The CORSIA is an emission reduction program which is implemented by ICAO for the global air-line industry. The program aims to contribute to the implemented measures to reduce CO2 emis-sions from the international aviation network. In this regard, we aim to find out the significant factors that affect the levels of CO2 emissions in aviation and the most efficient countries in re-ducing them. Firstly, we examine 28-member countries of the EU (European Union) by using the panel data based stochastic frontier analysis and Malmquist productivity indices. The results show that the determinants affecting the emissions caused by aviation statistically significant for the pe-riod 2008-2017: Energy consumption per flight; millions of passenger-kilometers, freight and mail million tonne-kilometer; the number of commercial aircraft fleets by age groups; the number of countries’ airports; and globalization index of the related country. Moreover, efficiency scores which are obtained by stochastic frontier analysis and Malmquist productivity index differ among the countries. Eastern European countries are observed to be superior in terms of technical effi-ciency. However, there is no significant increasing or decreasing trend in technical efficiency for EU 28 countries. This result is an indication that CORSIA’s emission reduction expectations will not be realized quickly, especially when considering the extensive use of aviation in the globalized countries.

The amount of health expenditure at the household level is one of the most basic indicators of development in countries. In many countries, health expenditure increases relative to national income. If out-of-pocket health spending is higher than the income or too high, this indicates an economical alarm that causes a lower life standard, called catastrophic health expenditure. Catastrophic expenditure may be affected by many factors such as household type, property status, smoking and drinking alcohol habits, being active in sports, and having private health insurance. The study aims to investigate households with respect to catastrophic health expenditure by the clustering method. Clustering enables one to see the main similarity and difference between the groups. The results show that there are significant and interesting differences between the five groups. C4 households earn more but spend less money on health problems by the rate of 3.10% because people who do physical exercises regularly have fewer health problems. A household with a family with one adult, landlord and three people in total (mother or father and two children) in the cluster C5 earns much money and spends large amounts for health expenses than other clusters. C1 households with elementary families with three children, and who do not pay rent although they are not landlords have the highest catastrophic health expenditure. Households in C3 have a rate of 3.83% health expenditure rate on average, which is higher than other clusters. Households in the cluster C2 make the most catastrophic health expenditure.