Azfar Khalid has received the PhD in precision Engineering and robotics from The University of Manchester, U.K., in 2009. He is a Senior Lecturer of industrial robotics and controls with Nottingham Trent University, U.K. He is a Chartered Engineer from Institute of Mechanical Engineers, UK and Fellow of Higher Education Academy (FHEA). Dr Khalid is leading the Digital Innovation Research Group at NTU where he is focused on the development of smart technologies for Industry 4.0. Dr Khalid has research interests in human robot collaboration, cyber physical production systems, digital twins and renewable energy systems.