studies have analysed the LID-BMPs whereby 23.2% integrated hydrologic-hydrodynamic and LCC-BA, and identified optimum performances at different levels. The study showed that, the cost of climatic adaption in infrastructure development results in the benefits optimisation and the effects-attributed cost minimisation. Besides, several studies acclaim the rising of weather-related extremes due to a gradual climate variation. Henceforth, there is a need for adaptation, most importantly, incorporating the changes in infrastructure development, and the necessity of integrating MCDA in CRID. Further, machine learning and deep learning approaches are recommended to overcome challenges and limitations associated with the current multi-dimensional numerical models and big data era demanding huge time and computational power.

Accumulation and deposition of sediments in waterbody affect the seepage capacity that could lead to improper water balance and results in the water level rise. This study analysed the influence of sedimentation on seepage capacity in Lake Nakuru and the impact of sediment characteristics to the water seepage and the flow rate formation at the lake bed level. The study was performed by sampling and analysing the sediment cores from two locations in the lake. The sediment hydraulic properties, i.e., moisture and porosity, particle sizes, and hydraulic conductivity, were determined using the oven-drying method, sieve analysis, hydrometer analysis, and falling head tests, respectively. The results showed that the lake sediment sample from location P1 had an average ratio of 39.38% for silty soil, 34.00% for clayey sediment, and 26.63% for fine-sand sediment particles with the maximum permeability coefficient of 3.37 (*) 10(-5) cm/s, while the one from location P2 had an average ratio of 63.17% for sand, 20.17% for fine particles, and 16.67% for gravels with the maximum permeability coefficient of 0.010793 cm/s. The hydraulic conductivity of sediment sample from location P1 and P2 increased along the core depth. This could lead to the rise of water level due to the decreases of water movement induced from the sediment cementation in the top layers under the waterbody. Sedimentation affects Lake Nakuru water volume and water balance; hence, there is a need to control the inflow of sediment resulting from anthropogenic activities in the watershed.