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B. Scheres
RWTH Aachen University

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Journal article
Published: 15 July 2020 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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Dense grass covers are generally recommended for surface protection of sea dikes against mild and moderate hydraulic loads. The standard seeding mixtures were composed to meet the technical requirements and ensure dike safety. These mixtures are, however, limited in their species diversity. In the present study, four differently vegetated surfaces were tested regarding their erosion resistance against wave impacts and overflow. The test vegetations ranged from a species-poor grass-dominated reference mixture to species-rich herb-dominated mixtures. Two vegetations were reinforced with a three-dimensional geogrid. For the unreinforced vegetations, the erosion rate due to wave impacts decreased exponentially with increasing root density and root length density. The geogrid reinforcements functioned as additional protection when the upper vegetation layer was eroded and led to slightly decreasing erosion rate with depth. In overflow simulations, the relatively densely-vegetated grass-dominated mixture experienced least erosion. Erosion was mainly initiated at bare spots emphasizing the major role of a closed vegetation cover and dike maintenance. The present results give new insights into erosion patterns of unreinforced and reinforced vegetated dike covers and the relation between vegetation parameters and hydraulic resistance to wave impacts and overflow.

ACS Style

Babette Scheres; Holger Schüttrumpf. Investigating the Erosion Resistance of Different Vegetated Surfaces for Ecological Enhancement of Sea Dikes. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 519 .

AMA Style

Babette Scheres, Holger Schüttrumpf. Investigating the Erosion Resistance of Different Vegetated Surfaces for Ecological Enhancement of Sea Dikes. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (7):519.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Babette Scheres; Holger Schüttrumpf. 2020. "Investigating the Erosion Resistance of Different Vegetated Surfaces for Ecological Enhancement of Sea Dikes." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 7: 519.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Water Resources Research
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Vegetation covers on dikes and embankment dams have proven as sustainable and cost‐effective surface protection against external erosion caused by hydraulic, mechanical or climatic impacts. Determination of the hydraulic loads that act upon these covers requires the knowledge of the flow resistance. While the high‐velocity flows on vegetated slopes are often aerated, the flow aeration has rarely been considered and no direct measurements of the air‐water flow properties have been conducted to date. The air‐water flow properties are needed for a direct estimation of important design parameters such as friction factors and residual head at the downstream end. Herein unique air‐water flow measurements were conducted in high‐velocity air‐water flows down a vegetated chute with a 1:3 slope. Several vegetation covers were tested for a range of flow rates. The experiments revealed strong flow aeration within three‐dimensional, fragmented flows associated with complex interactions of vegetation and high‐velocity flows. The air‐water flow properties were measured with phase‐detection intrusive probes providing novel insights into aerated flows on vegetated chutes including distributions of void fraction, bubble count rate and interfacial velocity as well as direct estimates of energy dissipation and flow resistance. The results highlighted strong flow aeration and energy dissipation for all vegetated configurations. The median equivalent Darcy‐Weisbach friction factors for all vegetations were within 0.19 to 0.45, comparable to aerated flows on stepped spillways. The present results highlighted the significant flow resistance of vegetated covers and the need to consider air‐water flow properties in the design of vegetated chutes.

ACS Style

B. Scheres; H. Schüttrumpf; S. Felder. Flow Resistance and Energy Dissipation in Supercritical Air‐Water Flows Down Vegetated Chutes. Water Resources Research 2020, 56, 1 .

AMA Style

B. Scheres, H. Schüttrumpf, S. Felder. Flow Resistance and Energy Dissipation in Supercritical Air‐Water Flows Down Vegetated Chutes. Water Resources Research. 2020; 56 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B. Scheres; H. Schüttrumpf; S. Felder. 2020. "Flow Resistance and Energy Dissipation in Supercritical Air‐Water Flows Down Vegetated Chutes." Water Resources Research 56, no. 2: 1.

Chapter
Published: 01 January 2020 in Wasser: Ökologie und Bewirtschaftung
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Die Hauptfunktion von Seedeichen liegt im Sturmflutschutz. Seedeiche sind gleichzeitig jedoch auch Teil eines Ökosystems, das wertvolle Funktionen haben kann. Eine ökologische Aufwertung von Seedeichsystemen kann zum einen durch die Aufwertung von Deichvorland und Küstenökosystemen, zum anderen durch die ökologische Aufwertung des Deichbauwerks selbst erfolgen. Die Deichsicherheit und damit die Küstenschutzfunktion sind dabei jedoch weiterhin zu priorisieren. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden grundlegende Definitionen und Rahmenprogramme des naturbasierten Küstenschutzes dargelegt und schließlich, basierend auf den Ergebnissen des Forschungsprojekts EcoDike (FKZ: 03F0757 A–F), ökosystemare Aspekte an Seedeichsystemen und Methoden zur ökologischen Aufwertung diskutiert.

ACS Style

B. Scheres; A. Arns; C. Bisgwa; B. Deutschmann; P. Fröhle; N. Goseberg; A. Graunke; T. K. Hoffmann; H. Hollert; J. Jensen; P. Jordan; K. Keimer; V. Kosmalla; N. Manojlovic; J. Michalzik; S. Molzberger; M. Paul; T. Schlurmann; D. Schürenkamp; F. Soltau; M. Ulm; N. Wrage-Mönnig; H. Schüttrumpf. Ökosystemare Aspekte an Seedeichsystemen. Wasser: Ökologie und Bewirtschaftung 2020, 15 -27.

AMA Style

B. Scheres, A. Arns, C. Bisgwa, B. Deutschmann, P. Fröhle, N. Goseberg, A. Graunke, T. K. Hoffmann, H. Hollert, J. Jensen, P. Jordan, K. Keimer, V. Kosmalla, N. Manojlovic, J. Michalzik, S. Molzberger, M. Paul, T. Schlurmann, D. Schürenkamp, F. Soltau, M. Ulm, N. Wrage-Mönnig, H. Schüttrumpf. Ökosystemare Aspekte an Seedeichsystemen. Wasser: Ökologie und Bewirtschaftung. 2020; ():15-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B. Scheres; A. Arns; C. Bisgwa; B. Deutschmann; P. Fröhle; N. Goseberg; A. Graunke; T. K. Hoffmann; H. Hollert; J. Jensen; P. Jordan; K. Keimer; V. Kosmalla; N. Manojlovic; J. Michalzik; S. Molzberger; M. Paul; T. Schlurmann; D. Schürenkamp; F. Soltau; M. Ulm; N. Wrage-Mönnig; H. Schüttrumpf. 2020. "Ökosystemare Aspekte an Seedeichsystemen." Wasser: Ökologie und Bewirtschaftung , no. : 15-27.

Chapter
Published: 01 January 2020 in Wasser: Ökologie und Bewirtschaftung
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Zum Schutz der Seedeichoberfläche gegen Erosion wird bei niedrigen bis moderaten hydraulischen Belastungen im Allgemeinen der Einsatz und die Unterhaltung einer Grasdeckschicht empfohlen. Der erhöhte Widerstand der Grasdeckschicht im Vergleich zu einer reinen Kleideckschicht wird im Wesentlichen durch das Wurzelwerk in Verbindung mit dem anstehenden Untergrund erzielt. Zur Gewährleistung der Deichsicherheit und Sicherstellung der Deichfunktion werden diverse ingenieurbiologische Anforderungen an die Deichgrasnarbe gestellt, um eine dauerhaft erosionsresistente Deckschicht sicherzustellen. Auf Grundlage des aktuellen Stands des Wissens und neuester Forschungsergebnisse aus dem Projekt EcoDike (Förderkennzeichen: 03F0757 A–F) wird im vorliegenden Beitrag die Rolle der Deichvegetation aus Ingenieursicht diskutiert. Im Fokus stehen dabei die Funktion der Deichvegetation zur Deichverstärkung, ihr Erosionswiderstand gegen hydraulische Belastungen und Einflüsse auf die Vegetationsentwicklung.

ACS Style

B. Scheres; J. Michalzik; T. K. Hoffmann; M. Paul; H. Schüttrumpf; T. Schlurmann. Die Rolle der Deichvegetation aus Ingenieursicht. Wasser: Ökologie und Bewirtschaftung 2020, 67 -99.

AMA Style

B. Scheres, J. Michalzik, T. K. Hoffmann, M. Paul, H. Schüttrumpf, T. Schlurmann. Die Rolle der Deichvegetation aus Ingenieursicht. Wasser: Ökologie und Bewirtschaftung. 2020; ():67-99.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B. Scheres; J. Michalzik; T. K. Hoffmann; M. Paul; H. Schüttrumpf; T. Schlurmann. 2020. "Die Rolle der Deichvegetation aus Ingenieursicht." Wasser: Ökologie und Bewirtschaftung , no. : 67-99.

Conference paper
Published: 26 September 2019 in APAC 2019
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Nature-based solutions attract more and more interest due to increasing maintenance costs of grey infrastructure, increasing design conditions and growing environmental awareness. Integrating ecosystems in coastal engineering practice not only scores with societal and ecological benefits, such as biodiversity and cultural services, but also provides coastal protection services by attenuating waves and stabilizing sediments. Although nature-based solutions can already be found along many coasts around the globe, coastal engineers are still posed to challenges when evaluating, designing, implementing or maintaining nature-based solutions as guidance and in-depth investigations on efficiency, vulnerabilities and natural dynamics are often lacking. Current challenges for science and practice relate to the general requirements of nature-based solutions, the determination of fundamental data and insecurities and knowledge gaps. To overcome these challenges, close collaboration of engineers and ecologists is necessary.

ACS Style

B. Scheres; H. Schüttrumpf. Nature-Based Solutions in Coastal Research – A New Challenge for Coastal Engineers? APAC 2019 2019, 1383 -1389.

AMA Style

B. Scheres, H. Schüttrumpf. Nature-Based Solutions in Coastal Research – A New Challenge for Coastal Engineers? APAC 2019. 2019; ():1383-1389.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B. Scheres; H. Schüttrumpf. 2019. "Nature-Based Solutions in Coastal Research – A New Challenge for Coastal Engineers?" APAC 2019 , no. : 1383-1389.

Review
Published: 05 August 2019 in Water
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Sea dikes protect low-lying hinterlands along many coasts all around the world. Commonly, they are designed as embankments with grass covers or grey revetments accounting for the prevailing hydraulic loads. So far, incorporation of ecological aspects in the dike design is limited. With regard to increasing environmental awareness and climate change adaptation needs, the present study reviews methods for ecological enhancement of sea dikes and discusses limitations and challenges related to these methods. In doing so, one key aspect is to maintain dike safety while increasing the ecological value. Potential for ecological enhancement of sea dikes has been found regarding natural or nature-based solutions in the foreshore, dike surface protection measures (vegetated dike covers, hard revetments and dike roads) and the dike geometry. While natural and nature-based solutions in the foreland are investigated thoroughly, so far only few experiences with ecological enhancements of the dike structure itself were gained resulting in uncertainties and knowledge gaps concerning the implementation and efficiency. Additional to technical uncertainties, engineers and ecologists meet the challenge of interdisciplinary collaboration under consideration of societal needs and expectations.

ACS Style

Babette Scheres; Holger Schüttrumpf. Enhancing the Ecological Value of Sea Dikes. Water 2019, 11, 1617 .

AMA Style

Babette Scheres, Holger Schüttrumpf. Enhancing the Ecological Value of Sea Dikes. Water. 2019; 11 (8):1617.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Babette Scheres; Holger Schüttrumpf. 2019. "Enhancing the Ecological Value of Sea Dikes." Water 11, no. 8: 1617.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2019 in Water
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Due to climatic change and the increased usage of coastal areas, there is an increasing risk of dike failures along the coasts worldwide. Wave run-up plays a key role in the planning and design of a coastal structure. Coastal engineers use empirical equations for the determination of wave run-up. These formulae generally include the influence of various hydraulic, geometrical and structural parameters, but neglect the effect of the curvature of coastal dikes on wave run-up and overtopping. The scope of this research is to find the effects of the dike curvature on wave run-up for regular wave attack by employing numerical model studies for various dike-opening angles and comparing it with physical model test results. A numerical simulation is carried out using DualSPHysics, a mesh-less model and OpenFOAM, a mesh-based model. A new influence factor is introduced to determine the influence of curvature along a dike line. For convexly curved dikes (αd = 210° to 270°) under perpendicular wave attack, a higher wave run-up was observed for larger opening angles at the center of curvature whereas for concavely curved dikes (αd = 90° to 150°) under perpendicular wave attack, wave run-up increases at the center of curvature as the opening angle decreases. This research aims to contribute a more precise analysis and understanding the influence of the curvature in a dike line and thus ensuring a higher level of protection in the future development of coastal structures.

ACS Style

Suba Periyal Subramaniam; Babette Scheres; Malte Schilling; Sven Liebisch; Nils B. Kerpen; Torsten Schlurmann; Corrado Altomare; Holger Schüttrumpf. Influence of Convex and Concave Curvatures in a Coastal Dike Line on Wave Run-up. Water 2019, 11, 1333 .

AMA Style

Suba Periyal Subramaniam, Babette Scheres, Malte Schilling, Sven Liebisch, Nils B. Kerpen, Torsten Schlurmann, Corrado Altomare, Holger Schüttrumpf. Influence of Convex and Concave Curvatures in a Coastal Dike Line on Wave Run-up. Water. 2019; 11 (7):1333.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suba Periyal Subramaniam; Babette Scheres; Malte Schilling; Sven Liebisch; Nils B. Kerpen; Torsten Schlurmann; Corrado Altomare; Holger Schüttrumpf. 2019. "Influence of Convex and Concave Curvatures in a Coastal Dike Line on Wave Run-up." Water 11, no. 7: 1333.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2019 in Estuaries and Coasts
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Over recent years, many coastal engineering projects have employed the use of soft solutions as these are generally less environmentally damaging than hard solutions. However, in some cases, local conditions hinder the use of soft solutions, meaning that hard solutions have to be adopted or, sometimes, a combination of hard and soft measures is seen as optimal. This research reviews the use of hard coastal structures on the foreshore (groynes, breakwaters and jetties) and onshore (seawalls and dikes). The purpose, functioning and local conditions for which these structures are most suitable are outlined. A description is provided on the negative effects that these structures may have on morphological, hydrodynamic and ecological conditions. To reduce or mitigate these negative impacts, or to create new ecosystem services, the following nature-based adaptations are proposed and discussed: (1) applying soft solutions complementary to hard solutions, (2) mitigating morphological and hydrodynamic changes and (3) ecologically enhancing hard coastal structures. The selection and also the success of these potential adaptations are highly dependent on local conditions, such as hydrodynamic forcing, spatial requirements and socioeconomic factors. The overview provided in this paper aims to offer an interdisciplinary understanding, by giving general guidance on which type of solution is suitable for given characteristics, taking into consideration all aspects that are key for environmentally sensitive coastal designs. Overall, this study aims to provide guidance at the interdisciplinary design stage of nature-based coastal defence structures.

ACS Style

T. Schoonees; A. Gijón Mancheño; B. Scheres; T. J. Bouma; R. Silva; T. Schlurmann; H. Schüttrumpf. Hard Structures for Coastal Protection, Towards Greener Designs. Estuaries and Coasts 2019, 42, 1709 -1729.

AMA Style

T. Schoonees, A. Gijón Mancheño, B. Scheres, T. J. Bouma, R. Silva, T. Schlurmann, H. Schüttrumpf. Hard Structures for Coastal Protection, Towards Greener Designs. Estuaries and Coasts. 2019; 42 (7):1709-1729.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T. Schoonees; A. Gijón Mancheño; B. Scheres; T. J. Bouma; R. Silva; T. Schlurmann; H. Schüttrumpf. 2019. "Hard Structures for Coastal Protection, Towards Greener Designs." Estuaries and Coasts 42, no. 7: 1709-1729.

Original research paper
Published: 03 April 2019 in Coastal Engineering Journal
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Short duration bores in the coastal zone are generated by wave breaking in shallow water and mild foreshore conditions. In storm weather situations and for sea level rise scenarios, these bores approach the dike and interact with previously overtopped or reflected bores. Combined laser scanner and video measurements were used to study the complex and turbulent bore interaction processes. Five bore interaction patterns were distinguished as (1) regular bore pattern; (2) collision bore pattern; (3) plunging breaking bore pattern; (4) sequential overtopping bore pattern, and (5) catch-up bore pattern. Video images of the bore running up the wall and motion tracking of the leading edge were used to obtain a time series of the run-up water at the wall. The impact loads of the bore hitting the wall on the promenade were studied based on the signal of a vertical array of 13 pressure sensors installed over the wall height. Three impact types were distinguished and classified as (1) impulsive impact type; (2) dynamic impact type; and (3) quasi-static impact type. The majority of ~2/3 of the total number of impacts were comprised of the quasi-static impact type.

ACS Style

Maximilian Streicher; Andreas Kortenhaus; Krasimir Marinov; Matthias Hirt; Steven Hughes; Bas Hofland; Babette Scheres; Holger Schüttrumpf. Classification of bore patterns induced by storm waves overtopping a dike crest and their impact types on dike mounted vertical walls – a large-scale model study. Coastal Engineering Journal 2019, 61, 321 -339.

AMA Style

Maximilian Streicher, Andreas Kortenhaus, Krasimir Marinov, Matthias Hirt, Steven Hughes, Bas Hofland, Babette Scheres, Holger Schüttrumpf. Classification of bore patterns induced by storm waves overtopping a dike crest and their impact types on dike mounted vertical walls – a large-scale model study. Coastal Engineering Journal. 2019; 61 (3):321-339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maximilian Streicher; Andreas Kortenhaus; Krasimir Marinov; Matthias Hirt; Steven Hughes; Bas Hofland; Babette Scheres; Holger Schüttrumpf. 2019. "Classification of bore patterns induced by storm waves overtopping a dike crest and their impact types on dike mounted vertical walls – a large-scale model study." Coastal Engineering Journal 61, no. 3: 321-339.

Proceedings article
Published: 17 June 2018 in Volume 7A: Ocean Engineering
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Wave-Overtopping loads on vertical walls, such as those located on top of a dike, have been investigated in several small-scale experiments in the past. A large-scale validation for a mild foreshore situation is still missing. Hence the WALOWA (WAve LOads on WAlls) experimental campaign was carried out to address this topic. This paper, first presents a description of the large-scale model, the measurement set-up and the experimental methodologies, then it focuses on the layer thicknesses and velocities of the flows created on the promenade by the wave overtopping. A set of resistive wave gauges, ultrasonic distance sensors and velocimeters have been used to conduct these measurements. Preliminary data analysis and results, related to a 1000 irregular waves long test, are discussed. The momentum flux of these flows is studied and its implications, for the wave-overtopping loads acting on the vertical walls, are highlighted.

ACS Style

Lorenzo Cappietti; Irene Simonetti; Andrea Esposito; Maximilian Streicher; Andreas Kortenhaus; Babette Scheres; Holger Schuettrumpf; Matthias Hirt; Bas Hofland; Xuexue Chen. Large-Scale Experiments of Wave-Overtopping Loads on Walls: Layer Thicknesses and Velocities. Volume 7A: Ocean Engineering 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Lorenzo Cappietti, Irene Simonetti, Andrea Esposito, Maximilian Streicher, Andreas Kortenhaus, Babette Scheres, Holger Schuettrumpf, Matthias Hirt, Bas Hofland, Xuexue Chen. Large-Scale Experiments of Wave-Overtopping Loads on Walls: Layer Thicknesses and Velocities. Volume 7A: Ocean Engineering. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenzo Cappietti; Irene Simonetti; Andrea Esposito; Maximilian Streicher; Andreas Kortenhaus; Babette Scheres; Holger Schuettrumpf; Matthias Hirt; Bas Hofland; Xuexue Chen. 2018. "Large-Scale Experiments of Wave-Overtopping Loads on Walls: Layer Thicknesses and Velocities." Volume 7A: Ocean Engineering , no. : 1.