Innovating methods for treating industrial wastewater containing heavy metals frequently incorporate toxicity-reduction technologies to keep up with regulatory requirements. This article reviews the latest advances, benefits, opportunities and drawbacks of several heavy metal removal treatment systems for industrial wastewater in detail. The conventional physicochemical techniques used in heavy metal removal processes with their advantages and limitations are evaluated. A particular focus is given to innovative gas hydrate-based separation of heavy metals from industrial effluent with their comparison, advantages and limitations in the direction of commercialization as well as prospective remedies. Clathrate hydrate-based removal is a potential technology for the treatment of metal-contaminated wastewater. In this work, a complete assessment of the literature is addressed based on removal efficiency, enrichment factor and water recovery, utilizing the gas hydrate approach. It is shown that gas hydrate-based treatment technology may be the way of the future for water management purposes, as the industrial treated water may be utilized for process industries, watering, irrigation and be safe to drink.

Ionic Liquids (ILs) are considered as the potential replacement of industrial organic solvents because of their salient physical and chemical properties, for example, ionic nature, low vapor pressure, and good solubility properties. These properties make ILs feasible for potential application. Industrialization of ILs has a potential to adversely affect and pose risk to the ecosystem because of their toxic nature. However, the conventional research on the ILs is mainly carried out by performing acute the toxicity assessment of individual species for individual ILs which is termed as effect assessment. Effect assessment for individual ILs is insufficient for the ecotoxicological risk assessment of ILs. Subsequently, effect assessment of single ILs on one species is not sufficient to evaluate risk. The main objective of the current research was to estimate the safe environmental concentrations (SECs) of ILs towards three bacterial strains V fischeri, E coli and S vacuolatus by Chemical Toxicity Distribution (CTD) method. CTDs provided the SECs for a group Imidazolium NTf2 ILs toward three bacteria. E coli was the most sensitive species amongst three species when exposed to the selected group of ILs with 2.976 × 10⁻⁴ mmol/L as SEC.

For past decades, the industry and academician realized the core of effective process safety management (PSM) is closely related to good process safety culture. Major accidents in process industry occur at low frequency but the consequences on people, environmental, and assets damage are catastrophic. Previous accidents in process industry recorded many deaths and injuries of facility personnel and public. Hence, many regulations and best practices were introduced to avoid major accidents from occurring and to mitigate the consequences. Risk based process safety (RBPS) Guideline is one of best practices to manage PSM, using risk‐based approaches. When accidents happened, internal and external stakeholders are greatly impacted if it is not mitigated effectively. Thus, element stakeholder outreach which lies in Commit to Process Safety pillars are considered as important elements to protect the stakeholders and promoting good safety culture. This article presents a structured technique for stakeholder outreach using RBPS approaches and a work‐aid model to ease its implementation in process industry. The technique and work‐aid model are beneficial to help the organization managing stakeholders, educating the public on risk management and the importance of embracing safety culture in their life.

Introduction: Machines are equipment that increases productivity and efficiency in a workplace. Machine Reliability, Integrity, and Availability are the most critical factors to ensure machinery safety in a workplace. Methods: Throughout this study, a series of reviews of previous literature are described in relation to the elements of reliability, integrity and availability. This study examines the methods used to investigate levels of each element as well as the results of performing the analysis. Each review is chosen from the aspect of the safety feature that can be interpreted from the research study. A scientific model that utilizes an improved Bottom-up Approach is proposed to further improve the worker's safety and enhance the productivity of an industry. Results: Research shows that the chosen reviews have positive and negative change towards the level of machinery safety and a more substantial approach is needed to further strengthen the issue. The proposed model combines the effort of employee and various management organization as a team. The model is validated using Bias- Variance Trade off method that analyses the proposed model in a 27MW power plant with a selection of employee and management. Conclusion: Model validation proves that the proposed model is an effective method to increase the machinery reliability, integrity and availability in a workplace. The scientific methodology provided will help management as a team to avert mechanical accidents from occurring at an initial stage.