Nanocellulose is a renewable and biocompatible nanomaterial with a high strength low density and tunable surface chemistry. This review summarizes the main processing routes and significant properties of nanocellulose-based foams and aerogels. Challenges, such as how to produce long-term stable wet foams or how to avoid structural collapse of the material during solvent removal using e.g. supercritical drying, are discussed. Recent advances in the use of ice templating to generate iso- or anisotropic foams with tunable mechanical and thermal properties are highlighted. We illustrate how the porous architecture and properties of nanocellulose-based foams and aerogels can be tailored for applications in e.g. thermal insulation and energy storage.

Lignocellulose, an abundant renewable resource, presents a promising alternative for sustainable energy and industrial applications. However, large-scale adoption of lignocellulosic feedstocks faces considerable obstacles, including scalability, bioprocessing efficiency, and resilience to climate change. This Review examines current efforts and future opportunities for leveraging lignocellulosic feedstocks in bio-based energy and products, with a focus on enhancing conversion efficiency and scalability. It also explores emerging biotechnologies such as CRISPR-based genome editing informed by machine learning, aimed at improving feedstock traits and reducing the environmental impact of fossil fuel dependence.