A main feature of biofilms is the self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) that act as a protective shield, preventing biocide penetration. We use magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) in combination with magnetic fields to damage the biofilm matrix and cause detachment. A Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm strain is used to demonstrate the efficacy of the methodology with different sizes and concentrations of MNPs under AC and DC applied field conditions. We achieve up to a nearly 5 log₁₀ reduction in biofilm bacteria after treatment with 30 mg mL⁻¹ of 11 nm MNPs using a magnetic field. The MNPs cause significant mechanical disruption to the matrix and lead to biofilm dispersal. In addition, using magnetic hyperthermia further affects biofilm damage.

Our skin-on-chip (SoC) model uniquely enabled quantitative studies of transendothelial and transepithelial migration of human T lymphocytes under mimicked inflammatory skin conditions and was used to test new drug candidates.