Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising materials for photocatalytic functions. In class of TMDs, MoS₂ is comprehensively explored as a co-catalyst due to the extraordinary activity for photocatalytic activity of organic dye degradation. But the catalytic activities of MoS₂ are generated through S ions on depiction edges. Also numerous of S ions existed on basal planes are catalytically inactive. The insertion of external metals in MoS₂ organism is extensive way for activation of basal planes surface to enhance concentration of catalytically active sites. For this purpose, nanoparticles of Nickel (Ni) doped MoS₂ are prepared by hydrothermal technique. Structural and morphological analysis are characterized by XRD and SEM, respectively. XRD results showed that Ni is completely doped into MoS₂. SEM showed that pure MoS₂ has sheet like structure and Ni doped MoS₂ has mix disc and flower like structure. Band gap energy was observed in declining range of 2.30–1.76 eV. The photocatalytic activity of pure MoS₂ and Ni doped MoS₂ were evaluated by degrading MB and RhB dyes under UV light irradiation. MB dye degradation of MB was 71% for pure MoS₂. For 1% to 5% Ni doping in MoS₂, MB dye degradated from 85% to 96%. It means that MB dye degradation of MB was enhanced continuously by increasing the concentration of Ni doping. RhB dye degradation of RhB was 62% for pure MoS₂. For 1% to 5% Ni doping in MoS₂, the RhB dye degradated from 77% to 91%.

Lead-free halide double perovskite (LFHDP) Cs ₂ AgBiBr ₆ has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional lead-based perovskites (LBPs), offering notable advantages in terms of chemical stability and non-toxicity.

In the present investigation, ZnO films co-doped with Mn and La were synthesized by the sol–gel technique. XRD analysis revealed that ZnO had a hexagonal structure. Mixed hexagonal and cubic phases appeared in ZnO containing Mn (1%) and La (1.5%). The grain size, d-spacing, unit cell, lattice parameters, atomic packing fraction, volume, strain, crystallinity, and bond length of co-doped ZnO films were determined as a function of doped ion contents. Through UV analysis, it was found that pristine ZnO had E_g = 3.5 eV, and it decreased when increasing the doping concentration, reaching the minimum value for the sample with 1% Mn and 1% La. The optical parameters of the films, such as absorption, transmittance, dielectric constants, and refractive index, were also analyzed. DSSCs were fabricated using the prepared ZnO films. For pure ZnO film, the values were: efficiency = 0.69%, current density = 2.5 mAcm⁻², and open-circuit voltage = 0.56 V. When ZnO was co-doped with Mn and La, the efficiency increased significantly. DSSCs with a ZnO photoanode co-doped with 1% Mn and 1% La exhibited maximum values of J_sc = 4.28 mAcm⁻², V_oc = 0.6 V, and efficiency = 1.89%, which is 174% better than pristine ZnO-based DSSCs. This material is good for the electrode of perovskite solar cells.

A competitive new technology, organic metallic halide perovskite solar cells feature a wide working area, low manufacturing costs, a long lifespan, and a significant amount of large efficacy of power conversion (PCE). The spin-coating technique was utilized for the fabrication of pure CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ (MAPbBr₃) thin films, and these films are implanted with 600 keV silver (Ag) ions at fluency rate of 6 × 10¹⁴ and 4 × 10¹⁴ ions/cm². XRD analysis confirmed the cubic structure of MAPbBr₃. A high grain size was observed at the fluency rate of 4 × 10¹⁴ ions/cm². The UV-Vis spectroscopic technique was used to calculate the optical properties such as the bandgap energy (E_g), refractive index (n), extinction coefficients (k), and dielectric constant. A direct E_g of 2.44 eV was measured for the pristine film sample, whereas 2.32 and 2.36 eV were measured for Ag ion-implanted films with a 4 × 10¹⁴ and 6 × 10¹⁴ ions/cm² fluence rate, respectively. The solar cells of these films were fabricated. The J_sc was 6.69 mA/cm², FF was 0.80, V_oc was 1.1 V, and the efficiency was 5.87% for the pristine MAPbBr₃-based cell. All of these parameters were improved by Ag ion implantation. The maximum values were observed at a fluency rate of 4 × 10¹⁴ ions/cm², where the V_oc was 1.13 V, FF was 0.75, J_sc was 8.18 mA/cm², and the efficiency was 7.01%.