Introduction To date, long-term safety including functional outcomes of transanal natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) for colorectal cancer resection has not been confirmed. Aim To explore the short- and long-term outcomes as well as anal function of transanal NOSES versus...

CD155 is an immune checkpoint protein in cancers and interacts with ligands to regulate the immune microenvironment. The expression of CD155 is correlated with the prognosis and pathological features of breast cancer. To investigate the expression status of CD155 and the association with exhausted CD4⁺ helper and CD8⁺ cytotoxic tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and PD-L1 in the breast cancer microenvironment. One hundred and twenty-six breast cancer patients with invasive ductal breast cancer were consecutively recruited into this study. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression CD155, PD-L1 and PD-1 on tumor-infiltrating immune cells and tumor cells in the microenvironment. The proportion of patients with CD155 expression was higher in triple negative breast cancer (72.7%) than in Luminal A patients (22.2%, P < 0.05). Patients with positive CD155 expression had a higher percentage of CD4⁺/PD-1⁺ helper TILs (30%) than patients with negative CD155 expression (21%, P < 0.05). Patients with positive CD155 expression also had higher cell counts of exhausted CD4⁺ TILs [47 vs 20/high-power fields (HPF)] and unexhausted CD8⁺ TILs (30 vs 17/HPF) than patients with negative expression (P < 0.05). CD155 expression was correlated with increased PD-L1 expression in immune cells, 0.8% and 0.02% immune cells expressed PD-L1 in patients with positive and negative CD155 expression, respectively (P < 0.05). CD155 was related to an inhibitory immune breast cancer microenvironment. CD155 was associated with a high proportion of exhausted CD4⁺ and unexhausted CD8⁺ TILs and high PD-L1 expression in immune cells.