Candida auris was first described in Japan in 2009 and has now been the cause of significant outbreaks across the globe. The high number of isolates that are resistant to one or more antifungals, as well as the high mortality rates from patients with bloodstream infections, has attracted the attention of the medical mycology, infectious disease, and public health communities to this pathogenic fungus. In the current work, we performed a broad multi-omics approach on two clinical isolates isolated in New York, the most affected area in the United States and found that the omic profile of C. auris differs significantly from C. albicans . In addition to our insights into C. auris carbon utilization and lipid and protein content, we believe that the availability of these data will enhance our ability to combat this rapidly emerging pathogenic yeast.

ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, δ subunit (ATP5F1D; formerly ATP5D) is a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase and plays an important role in coupling proton translocation and ATP production. Here, we describe two individuals, each with homozygous missense variants in ATP5F1D, who presented with episodic lethargy, metabolic acidosis, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, and hyperammonemia. Subject 1, homozygous for c.245C>T (p.Pro82Leu), presented with recurrent metabolic decompensation starting in the neonatal period, and subject 2, homozygous for c.317T>G (p.Val106Gly), presented with acute encephalopathy in childhood. Cultured skin fibroblasts from these individuals exhibited impaired assembly of F1FO ATP synthase and subsequent reduced complex V activity. Cells from subject 1 also exhibited a significant decrease in mitochondrial cristae. Knockdown of Drosophila ATPsynδ, the ATP5F1D homolog, in developing eyes and brains caused a near complete loss of the fly head, a phenotype that was fully rescued by wild-type human ATP5F1D. In contrast, expression of the ATP5F1D c.245C>T and c.317T>G variants rescued the head-size phenotype but recapitulated the eye and antennae defects seen in other genetic models of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation deficiency. Our data establish c.245C>T (p.Pro82Leu) and c.317T>G (p.Val106Gly) in ATP5F1D as pathogenic variants leading to a Mendelian mitochondrial disease featuring episodic metabolic decompensation.

The full potential of the herbal market is mainly not realised due to the lack of knowledge of the chemical composition of most herbal products. The growth potential of the herbal medicine industry can only be achieved if the composition of herbal medicine is standardised to ensure proper quality control and accountability. Plant-based nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics is one such way of ensuring quick and reliable quality control and metabolite profiling to ensure quality and reproducibility of herbal medicine. Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics is robust and relatively easy to use, thus ensuring that herbal medicine can be verified and quality controlled much quicker and more accurate than is currently the case. Although nuclear magnetic resonance is not as sensitive as other analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, it is far more reproducible, non-destructive, covers a much wider dynamic range and sample preparation is simpler and quicker to use. Economical development of herbal medicine and the use of nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics should go hand in hand for a better future for herbal medicine. In this review an introduction is given to herbal extracts as therapeutic agents and to the quality control aspects of herbal medicine by means of metabolomics. The experimental methodology for plant metabolomics which covers extraction, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and multivariate data analysis is also discussed. Some examples are given on the possible applications of nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics in the industry and finally the future of nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics is discussed regarding advances in research and development

Sphagnummosses dominate peatlands by employing harsh ecosystem tactics to prevent vascular plant growth and microbial degradation of these large carbon stores. Knowledge aboutSphagnum‐produced metabolites, their structure and their function, is important to better understand the mechanisms, underlying this carbon sequestration phenomenon in the face of climate variability. It is currently unclear which compounds are responsible for inhibition of organic matter decomposition and the mechanisms by which this inhibition occurs. Metabolite profiling ofSphagnum fallaxwas performed using two types of mass spectrometry (MS) systems and¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR). Lipidome profiling was performed using LC‐MS/MS. A total of 655 metabolites, including one hundred fifty‐two lipids, were detected by NMR and LC‐MS/MS—329 of which were novel metabolites (31 unknown lipids).Sphagum fallaxmetabolite profile was composed mainly of acid‐like and flavonoid glycoside compounds, that could be acting as potent antimicrobial compounds, allowingSphagnumto control its environment.Sphagnum fallaxmetabolite composition comparison against previously known antimicrobial plant metabolites confirmed this trend, with seventeen antimicrobial compounds discovered to be present inSphagnum fallax, the majority of which were acids and glycosides. Biological activity of these compounds needs to be further tested to confirm antimicrobial qualities. Three fungal metabolites were identified providing insights into fungal colonization that may benefitSphagnum. Characterizing the metabolite profile ofSphagnum fallaxprovided a baseline to understand the mechanisms in whichSphagnum fallaxacts on its environment, its relation to carbon sequestration in peatlands, and provide key biomarkers to predict peatland C store changes (sequestration, emissions) as climate shifts.

The utility of metabolomics is well documented; however, its full scientific promise has not yet been realized due to multiple technical challenges. These grand challenges include accurate chemical identification of all observable metabolites and the limiting depth-of-coverage of current metabolomics methods. Here, we report a combinatorial solution to aid in both grand challenges using UHPLC-trapped ion mobility spectrometry coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TIMS-TOF-MS). TIMS offers additional depth-of-coverage through increased peak capacities realized with the multi-dimensional UHPLC-TIMS separations. Metabolite identification confidence is simultaneously enhanced by incorporating orthogonal collision cross section (CCS) data matching. To facilitate metabolite identifications, we created a CCS library of 146 plant natural products. This library was generated using TIMS with N₂ drift gas to record the ^TIMSCCS_N2 of plant natural products with a high degree of reproducibility; i.e., average RSD = 0.10%. The robustness of ^TIMSCCS_N2 data matching was tested using authentic standards spiked into complex plant extracts, and the precision of CCS measurements were determined to be independent of matrix affects. The utility of the UHPLC-TIMS-TOF-MS/MS in metabolomics was then demonstrated using extracts from the model legume Medicago truncatula and metabolites were confidently identified based on retention time, accurate mass, molecular formula, and CCS.