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Urban water management is a growing concern in India’s rapidly urbanizing cities. Population growth and climatic variability are exuberating the impact on surface and underground water supply. Understanding the causes and the extent of water vulnerability is required for developing effective strategies for water insecurities. This study attempts to assess the water vulnerability across different wards of a touristic city of Himalaya-Nainital using IPCC approach considering the three dimensions: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Seven indicators, mostly spatial, i.e. edaphic (aspect, elevation) and climatic (land surface temperature) besides some water infrastructural (distance to water distribution) and population, were considered for development of vulnerability index using Analytical Hierarchy Process for assigning weights. These indicators were simple to extract and easy to obtain and mostly available from secondary sources and were capable to account the variability at micro-level. Moreover, the current adaptation mechanisms for water security were also derived through conducting surveys by randomly selecting households across the wards. Staff House and Harinagar wards were the most vulnerable. The survey results that the adaptation mechanism should be managed at individual and organization level. Policy measures such as optimum use of water, grey water recycling, spring rejuvenation, rain water harvesting, and leakage proof infrastructure with intervention of new technologies, may be adopted and implemented for reducing the water vulnerability in the city along with the public participation. The appropriate measures for water vulnerability would further provide support for improving the facilities to the tourists in the city thereby improved economic opportunities to the locals.
Disha Chauhan; Muthuprasad Thiyaharajan; Anvita Pandey; Nidhi Singh; Vishal Singh; Sumit Sen; Rajiv Pandey. Climate change water vulnerability and adaptation mechanism in a Himalayan City, Nainital, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -18.
AMA StyleDisha Chauhan, Muthuprasad Thiyaharajan, Anvita Pandey, Nidhi Singh, Vishal Singh, Sumit Sen, Rajiv Pandey. Climate change water vulnerability and adaptation mechanism in a Himalayan City, Nainital, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDisha Chauhan; Muthuprasad Thiyaharajan; Anvita Pandey; Nidhi Singh; Vishal Singh; Sumit Sen; Rajiv Pandey. 2021. "Climate change water vulnerability and adaptation mechanism in a Himalayan City, Nainital, India." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-18.
Trees are important as a source of fuelwood and fodder for rural populations in the Himalayas. This paper analysed the fuelwood and fodder consumption patterns of rural households in 16 villages in Alaknanda Valley, Uttarakhand, northern India. The results showed that consumption of biomass from agroforestry and other sources varied significantly in different seasons. The fuelwood consumption requirement from agroforestry was an estimated 2.05, 0.63 and 1.24 kg/capita/day in winter, summer and rainy season, respectively, while the corresponding values for fuelwood from other sources were 1.16, 0.34 and 0.65 kg/capita/day, respectively. The fodder from agroforestry also contributed an estimated value of 12.96, 10.35 and 7.65 kg/adult cattle unit/day in winter, summer and the rainy season, respectively, while other sources contributed 3.53, 4.76 and 11.58 kg/ACU/day, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of agroforestry comprising suitable tree species for fuelwood and fodder in mountainous regions. Agroforestry can be a potential strategy to enhance resilience to climate change among smallholders who are fully dependent on natural resources, by reducing the risk of total crop yield losses, providing a more stable source of fuelwood and fodder, and reducing the time and energy spent on collecting resources from outside the smallholding or farm.
Bhuvnesh Nagar; Sushma Rawat; Rajiv Pandey; Munesh Kumar; Juha M. Alatalo. Fuelwood and fodder consumption patterns among agroforestry-practicing smallholder farmers of the lower Himalayas, India. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2021, 1 -20.
AMA StyleBhuvnesh Nagar, Sushma Rawat, Rajiv Pandey, Munesh Kumar, Juha M. Alatalo. Fuelwood and fodder consumption patterns among agroforestry-practicing smallholder farmers of the lower Himalayas, India. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2021; ():1-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBhuvnesh Nagar; Sushma Rawat; Rajiv Pandey; Munesh Kumar; Juha M. Alatalo. 2021. "Fuelwood and fodder consumption patterns among agroforestry-practicing smallholder farmers of the lower Himalayas, India." Environment, Development and Sustainability , no. : 1-20.
Cushion plants can have positive impacts on plant richness in severe environments and possibly across trophic levels on arthropods, an under-studied topic. This study examined whether soil communities under cushions have higher richness and abundance of soil microarthropods than adjacent non-cushion vegetation, and whether differences in collembolan and mite abundance and species richness between cushions and adjacent vegetation increase with elevation. Paired soil samples were taken under cushions of Silene acaulis along the elevation gradient (1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400 m a.s.l.), under cushions of Diapensia lapponica on the exposed ridge above the treeline (1000 m a.s.l.), and under adjacent non-cushion plant vegetation. In total, 5853 individuals of collembolans (n = 1705) and mites (n = 4148) were obtained from soil samples and identified to order/species level. S. acaulis cushions had a positive effect on species richness and abundance of collembolans, with richness effects from 1100 m a.s.l. upwards. Oribatid mite richness and abundance were also higher under cushions compared with adjacent vegetation. Species richness of collembolans and oribatids declined with increasing elevation from 1200 m a.s.l. Collembolan abundance peaked at mid-elevation (1200 m a.s.l.) under cushions and adjacent vegetation, while oribatid mite abundance peaked at 1300 m a.s.l. under both vegetation types. D. lapponica cushions on the exposed ridge had significant positive effects on species richness, abundance and diversity index of collembolans, and abundance of oribatids. Cushion plants play an important role in supporting the biodiversity of soil fauna in severe alpine environments, with the positive effects of cushion plants increasing with environmental severity.
Peter Ľuptáčik; Peter Čuchta; Patrícia Jakšová; Dana Miklisová; Ľubomír Kováč; Juha M. Alatalo. Cushion plants act as facilitators for soil microarthropods in high alpine Sweden. Biodiversity and Conservation 2021, 1 -22.
AMA StylePeter Ľuptáčik, Peter Čuchta, Patrícia Jakšová, Dana Miklisová, Ľubomír Kováč, Juha M. Alatalo. Cushion plants act as facilitators for soil microarthropods in high alpine Sweden. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2021; ():1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Ľuptáčik; Peter Čuchta; Patrícia Jakšová; Dana Miklisová; Ľubomír Kováč; Juha M. Alatalo. 2021. "Cushion plants act as facilitators for soil microarthropods in high alpine Sweden." Biodiversity and Conservation , no. : 1-22.
Aims Understanding fine-grain diversity patterns across large spatial extents is fundamental for macroecological research and biodiversity conservation. Using the GrassPlot database, we provide benchmarks of fine-grain richness values of Palaearctic open habitats for vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens and complete vegetation (i.e., the sum of the former three groups). Location Palaearctic biogeographic realm. Methods We used 126,524 plots of eight standard grain sizes from the GrassPlot database: 0.0001 m2, 0.001 m2, 0.01 m2, 0.1 m2, 1 m2, 10 m2, 100 m2 and 1000 m2 and calculated the mean richness and standard deviations, as well as maximum, minimum, median, and first and third quartiles for each combination of grain size, taxonomic group, biome, region, vegetation type and phytosociological class. Results Patterns of plant diversity in vegetation types and biomes differ across grain sizes and taxonomic groups. Overall, secondary (mostly semi-natural) grasslands and natural grasslands are the richest vegetation type. The open-access file ”GrassPlot Diversity Benchmarks” and the web tool “GrassPlot Diversity Explorer” are now available online (https://edgg.org/databases/GrasslandDiversityExplorer) and provide more insights into species richness patterns in the Palaearctic open habitats. Conclusions The GrassPlot Diversity Benchmarks provide high-quality data on species richness in open habitat types across the Palaearctic. These benchmark data can be used in vegetation ecology, macroecology, , biodiversity conservation and data quality checking. While the amount of data in the underlying GrassPlot database and their spatial coverage are smaller than in other extensive vegetation-plot databases, species recordings in GrassPlot are on average more complete, making it a valuable complementary data source in macroecology.
Idoia Biurrun; Remigiusz Pielech; Iwona Dembicz; François Gillet; Łukasz Kozub; Corrado Marcenò; Triin Reitalu; Koenraad Van Meerbeek; Riccardo Guarino; Milan Chytrý; Robin J. Pakeman; Zdenka Preislerová; Irena Axmanová; Sabina Burrascano; Sándor Bartha; Steffen Boch; Hans Henrik Bruun; Timo Conradi; Pieter De Frenne; Franz Essl; Goffredo Filibeck; Michal Hájek; Borja Jiménez‐Alfaro; Anna Kuzemko; Zsolt Molnár; Meelis Pärtel; Ricarda Pätsch; Honor C. Prentice; Jan Roleček; Laura M. E. Sutcliffe; Massimo Terzi; Manuela Winkler; Jianshuang Wu; Svetlana Aćić; Alicia T. R. Acosta; Elias Afif; Munemitsu Akasaka; Juha M. Alatalo; Michele Aleffi; Alla Aleksanyan; Arshad Ali; Iva Apostolova; Parvaneh Ashouri; Zoltán Bátori; Esther Baumann; Thomas Becker; Elena Belonovskaya; José Luis Benito Alonso; Asun Berastegi; Ariel Bergamini; Kuber Prasad Bhatta; Ilaria Bonini; Marc‐Olivier Büchler; Vasyl Budzhak; Álvaro Bueno; Fabrizio Buldrini; Juan Antonio Campos; Laura Cancellieri; Marta Carboni; Tobias Ceulemans; Alessandro Chiarucci; Cristina Chocarro; Luisa Conti; Anna Mária Csergő; Beata Cykowska‐Marzencka; Marta Czarniecka‐Wiera; Marta Czarnocka‐Cieciura; Patryk Czortek; Jiří Danihelka; Francesco de Bello; Balázs Deák; László Demeter; Lei Deng; Martin Diekmann; Jiri Dolezal; Christian Dolnik; Pavel Dřevojan; Cecilia Dupré; Klaus Ecker; Hamid Ejtehadi; Brigitta Erschbamer; Javier Etayo; Jonathan Etzold; Tünde Farkas; Mohammad Farzam; George Fayvush; María Rosa Fernández Calzado; Manfred Finckh; Wendy Fjellstad; Georgios Fotiadis; Daniel García‐Magro; Itziar García‐Mijangos; Rosario G. Gavilán; Markus Germany; Sahar Ghafari; Gian Pietro Giusso del Galdo; John‐Arvid Grytnes; Behlül Güler; Alba Gutiérrez‐Girón; Aveliina Helm; Mercedes Herrera; Elisabeth M. Hüllbusch; Nele Ingerpuu; Annika K. Jägerbrand; Ute Jandt; Monika Janišová; Philippe Jeanneret; Florian Jeltsch; Kai Jensen; Anke Jentsch; Zygmunt Kącki; Kaoru Kakinuma; Jutta Kapfer; Mansoureh Kargar; András Kelemen; Kathrin Kiehl; Philipp Kirschner; Asuka Koyama; Nancy Langer; Lorenzo Lazzaro; Jan Lepš; Ching‐Feng Li; Frank Yonghong Li; Diego Liendo; Regina Lindborg; Swantje Löbel; Angela Lomba; Zdeňka Lososová; Pavel Lustyk; Arantzazu L. Luzuriaga; Wenhong Ma; Simona Maccherini; Martin Magnes; Marek Malicki; Michael Manthey; Constantin Mardari; Felix May; Helmut Mayrhofer; Eliane Seraina Meier; Farshid Memariani; Kristina Merunková; Ottar Michelsen; Joaquín Molero Mesa; Halime Moradi; Ivan Moysiyenko; Michele Mugnai; Alireza Naqinezhad; Rayna Natcheva; Josep M. Ninot; Marcin Nobis; Jalil Noroozi; Arkadiusz Nowak; Vladimir Onipchenko; Salza Palpurina; Harald Pauli; Hristo Pedashenko; Christian Pedersen; Robert K. Peet; Aaron Pérez‐Haase; Jan Peters; Nataša Pipenbaher; Chrisoula Pirini; Eulàlia Pladevall‐Izard; Zuzana Plesková; Giovanna Potenza; Soroor Rahmanian; Maria Pilar Rodríguez‐Rojo; Vladimir Ronkin; Leonardo Rosati; Eszter Ruprecht; Solvita Rusina; Marko Sabovljević; Anvar Sanaei; Ana M. Sánchez; Francesco Santi; Galina Savchenko; Maria Teresa Sebastià; Dariia Shyriaieva; Vasco Silva; Sonja Škornik; Eva Šmerdová; Judit Sonkoly; Marta Gaia Sperandii; Monika Staniaszek‐Kik; Carly Stevens; Simon Stifter; Sigrid Suchrow; Grzegorz Swacha; Sebastian Świerszcz; Amir Talebi; Balázs Teleki; Lubomír Tichý; Csaba Tölgyesi; Marta Torca; Péter Török; Nadezda Tsarevskaya; Ioannis Tsiripidis; Ingrid Turisová; Atushi Ushimaru; Orsolya Valkó; Carmen Van Mechelen; Thomas Vanneste; Iuliia Vasheniak; Kiril Vassilev; Daniele Viciani; Luis Villar; Risto Virtanen; Ivana Vitasović‐Kosić; András Vojtkó; Denys Vynokurov; Emelie Waldén; Yun Wang; Frank Weiser; Lu Wen; Karsten Wesche; Hannah White; Stefan Widmer; Sebastian Wolfrum; Anna Wróbel; Zuoqiang Yuan; David Zelený; Liqing Zhao; Jürgen Dengler. Benchmarking plant diversity of Palaearctic grasslands and other open habitats. Journal of Vegetation Science 2021, 32, e13050 .
AMA StyleIdoia Biurrun, Remigiusz Pielech, Iwona Dembicz, François Gillet, Łukasz Kozub, Corrado Marcenò, Triin Reitalu, Koenraad Van Meerbeek, Riccardo Guarino, Milan Chytrý, Robin J. Pakeman, Zdenka Preislerová, Irena Axmanová, Sabina Burrascano, Sándor Bartha, Steffen Boch, Hans Henrik Bruun, Timo Conradi, Pieter De Frenne, Franz Essl, Goffredo Filibeck, Michal Hájek, Borja Jiménez‐Alfaro, Anna Kuzemko, Zsolt Molnár, Meelis Pärtel, Ricarda Pätsch, Honor C. Prentice, Jan Roleček, Laura M. E. Sutcliffe, Massimo Terzi, Manuela Winkler, Jianshuang Wu, Svetlana Aćić, Alicia T. R. Acosta, Elias Afif, Munemitsu Akasaka, Juha M. Alatalo, Michele Aleffi, Alla Aleksanyan, Arshad Ali, Iva Apostolova, Parvaneh Ashouri, Zoltán Bátori, Esther Baumann, Thomas Becker, Elena Belonovskaya, José Luis Benito Alonso, Asun Berastegi, Ariel Bergamini, Kuber Prasad Bhatta, Ilaria Bonini, Marc‐Olivier Büchler, Vasyl Budzhak, Álvaro Bueno, Fabrizio Buldrini, Juan Antonio Campos, Laura Cancellieri, Marta Carboni, Tobias Ceulemans, Alessandro Chiarucci, Cristina Chocarro, Luisa Conti, Anna Mária Csergő, Beata Cykowska‐Marzencka, Marta Czarniecka‐Wiera, Marta Czarnocka‐Cieciura, Patryk Czortek, Jiří Danihelka, Francesco de Bello, Balázs Deák, László Demeter, Lei Deng, Martin Diekmann, Jiri Dolezal, Christian Dolnik, Pavel Dřevojan, Cecilia Dupré, Klaus Ecker, Hamid Ejtehadi, Brigitta Erschbamer, Javier Etayo, Jonathan Etzold, Tünde Farkas, Mohammad Farzam, George Fayvush, María Rosa Fernández Calzado, Manfred Finckh, Wendy Fjellstad, Georgios Fotiadis, Daniel García‐Magro, Itziar García‐Mijangos, Rosario G. Gavilán, Markus Germany, Sahar Ghafari, Gian Pietro Giusso del Galdo, John‐Arvid Grytnes, Behlül Güler, Alba Gutiérrez‐Girón, Aveliina Helm, Mercedes Herrera, Elisabeth M. Hüllbusch, Nele Ingerpuu, Annika K. Jägerbrand, Ute Jandt, Monika Janišová, Philippe Jeanneret, Florian Jeltsch, Kai Jensen, Anke Jentsch, Zygmunt Kącki, Kaoru Kakinuma, Jutta Kapfer, Mansoureh Kargar, András Kelemen, Kathrin Kiehl, Philipp Kirschner, Asuka Koyama, Nancy Langer, Lorenzo Lazzaro, Jan Lepš, Ching‐Feng Li, Frank Yonghong Li, Diego Liendo, Regina Lindborg, Swantje Löbel, Angela Lomba, Zdeňka Lososová, Pavel Lustyk, Arantzazu L. Luzuriaga, Wenhong Ma, Simona Maccherini, Martin Magnes, Marek Malicki, Michael Manthey, Constantin Mardari, Felix May, Helmut Mayrhofer, Eliane Seraina Meier, Farshid Memariani, Kristina Merunková, Ottar Michelsen, Joaquín Molero Mesa, Halime Moradi, Ivan Moysiyenko, Michele Mugnai, Alireza Naqinezhad, Rayna Natcheva, Josep M. Ninot, Marcin Nobis, Jalil Noroozi, Arkadiusz Nowak, Vladimir Onipchenko, Salza Palpurina, Harald Pauli, Hristo Pedashenko, Christian Pedersen, Robert K. Peet, Aaron Pérez‐Haase, Jan Peters, Nataša Pipenbaher, Chrisoula Pirini, Eulàlia Pladevall‐Izard, Zuzana Plesková, Giovanna Potenza, Soroor Rahmanian, Maria Pilar Rodríguez‐Rojo, Vladimir Ronkin, Leonardo Rosati, Eszter Ruprecht, Solvita Rusina, Marko Sabovljević, Anvar Sanaei, Ana M. Sánchez, Francesco Santi, Galina Savchenko, Maria Teresa Sebastià, Dariia Shyriaieva, Vasco Silva, Sonja Škornik, Eva Šmerdová, Judit Sonkoly, Marta Gaia Sperandii, Monika Staniaszek‐Kik, Carly Stevens, Simon Stifter, Sigrid Suchrow, Grzegorz Swacha, Sebastian Świerszcz, Amir Talebi, Balázs Teleki, Lubomír Tichý, Csaba Tölgyesi, Marta Torca, Péter Török, Nadezda Tsarevskaya, Ioannis Tsiripidis, Ingrid Turisová, Atushi Ushimaru, Orsolya Valkó, Carmen Van Mechelen, Thomas Vanneste, Iuliia Vasheniak, Kiril Vassilev, Daniele Viciani, Luis Villar, Risto Virtanen, Ivana Vitasović‐Kosić, András Vojtkó, Denys Vynokurov, Emelie Waldén, Yun Wang, Frank Weiser, Lu Wen, Karsten Wesche, Hannah White, Stefan Widmer, Sebastian Wolfrum, Anna Wróbel, Zuoqiang Yuan, David Zelený, Liqing Zhao, Jürgen Dengler. Benchmarking plant diversity of Palaearctic grasslands and other open habitats. Journal of Vegetation Science. 2021; 32 (4):e13050.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIdoia Biurrun; Remigiusz Pielech; Iwona Dembicz; François Gillet; Łukasz Kozub; Corrado Marcenò; Triin Reitalu; Koenraad Van Meerbeek; Riccardo Guarino; Milan Chytrý; Robin J. Pakeman; Zdenka Preislerová; Irena Axmanová; Sabina Burrascano; Sándor Bartha; Steffen Boch; Hans Henrik Bruun; Timo Conradi; Pieter De Frenne; Franz Essl; Goffredo Filibeck; Michal Hájek; Borja Jiménez‐Alfaro; Anna Kuzemko; Zsolt Molnár; Meelis Pärtel; Ricarda Pätsch; Honor C. Prentice; Jan Roleček; Laura M. E. Sutcliffe; Massimo Terzi; Manuela Winkler; Jianshuang Wu; Svetlana Aćić; Alicia T. R. Acosta; Elias Afif; Munemitsu Akasaka; Juha M. Alatalo; Michele Aleffi; Alla Aleksanyan; Arshad Ali; Iva Apostolova; Parvaneh Ashouri; Zoltán Bátori; Esther Baumann; Thomas Becker; Elena Belonovskaya; José Luis Benito Alonso; Asun Berastegi; Ariel Bergamini; Kuber Prasad Bhatta; Ilaria Bonini; Marc‐Olivier Büchler; Vasyl Budzhak; Álvaro Bueno; Fabrizio Buldrini; Juan Antonio Campos; Laura Cancellieri; Marta Carboni; Tobias Ceulemans; Alessandro Chiarucci; Cristina Chocarro; Luisa Conti; Anna Mária Csergő; Beata Cykowska‐Marzencka; Marta Czarniecka‐Wiera; Marta Czarnocka‐Cieciura; Patryk Czortek; Jiří Danihelka; Francesco de Bello; Balázs Deák; László Demeter; Lei Deng; Martin Diekmann; Jiri Dolezal; Christian Dolnik; Pavel Dřevojan; Cecilia Dupré; Klaus Ecker; Hamid Ejtehadi; Brigitta Erschbamer; Javier Etayo; Jonathan Etzold; Tünde Farkas; Mohammad Farzam; George Fayvush; María Rosa Fernández Calzado; Manfred Finckh; Wendy Fjellstad; Georgios Fotiadis; Daniel García‐Magro; Itziar García‐Mijangos; Rosario G. Gavilán; Markus Germany; Sahar Ghafari; Gian Pietro Giusso del Galdo; John‐Arvid Grytnes; Behlül Güler; Alba Gutiérrez‐Girón; Aveliina Helm; Mercedes Herrera; Elisabeth M. Hüllbusch; Nele Ingerpuu; Annika K. Jägerbrand; Ute Jandt; Monika Janišová; Philippe Jeanneret; Florian Jeltsch; Kai Jensen; Anke Jentsch; Zygmunt Kącki; Kaoru Kakinuma; Jutta Kapfer; Mansoureh Kargar; András Kelemen; Kathrin Kiehl; Philipp Kirschner; Asuka Koyama; Nancy Langer; Lorenzo Lazzaro; Jan Lepš; Ching‐Feng Li; Frank Yonghong Li; Diego Liendo; Regina Lindborg; Swantje Löbel; Angela Lomba; Zdeňka Lososová; Pavel Lustyk; Arantzazu L. Luzuriaga; Wenhong Ma; Simona Maccherini; Martin Magnes; Marek Malicki; Michael Manthey; Constantin Mardari; Felix May; Helmut Mayrhofer; Eliane Seraina Meier; Farshid Memariani; Kristina Merunková; Ottar Michelsen; Joaquín Molero Mesa; Halime Moradi; Ivan Moysiyenko; Michele Mugnai; Alireza Naqinezhad; Rayna Natcheva; Josep M. Ninot; Marcin Nobis; Jalil Noroozi; Arkadiusz Nowak; Vladimir Onipchenko; Salza Palpurina; Harald Pauli; Hristo Pedashenko; Christian Pedersen; Robert K. Peet; Aaron Pérez‐Haase; Jan Peters; Nataša Pipenbaher; Chrisoula Pirini; Eulàlia Pladevall‐Izard; Zuzana Plesková; Giovanna Potenza; Soroor Rahmanian; Maria Pilar Rodríguez‐Rojo; Vladimir Ronkin; Leonardo Rosati; Eszter Ruprecht; Solvita Rusina; Marko Sabovljević; Anvar Sanaei; Ana M. Sánchez; Francesco Santi; Galina Savchenko; Maria Teresa Sebastià; Dariia Shyriaieva; Vasco Silva; Sonja Škornik; Eva Šmerdová; Judit Sonkoly; Marta Gaia Sperandii; Monika Staniaszek‐Kik; Carly Stevens; Simon Stifter; Sigrid Suchrow; Grzegorz Swacha; Sebastian Świerszcz; Amir Talebi; Balázs Teleki; Lubomír Tichý; Csaba Tölgyesi; Marta Torca; Péter Török; Nadezda Tsarevskaya; Ioannis Tsiripidis; Ingrid Turisová; Atushi Ushimaru; Orsolya Valkó; Carmen Van Mechelen; Thomas Vanneste; Iuliia Vasheniak; Kiril Vassilev; Daniele Viciani; Luis Villar; Risto Virtanen; Ivana Vitasović‐Kosić; András Vojtkó; Denys Vynokurov; Emelie Waldén; Yun Wang; Frank Weiser; Lu Wen; Karsten Wesche; Hannah White; Stefan Widmer; Sebastian Wolfrum; Anna Wróbel; Zuoqiang Yuan; David Zelený; Liqing Zhao; Jürgen Dengler. 2021. "Benchmarking plant diversity of Palaearctic grasslands and other open habitats." Journal of Vegetation Science 32, no. 4: e13050.
Future climate may profoundly impact the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. However, we do not know well how the functioning of different types of grassland ecosystems is associated with variation in temperature and precipitation. Here, we used long-term field measurements to examine how climatic changes between the 1980s and the 2010s (i.e., growing season temperature, precipitation, habitat moisture index, solar radiation, and sunshine duration) have affected aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) for all major grassland types in northern China. We found that ANPP consistently declined over the 30-year period across all types of grassland, on average by about 6.1%. Warming, associated with increased solar radiation and, hence, soil temperature, was the primary factor driving the decrease of ANPP. We further show that ANPP was more sensitive to climate change in alpine and lowland grasslands than in temperate grasslands. Together, our findings indicate that climate warming consistently reduces plant productivity of different types of grassland ecosystems, and emphasize the importance of soil temperature in driving the decline in grassland productivity under climate change.
Gao‐Lin Wu; Zhen Cheng; Juha Mikael Alatalo; Jingxue Zhao; Yu Liu. Climate Warming Consistently Reduces Grassland Ecosystem Productivity. Earth's Future 2021, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleGao‐Lin Wu, Zhen Cheng, Juha Mikael Alatalo, Jingxue Zhao, Yu Liu. Climate Warming Consistently Reduces Grassland Ecosystem Productivity. Earth's Future. 2021; 9 (6):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao‐Lin Wu; Zhen Cheng; Juha Mikael Alatalo; Jingxue Zhao; Yu Liu. 2021. "Climate Warming Consistently Reduces Grassland Ecosystem Productivity." Earth's Future 9, no. 6: 1.
There is increasing interest in broad-scale analysis, modeling, and prediction of the distribution and composition of plant species assemblages under climatic, environmental, and biotic filtering, particularly for conservation purposes. We devised a method (broad-scale analysis & modeling of plant assemblages under climatic-biotic-environmental co-filtering, BAM-PACC) for reliably predicting the impact of climate change on arbitrarily large assemblages of plant communities, while also considering competing biotic and abiotic factors. When applied to a large set of plant communities in the Swiss Alps, BAM-PACC explained presences/absences of 175 plant species in 608 plots with >87% cross-validated accuracy, predicted decreases in α, β, and γ diversity by 2040 under both moderate and extreme climate scenarios, and identified plant species likely to be favored/disfavored by climate change. BAM-PACC also revealed the importance of topography and soil in determining the distribution of plant species and their response to climate change, and showed the overriding importance of temperature extremes rather than averages. BAM-PACC was able to address a number of challenging research problems, such as scaling to large numbers of species, exploiting species relationships, dealing with species rarity, and overwhelming proportion of absences in the presence/absence matrix. By handling hundreds/thousands of plants and plots simultaneously over large areas, BAM-PACC can help broad-scale conservation of plant species under climate change, as it allows species that require urgent conservation planning and policies (assisted migration, seed conservation, ex-situ conservation) to be detected and prioritized. BAM-PACC can also increase the practicality of assisted colonization of plant species, by helping to prevent ill-advised introduction of plant species with limited future survival probability in a certain area. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Alessandro Ferrarini; Yang Bai; Junhu Dai; Juha M. Alatalo. A new method for broad‐scale modeling and projection of plant assemblages under climatic, biotic, and environmental cofiltering. Conservation Biology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAlessandro Ferrarini, Yang Bai, Junhu Dai, Juha M. Alatalo. A new method for broad‐scale modeling and projection of plant assemblages under climatic, biotic, and environmental cofiltering. Conservation Biology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlessandro Ferrarini; Yang Bai; Junhu Dai; Juha M. Alatalo. 2021. "A new method for broad‐scale modeling and projection of plant assemblages under climatic, biotic, and environmental cofiltering." Conservation Biology , no. : 1.
Urban water management is a growing concern in India’s rapidly urbanizing cities. Population growth and climatic variability are further exuberating the impact on surface and underground water supply. Understanding the causes and the extent of water vulnerability is required for developing effective strategies for water insecurities. This study attempts to assess the water vulnerability across different wards of a touristic city of Himalaya - Nainital using IPCC approach considering the three dimensions exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Seven indicators, mostly spatial i.e. edaphic (aspect, elevation), climatic (land surface temperature) besides some water infrastructural (distance to water distribution) and population were considered for development of vulnerability index using Analytical Hierarchy Process for assigning weights. These indicators were simple to extract and easy to obtain and mostly available from secondary sources and were capable to account the variability at micro level. Moreover, the current adaptation mechanisms for water security were also derived through conducting surveys by randomly selecting households across the wards. Staff House and Harinagar wards were the most vulnerable. The survey results that the adaptation mechanism should be managed at individual and organisation level. Policy measures such as optimum use of water; grey water recycling, spring rejuvenation, rain water harvesting, leakage proof infrastructure with intervention of new technologies may be adopted and implemented for reducing the water vulnerability in the city along with the public participation.
Disha Chauhan; Muthuprasad Thiyaharajan; Anvita Pandey; Nidhi Singh; Vishal Singh; Sumit Sen; Rajiv Pandey. Climate Change Water Vulnerability and Adaptation Mechanism in Constrained Touristic Himalayan City, Nainital. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleDisha Chauhan, Muthuprasad Thiyaharajan, Anvita Pandey, Nidhi Singh, Vishal Singh, Sumit Sen, Rajiv Pandey. Climate Change Water Vulnerability and Adaptation Mechanism in Constrained Touristic Himalayan City, Nainital. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDisha Chauhan; Muthuprasad Thiyaharajan; Anvita Pandey; Nidhi Singh; Vishal Singh; Sumit Sen; Rajiv Pandey. 2021. "Climate Change Water Vulnerability and Adaptation Mechanism in Constrained Touristic Himalayan City, Nainital." , no. : 1.
Rapid climate warming is altering Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystem structure and function, including shifts in plant phenology. While the advancement of green up and flowering are well-documented, it remains unclear whether all phenophases, particularly those later in the season, will shift in unison or respond divergently to warming. Here, we present the largest synthesis to our knowledge of experimental warming effects on tundra plant phenology from the International Tundra Experiment. We examine the effect of warming on a suite of season-wide plant phenophases. Results challenge the expectation that all phenophases will advance in unison to warming. Instead, we find that experimental warming caused: (1) larger phenological shifts in reproductive versus vegetative phenophases and (2) advanced reproductive phenophases and green up but delayed leaf senescence which translated to a lengthening of the growing season by approximately 3%. Patterns were consistent across sites, plant species and over time. The advancement of reproductive seasons and lengthening of growing seasons may have significant consequences for trophic interactions and ecosystem function across the tundra.
Courtney G. Collins; Sarah C. Elmendorf; Robert D. Hollister; Greg H. R. Henry; Karin Clark; Anne D. Bjorkman; Isla H. Myers-Smith; Janet S. Prevéy; Isabel W. Ashton; Jakob J. Assmann; Juha M. Alatalo; Michele Carbognani; Chelsea Chisholm; Elisabeth J. Cooper; Chiara Forrester; Ingibjörg Svala Jónsdóttir; Kari Klanderud; Christopher W. Kopp; Carolyn Livensperger; Marguerite Mauritz; Jeremy L. May; Ulf Molau; Steven F. Oberbauer; Emily Ogburn; Zoe A. Panchen; Alessandro Petraglia; Eric Post; Christian Rixen; Heidi Rodenhizer; Edward A. G. Schuur; Philipp Semenchuk; Jane G. Smith; Heidi Steltzer; Ørjan Totland; Marilyn D. Walker; Jeffrey M. Welker; Katharine N. Suding. Experimental warming differentially affects vegetative and reproductive phenology of tundra plants. Nature Communications 2021, 12, 1 -12.
AMA StyleCourtney G. Collins, Sarah C. Elmendorf, Robert D. Hollister, Greg H. R. Henry, Karin Clark, Anne D. Bjorkman, Isla H. Myers-Smith, Janet S. Prevéy, Isabel W. Ashton, Jakob J. Assmann, Juha M. Alatalo, Michele Carbognani, Chelsea Chisholm, Elisabeth J. Cooper, Chiara Forrester, Ingibjörg Svala Jónsdóttir, Kari Klanderud, Christopher W. Kopp, Carolyn Livensperger, Marguerite Mauritz, Jeremy L. May, Ulf Molau, Steven F. Oberbauer, Emily Ogburn, Zoe A. Panchen, Alessandro Petraglia, Eric Post, Christian Rixen, Heidi Rodenhizer, Edward A. G. Schuur, Philipp Semenchuk, Jane G. Smith, Heidi Steltzer, Ørjan Totland, Marilyn D. Walker, Jeffrey M. Welker, Katharine N. Suding. Experimental warming differentially affects vegetative and reproductive phenology of tundra plants. Nature Communications. 2021; 12 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCourtney G. Collins; Sarah C. Elmendorf; Robert D. Hollister; Greg H. R. Henry; Karin Clark; Anne D. Bjorkman; Isla H. Myers-Smith; Janet S. Prevéy; Isabel W. Ashton; Jakob J. Assmann; Juha M. Alatalo; Michele Carbognani; Chelsea Chisholm; Elisabeth J. Cooper; Chiara Forrester; Ingibjörg Svala Jónsdóttir; Kari Klanderud; Christopher W. Kopp; Carolyn Livensperger; Marguerite Mauritz; Jeremy L. May; Ulf Molau; Steven F. Oberbauer; Emily Ogburn; Zoe A. Panchen; Alessandro Petraglia; Eric Post; Christian Rixen; Heidi Rodenhizer; Edward A. G. Schuur; Philipp Semenchuk; Jane G. Smith; Heidi Steltzer; Ørjan Totland; Marilyn D. Walker; Jeffrey M. Welker; Katharine N. Suding. 2021. "Experimental warming differentially affects vegetative and reproductive phenology of tundra plants." Nature Communications 12, no. 1: 1-12.
The well-being of the human society cannot be ensured and sustainable unless the flow of Ecosystem Services (ESs) would be matching with their consistent demand. The consistent flow of ESs required sustainable management of ecological resources of the ecosystem. The management of ecosystem can be ensured with variety of approaches. Integration of indigenous ecological knowledge (IEK) in management prescription with the view that IEK based extraction of ESs ensures removal of resources from the ecosystem within the limit thereby ensuring the sustainability of ecosystem. Present study is an evaluation to understand the nexus between ESs and IEK for sustainable environmental management. The focus of the study was a tribal dominated socio-ecological patch of Barind Region of Malda district, Eastern India. The assessment of ESs and IEK was based on the data collected from the randomly selected tribal households following the pre-tested questionnaire containing questions on ESs as per millennium ecosystem assessment. The data were analyzed following social preference approach, and statistical tests (Krushkal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney). General linear model (GLM) has also been used to examine the impact of socio-demographic attributes on the perceived valuation of ESs. The results revealed that the provisioning ESs (such as water, fuel wood, medical plants) was most preferred followed by cultural and regulating ESs by tribal. Differential importance of ESs was observed among tribal and accounted by gender, education as well as age of the tribe. A gap between the actual accessibility and evaluation of ESs by the tribal communities was also apparent. The socio-demographic attributes have an immense impact on the valuation of ecosystem services and also governed based on the IEK. Various types of indigenous ecological belief systems were closely linked with conservation of ecosystem and sustainable supply of ESs. Present study can contribute to understand socio-ecological nexus with the lens of IEK in tribal dominated ecological landscapes for improved ecosystem and environmental management besides ensuring sustainability of flow of ecosystem services.
Manob Das; Arijit Das; Selim Seikh; Rajiv Pandey. Nexus between Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and Ecosystem Services: A Socio-Ecological Analysis for Sustainable Ecosystem Management. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleManob Das, Arijit Das, Selim Seikh, Rajiv Pandey. Nexus between Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and Ecosystem Services: A Socio-Ecological Analysis for Sustainable Ecosystem Management. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManob Das; Arijit Das; Selim Seikh; Rajiv Pandey. 2021. "Nexus between Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and Ecosystem Services: A Socio-Ecological Analysis for Sustainable Ecosystem Management." , no. : 1.
Questions Species-area relationships (SARs) are fundamental for understanding biodiversity patterns and are generally well described by a power law with a constant exponent z. However, z-values sometimes vary across spatial scales. We asked whether there is a general scale dependence of z-values at fine spatial grains and which potential drivers influence it. Location Palaearctic biogeographic realm. Methods We used 6,696 nested-plot series of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens from the GrassPlot database with two or more grain sizes, ranging from 0.0001 to 1,024 m2 and covering diverse open habitats. The plots were recorded with two widespread sampling approaches (rooted presence = species “rooting” inside the plot; shoot presence = species with aerial parts inside). Using GAMs, we tested for scale dependence of z-values by evaluating if the z-values differ with gran size and tested for differences between the sampling approaches. The response shapes of z-values to grain were classified by fitting quadratic GLMs with logit link to each series. We tested whether the grain size where the maximum z-value occurred is driven by taxonomic group, biogeographic or ecological variables. Results For rooted presence, we found a strong monotonous increase of z-values with grain sizes for all grain sizes below 1 m2. For shoot presence, the scale dependence was much weaker, with hump-shaped curves prevailing. Among the environmental variables studied, latitude, vegetation type, naturalness and land use had strong effects, with z-values of secondary peaking at smaller grain sizes. Conclusions The overall weak scale dependence of z-values underlines that the power function generally is appropriate to describe SARs within the studied grain sizes in continuous open vegetation, if recorded with the shoot presence method. When clear peaks of z-values occur, this can be seen as an expression of granularity of species composition, partly driven by abiotic environment.
Jinghui Zhang; François Gillet; Sándor Bartha; Juha Mikael Alatalo; Idoia Biurrun; Iwona Dembicz; John‐Arvid Grytnes; Renaud Jaunatre; Remigiusz Pielech; Koenraad Van Meerbeek; Denys Vynokurov; Stefan Widmer; Alla Aleksanyan; Kuber Prasad Bhatta; Juan Antonio Campos; Patryk Czortek; Jiri Dolezal; Franz Essl; Itziar García‐Mijangos; Riccardo Guarino; Behlül Güler; Michal Hájek; Anna Kuzemko; Frank Yonghong Li; Swantje Löbel; Halime Moradi; Alireza Naqinezhad; Vasco Silva; Eva Šmerdová; Judit Sonkoly; Simon Stifter; Amir Talebi; Péter Török; Hannah White; Jianshuang Wu; Jürgen Dengler. Scale dependence of species–area relationships is widespread but generally weak in Palaearctic grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science 2021, 32, e13044 .
AMA StyleJinghui Zhang, François Gillet, Sándor Bartha, Juha Mikael Alatalo, Idoia Biurrun, Iwona Dembicz, John‐Arvid Grytnes, Renaud Jaunatre, Remigiusz Pielech, Koenraad Van Meerbeek, Denys Vynokurov, Stefan Widmer, Alla Aleksanyan, Kuber Prasad Bhatta, Juan Antonio Campos, Patryk Czortek, Jiri Dolezal, Franz Essl, Itziar García‐Mijangos, Riccardo Guarino, Behlül Güler, Michal Hájek, Anna Kuzemko, Frank Yonghong Li, Swantje Löbel, Halime Moradi, Alireza Naqinezhad, Vasco Silva, Eva Šmerdová, Judit Sonkoly, Simon Stifter, Amir Talebi, Péter Török, Hannah White, Jianshuang Wu, Jürgen Dengler. Scale dependence of species–area relationships is widespread but generally weak in Palaearctic grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science. 2021; 32 (3):e13044.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJinghui Zhang; François Gillet; Sándor Bartha; Juha Mikael Alatalo; Idoia Biurrun; Iwona Dembicz; John‐Arvid Grytnes; Renaud Jaunatre; Remigiusz Pielech; Koenraad Van Meerbeek; Denys Vynokurov; Stefan Widmer; Alla Aleksanyan; Kuber Prasad Bhatta; Juan Antonio Campos; Patryk Czortek; Jiri Dolezal; Franz Essl; Itziar García‐Mijangos; Riccardo Guarino; Behlül Güler; Michal Hájek; Anna Kuzemko; Frank Yonghong Li; Swantje Löbel; Halime Moradi; Alireza Naqinezhad; Vasco Silva; Eva Šmerdová; Judit Sonkoly; Simon Stifter; Amir Talebi; Péter Török; Hannah White; Jianshuang Wu; Jürgen Dengler. 2021. "Scale dependence of species–area relationships is widespread but generally weak in Palaearctic grasslands." Journal of Vegetation Science 32, no. 3: e13044.
Global warming leads to drastic changes in the diversity and structure of Arctic plant communities. Studies of functional diversity within the Arctic tundra biome have improved our understanding of plant responses to warming. However, these studies still show substantial unexplained variation in diversity responses. Complementary to functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity has been useful in climate change studies, but has so far been understudied in the Arctic. Here, we use a 25-year warming experiment to disentangle community responses in Arctic plant phylogenetic diversity across a soil moisture gradient. We found that responses varied over the soil moisture gradient, where meadow communities with intermediate to high soil moisture had a higher magnitude of response. Warming had a negative effect on soil moisture levels in all meadow communities, however meadows with intermediate moisture levels were more sensitive. In these communities, soil moisture loss was associated with earlier snowmelt, resulting in community turnover towards a more heath-like community. This process of "heathification" in the intermediate moisture meadows was driven by the expansion of ericoid and Betula shrubs. In contrast, under a more consistent water supply Salix shrub abundance increased in wet meadows. Due to its lower stature, palatability and decomposability, the increase in heath relative to meadow vegetation can have several large scale effects on the local food web as well as climate. Our study highlights the importance of the hydrological cycle as a driver of vegetation turnover in response to Arctic climate change. The observed patterns in phylogenetic diversity were often driven by contrasting responses of species of the same functional growth form, and could thus provide important complementary information. Thus, phylogenetic diversity is an important tool in disentangling tundra response to environmental change.
Ruud Scharn; Chelsea J. Little; Christine D. Bacon; Juha M. Alatalo; Alexandre Antonelli; Mats P. Björkman; Ulf Molau; R. Henrik Nilsson; Robert G. Björk. Decreased soil moisture due to warming drives phylogenetic diversity and community transitions in the tundra. Environmental Research Letters 2021, 16, 064031 .
AMA StyleRuud Scharn, Chelsea J. Little, Christine D. Bacon, Juha M. Alatalo, Alexandre Antonelli, Mats P. Björkman, Ulf Molau, R. Henrik Nilsson, Robert G. Björk. Decreased soil moisture due to warming drives phylogenetic diversity and community transitions in the tundra. Environmental Research Letters. 2021; 16 (6):064031.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuud Scharn; Chelsea J. Little; Christine D. Bacon; Juha M. Alatalo; Alexandre Antonelli; Mats P. Björkman; Ulf Molau; R. Henrik Nilsson; Robert G. Björk. 2021. "Decreased soil moisture due to warming drives phylogenetic diversity and community transitions in the tundra." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 6: 064031.
Urban poor with limited resources and residing in precarious informal settlements are often one of the most vulnerable populations to climate variability and change. The present study seeks to assess the vulnerability of informal settlers to climate variability and change. Drawing from natural hazards, politico-economic, and ecological resilience strands of vulnerability literature we developed an integrated set of indicators for vulnerability assessment. The vulnerability of informal settlement dwellers was assessed in the hilly district of Kathmandu and the plain regions of the Nawalpur district of Nepal by collecting primary data from 300 randomly selected households, 150 from each district. Communities living in informal settlements experienced higher exposure to climate risk with lower adaptive capacity. Informal settlements with scarce resources, depilated infrastructure, fewer livelihood opportunities and knowledge gaps pose considerable vulnerability to climate variability and change. Our findings reveal that the inhabitants of informal settlements in the plain region are more vulnerable than that of the informal settlements of the hilly region due to higher exposure and sensitivity and lower adaptive capacities of the informal settlers of the plains. Enabling factors such as livelihood diversification, improved infrastructure, health facilities, social capitals, and support from local government with contextual policies and interventions, can facilitate better adaptation among the informal settlers and make them resilient to climate variability and change.
Monika Giri; Ganga Bista; Pramod K. Singh; Rajiv Pandey. Climate change vulnerability assessment of urban informal settlers in Nepal, a least developed country. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 307, 127213 .
AMA StyleMonika Giri, Ganga Bista, Pramod K. Singh, Rajiv Pandey. Climate change vulnerability assessment of urban informal settlers in Nepal, a least developed country. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 307 ():127213.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonika Giri; Ganga Bista; Pramod K. Singh; Rajiv Pandey. 2021. "Climate change vulnerability assessment of urban informal settlers in Nepal, a least developed country." Journal of Cleaner Production 307, no. : 127213.
Land use change is widely regarded as a key factor altering the structure and function of ecosystems. Urbanization is a particular driver and influence in land use change and is expanding globally, especially in developing countries like China. The InVEST model was employed in this study to comprehensively assess the temporal-spatial impacts of urban land use changes (ULUC) on ecosystem services (ESs) and clarify the tradeoffs between urbanization and ecosystem services provision (ESP) in Dianchi Lake Basin (DLB), China, during 1995–2015. The results showed that DLB’s constructed land, particularly in lakeside areas, has increased substantially because of rapid urbanization (built-up area increase 51%, urbanization rate increase 91%), at the expense of agriculture, grassland, and scrubland, greatly altering ESP. Compared with 1995, carbon storage in 2015 decreased, while soil retention and nitrogen exports only fluctuated slightly. Although water yield increased, the ecological water volume of the whole DLB decreased through an increase in regional surface runoff. This resulted in more pollutants being carried into Dianchi Lake, impairing water quality and causing serious ecological and environmental issues. Thus, this study provides empirical evidence of the significant influence of ULUC on ESP. For eco-friendly urbanization in DLB and similar areas with rapid urbanization, a sustainable pattern of urbanization should be followed. The best tradeoffs between urbanization and ESP should be identified and considered in decision-making relating to urban planning, land use management, optimal natural resources management, and ecological conservation.
Ruibo Wang; Xiaojun Xu; Yang Bai; Juha Alatalo; Zongbao Yang; Wei Yang; Zhangqian Yang. Impacts of Urban Land Use Changes on Ecosystem Services in Dianchi Lake Basin, China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4813 .
AMA StyleRuibo Wang, Xiaojun Xu, Yang Bai, Juha Alatalo, Zongbao Yang, Wei Yang, Zhangqian Yang. Impacts of Urban Land Use Changes on Ecosystem Services in Dianchi Lake Basin, China. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):4813.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuibo Wang; Xiaojun Xu; Yang Bai; Juha Alatalo; Zongbao Yang; Wei Yang; Zhangqian Yang. 2021. "Impacts of Urban Land Use Changes on Ecosystem Services in Dianchi Lake Basin, China." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4813.
Almost nothing is known about the vertical root distribution for Himalayan forest trees. By providing an analysis of vertical distribution of root density of ten important central Himalayan tree species (two evergreen conifers, five evergreen broadleaf species and three deciduous broadleaf species), this paper attempts to address this gap. We used trench profile method to measure tree root density, both of fine (≤ 3 mm diameter) and coarse (> 3 mm diameter) roots. Principal Component Analysis was performed to identify the major sources of variation among species in root distribution. In ten study tree species (eg., sal, oaks, pine and Cupressus torulosa) the rooting depth varied from 90 to 150 cm. On average across the study species, about 49% total roots (all diameter classes) occurred below 30 cm depth and 20.6% below 60 cm depth. These percentages are almost identical to that of tropical rain forest of Amazon. The tree species varied in root density (in entire soil column) from 26.04 ± 2.66 root/100 cm2 in Q. floribunda to 52.7 ± 4.96 root/100 cm2 in Machilus duthei. The ordination graph indicated that tree species of a growth form and even a genus did not form groups and differed markedly in root characters. Tree water status and roots were related only partially and in a complex way. The study has shown that (1) root density measured by digging trenches gives a reasonable estimate of proportional root distribution of trees, and (2) studies which consider only top 30 cm depth can grossly misrepresent root distribution and its consequence.
Girish C. Pathak; Harshita Joshi; Ripu Daman Singh; Ashish Tewari; Rajiv Pandey; Surendra P. Singh. Vertical root distribution in Himalayan trees: about half of roots occur below 30 cm, the generally sampled depth. Tropical Ecology 2021, 62, 479 -491.
AMA StyleGirish C. Pathak, Harshita Joshi, Ripu Daman Singh, Ashish Tewari, Rajiv Pandey, Surendra P. Singh. Vertical root distribution in Himalayan trees: about half of roots occur below 30 cm, the generally sampled depth. Tropical Ecology. 2021; 62 (3):479-491.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGirish C. Pathak; Harshita Joshi; Ripu Daman Singh; Ashish Tewari; Rajiv Pandey; Surendra P. Singh. 2021. "Vertical root distribution in Himalayan trees: about half of roots occur below 30 cm, the generally sampled depth." Tropical Ecology 62, no. 3: 479-491.
Climate Resilient Trajectories are routes to development progress that take into account aspects of climate change adaptation and mitigation in a sustainability context, offering a way to explicitly consider impacts of development and climate change choices on different sectors, scales, and socio-economic effects. Due to their scope and relevance, Climate Resilient Trajectories are of great interest to climate scientists, governments and the private sector, based on the urgent need to consider different strategies to decarbonize the economy. Pursuing such trajectories may also be beneficial in processes to implement the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) up to 2030 and beyond. This Communication describes the concept of Climate Resilient Trajectories and clarifies its relevance, with particular attention to the poor. It also outlines some of the necessary considerations to ensure no one is left behind. It highlights the need for the design of Climate Resilient Trajectories to be flexible enough to accommodate the specific and complex contexts in which poor and marginalized people operate; and that the involvement of all relevant stakeholders (e.g. governments, business and private organizations, policy makers, and whole communities) is necessary in order to ensure such trajectories yield the expected benefits. It further demonstrates that it is critical to consider both short- and long-term time frames when prioritizing and implementing development agendas for the poor.
Walter Leal Filho; Lindsay C. Stringer; Edmond Totin; Riyanti Djalante; Patricia Pinho; Katharine J. Mach; Luis Ricardo Fernández Carril; Jörn Birkmann; Rajiv Pandey; Franziska Wolf. Whose voices, whose choices? Pursuing climate resilient trajectories for the poor. Environmental Science & Policy 2021, 121, 18 -23.
AMA StyleWalter Leal Filho, Lindsay C. Stringer, Edmond Totin, Riyanti Djalante, Patricia Pinho, Katharine J. Mach, Luis Ricardo Fernández Carril, Jörn Birkmann, Rajiv Pandey, Franziska Wolf. Whose voices, whose choices? Pursuing climate resilient trajectories for the poor. Environmental Science & Policy. 2021; 121 ():18-23.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalter Leal Filho; Lindsay C. Stringer; Edmond Totin; Riyanti Djalante; Patricia Pinho; Katharine J. Mach; Luis Ricardo Fernández Carril; Jörn Birkmann; Rajiv Pandey; Franziska Wolf. 2021. "Whose voices, whose choices? Pursuing climate resilient trajectories for the poor." Environmental Science & Policy 121, no. : 18-23.
Premise Climate change is having major impacts on alpine and arctic regions, and inter‐annual variations in temperature are likely to increase. How increased climate variability will impact plant reproduction is unclear. Methods In a 4‐year study on fruit production by an alpine plant community in northern Sweden, we applied three warming regimes: (1) a static level of warming with open‐top chambers (OTC), (2) press warming, a yearly stepwise increase in warming, and (3) pulse warming, a single‐year pulse event of higher warming. We analyzed the relationship between fruit production and monthly temperatures during the budding period, fruiting period, and whole fruit production period and the effect of winter and summer precipitation on fruit production. Results Year and treatment had a significant effect on total fruit production by evergreen shrubs, Cassiope tetragona, and Dryas octopetala, with large variations between treatments and years. Year, but not treatment, had a significant effect on deciduous shrubs and graminoids, both of which increased fruit production over the 4 years, while forbs were negatively affected by the press warming, but not by year. Fruit production was influenced by ambient temperature during the previous‐year budding period, current‐year fruiting period, and whole fruit production period. Minimum and average temperatures were more important than maximum temperature. In general, fruit production was negatively correlated with increased precipitation. Conclusions These results indicate that predicted increased climate variability and increased precipitation due to climate change may affect plant reproductive output and long‐term community dynamics in alpine meadow communities.
Juha M. Alatalo; Annika K. Jägerbrand; Junhu Dai; Mohammad D. Mollazehi; Abdel‐Salam G. Abdel‐Salam; Rajiv Pandey; Ulf Molau. Effects of ambient climate and three warming treatments on fruit production in an alpine, subarctic meadow community. American Journal of Botany 2021, 108, 411 -422.
AMA StyleJuha M. Alatalo, Annika K. Jägerbrand, Junhu Dai, Mohammad D. Mollazehi, Abdel‐Salam G. Abdel‐Salam, Rajiv Pandey, Ulf Molau. Effects of ambient climate and three warming treatments on fruit production in an alpine, subarctic meadow community. American Journal of Botany. 2021; 108 (3):411-422.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuha M. Alatalo; Annika K. Jägerbrand; Junhu Dai; Mohammad D. Mollazehi; Abdel‐Salam G. Abdel‐Salam; Rajiv Pandey; Ulf Molau. 2021. "Effects of ambient climate and three warming treatments on fruit production in an alpine, subarctic meadow community." American Journal of Botany 108, no. 3: 411-422.
Conservation faces the challenge of reconciling human activities with the simultaneous presence of wildlife in cultivated landscapes. In a study carried out in two villages of Pauri Garhwal, Western Himalaya, an attempt was made to estimate biomass and associated carbon loss due to removal of agroforestry tree species to reduce human-animal interactions. The results revealed that tree removal caused substantial biomass loss (7.370 and 2.444 t ha−1) and carbon loss (3.444 and 15.139 t ha−1) in the village of Manjgaon and Mald Bada, respectively. This indicates a need for protection of existing forests and for tree planting through reforestation and afforestation, as a measure to support food stock for monkeys in their natural habitats and to enhance carbon sequestration capacity. The success of these management practices will depend on the potential to minimise human-animal interactions, especially at the fringes of village communities and agricultural landscapes.
Sushma Rawat; Bhuvnesh Nagar; Bhupendra Singh Adhikari; Rajiv Pandey; Juha M. Alatalo. Biomass loss in village ecosystems in Western Himalaya due to wild monkey interactions: A case study. Environmental Challenges 2021, 4, 100085 .
AMA StyleSushma Rawat, Bhuvnesh Nagar, Bhupendra Singh Adhikari, Rajiv Pandey, Juha M. Alatalo. Biomass loss in village ecosystems in Western Himalaya due to wild monkey interactions: A case study. Environmental Challenges. 2021; 4 ():100085.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSushma Rawat; Bhuvnesh Nagar; Bhupendra Singh Adhikari; Rajiv Pandey; Juha M. Alatalo. 2021. "Biomass loss in village ecosystems in Western Himalaya due to wild monkey interactions: A case study." Environmental Challenges 4, no. : 100085.
Alpine ecosystems are under increasing pressure due to tourism and recreational activities. When leaving designated trails as is frequently observed, visitors can cause unintentional damage to vegetation. This study investigated the effect of human trampling on the dominant species of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens along an infrequently used hiking trail in an alpine ecosystem in sub-arctic Sweden. The hypothesis tested was that proximity to the trail (as an effect of more people leaving the trail for a short distance compared to a longer distance) causes a decrease in species with low resistance to trampling. With a greater decrease in taller forbs and shrubs than in graminoids and prostrate plants, a greater decrease in lichen than in bryophyte species, and a change in vegetation composition. The results showed that proximity to the trail did not cause a decrease in the majority of dominant species, with none of the eight most dominant vascular plants showing any significant effects of proximity to the trail. One bryophyte species (Dicranum elongatum) among the six most commonly found decreased with proximity to the trail. Three lichen species (Cladonia arbuscula, Cladonia uncinalis, Ochrolechia frigida) among the eight most common species decreased with proximity to the trail. There was no evidence that taller species decreased with proximity to the trail, although the deciduous shrub Betula nana showed a tendency for a decrease. Proximity to the trail caused a greater decrease in lichen species than in bryophyte species. Multivariate analyses showed that distance from trail and transect direction had significant effects on overall vegetation composition. The level of low-intensity trampling recorded indicates that current numbers of hikers at the site can be sustained for longer periods with minimum impact on vascular plant species, but to get a more general understanding of the impact of low-intensity trampling data from additional sites are needed.
Monika Rawat; Annika K. Jägerbrand; Ulf Molau; Yang Bai; Juha M. Alatalo. Visitors off the trail: Impacts on the dominant plant, bryophyte and lichen species in alpine heath vegetation in sub-arctic Sweden. Environmental Challenges 2021, 3, 100050 .
AMA StyleMonika Rawat, Annika K. Jägerbrand, Ulf Molau, Yang Bai, Juha M. Alatalo. Visitors off the trail: Impacts on the dominant plant, bryophyte and lichen species in alpine heath vegetation in sub-arctic Sweden. Environmental Challenges. 2021; 3 ():100050.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonika Rawat; Annika K. Jägerbrand; Ulf Molau; Yang Bai; Juha M. Alatalo. 2021. "Visitors off the trail: Impacts on the dominant plant, bryophyte and lichen species in alpine heath vegetation in sub-arctic Sweden." Environmental Challenges 3, no. : 100050.
Deciphering land use and land cover (LULC) change patterns, identifying the variables that act as the major driving forces of change, and predicting possible changes are necessary tools of decision support for policymakers. Estuarine landscapes world over are under extreme pressure of developmental activities because of their resources. The developmental activities lead to unforeseen changes in the traditional land use practices, making it necessary for investigation of the possible outcomes. The present study aims to study the changing pattern of LULC in the East Godavari River Estuarine Ecosystem (EGREE) landscape during 1977–2015 using temporal satellite data and to predict the possible LULC changes by 2029. Cellular Automata-Markov model (CAMM) with and without the multi-criteria evaluator (MCE) and the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) models were used for future LULC prediction. Between 1977 and 2015, mangroves were converted to aquaculture (5.81 km2) on the landward side and were also lost to submergence at the seaward side (15 km2). All of the coastal scrub (69 km2) was lost to beach clearing. Over this period, the aquaculture area rose to 177 km2. The CAMM with MCE was found to yield better predictions. A further rise was predicted in aquaculture (16%), built-up (30%), and Casuarina plantations (28%) by 2029. The study highlighted the LULC change patterns in EGREE, an important estuarine landscape of India. The information generated in this study can act as baseline information for the stakeholders and policy makers in decision-making of developmental projects, land acquisition, and diversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural purposes.
Priyamvada Bagaria; Subrata Nandy; Debashis Mitra; K. Sivakumar. Monitoring and predicting regional land use and land cover changes in an estuarine landscape of India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2021, 193, 1 -27.
AMA StylePriyamvada Bagaria, Subrata Nandy, Debashis Mitra, K. Sivakumar. Monitoring and predicting regional land use and land cover changes in an estuarine landscape of India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2021; 193 (3):1-27.
Chicago/Turabian StylePriyamvada Bagaria; Subrata Nandy; Debashis Mitra; K. Sivakumar. 2021. "Monitoring and predicting regional land use and land cover changes in an estuarine landscape of India." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 193, no. 3: 1-27.
River Ganga flows in the northern part of India and is treated as sacred water resource. The river receive huge amount of partially treated and untreated waste from industrial, agricultural, and religious activities being practiced across the flow, causing deterioration of water quality (WQ) of the river. The present study aims to assess the pollution status and trend of WQ in the river and its primary tributaries (river Bhagirathi and Alaknanda) based on 49 years (1971–2020) data from various locations using water quality index and graphical trend analysis based on a Cartesian coordinate system with 1:1 (45°) line as a benchmark. The results reveal that the WQ in the rivers was good as the estimated values of all WQ parameters were within their permissible limits for drinkable water. The river water was suitable for agriculture activity as sodium-absorption-ratio (SAR) was less than 10 at all sampling-locations. The river WQ was slightly polluted during year 2015–18 as the comprehensive pollution index was in the range of 0.40–1.00. The WQ trend analysis revealed that the parameters pH, Cl−, F−, K+, Na+, SO4−2, BOD327, and SAR were altered over time at all sampling-locations. Among all parameters, only SO4−2 concentration gained an incremental trend at all sampling-locations. The decreasing trend of pH and dissolved oxygen concentration was noted at the downstream locations, which reveals that the river WQ might decline if the same scenario remains unchanged in future. The result has implications for the water resource planners, managers, policymakers, and environmentalists responsible for the preservation and restoration of WQ of Ganga and may serve as a strategic model for other major rivers in the region.
Amit Kumar; A.K. Taxak; Saurabh Mishra; Rajiv Pandey. Long term trend analysis and suitability of water quality of River Ganga at Himalayan hills of Uttarakhand, India. Environmental Technology & Innovation 2021, 22, 101405 .
AMA StyleAmit Kumar, A.K. Taxak, Saurabh Mishra, Rajiv Pandey. Long term trend analysis and suitability of water quality of River Ganga at Himalayan hills of Uttarakhand, India. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 2021; 22 ():101405.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmit Kumar; A.K. Taxak; Saurabh Mishra; Rajiv Pandey. 2021. "Long term trend analysis and suitability of water quality of River Ganga at Himalayan hills of Uttarakhand, India." Environmental Technology & Innovation 22, no. : 101405.