This paper presents experimental findings on heat and mass transfer, phase transitions, and chemical reactions during the interaction of CO₂ hydrate in powder granules and tablets with burning liquid fuels and oil. The experiments involved CO₂ hydrate tablets and spheres made of pressed granules. The fire containment and suppression times were established experimentally. Using the gas analysis data, we studied the effects of the mitigation of anthropogenic emissions from the combustion of liquids and their suppression by gas hydrates. We also compared the performance of water aerosol, foaming agent emulsion, snow, ice, and CO₂ hydrate samples as laboratory-scale fire suppressants. The paper further describes the numerical modeling of the CO₂ hydrate dissociation during liquid fuel combustion. The rapid carbon dioxide release is shown to prevent the oxidizer from the combustion zone. The suppression of a flame using powder with a granule size of 3 mm requires 20-times less carbon dioxide hydrate than in the case of pressed tablets. Effective conditions are identified for using CO₂ hydrates to extinguish fires involving flammable liquids and most common fuels.

This paper presents the experimental findings on fire containment and suppression by dropping CO₂ hydrate granules and tablets on burning solid materials. We used the combustible materials typical of compartment fires—wood, linoleum, and cardboard—to determine the volume and mass of gas hydrate powder necessary for the effective fire suppression. Gaseous emissions were recorded from the combustion with and without fire suppression using hydrates. Conditions were specified in which a fire can be extinguished with minimum air pollution. We also identified the conditions for effective fire containment and suppression using hydrates as compared to water spray, snow, and ice. The necessary volume of hydrate was determined for effective fire suppression in a compartment filled with various materials. Experimental data show that the impact of temperature on the CO₂ hydrate decomposition is highly nonlinear. The carbon dioxide hydrate exhibited a much better fire suppression performance than water spray in the course of total flooding of solid combustible materials. It was established that fine water spray failed to reach the lower levels of multi-tier crib fires. Finally, key patterns of total flooding with CO₂ hydrate powder were identified when applied to fires.

This paper presents experimental research findings for those involved in the early phase of fire in office buildings. Class A model fires with a reaction area from 5 cm² to 300 cm² were chosen for investigation. To mock up a fire, the following combustible materials typical of offices were used: wood pieces, heat-insulated linoleum, paper and cardboard. The main characteristics of a model fire were recorded: temperature in the combustion zone, heat release, time of complete burnout and concentration of flue gas components. Typical trends and histograms of changes of these characteristics over time were presented; stages of ignition, flame combustion and smoldering were illustrated. The key characteristics of fire detector activation at different stages of model fire combustion were analyzed. Dead bands and operation conditions of a group of detectors (smoke, heat, optical, flame), their response time and errors were identified. It has been established that the most effective detectors are flame and smoke detectors. Specific operational aspects of detectors were established when recording the ignition of different types of model fires. The viability of combining at least two detectors to record fire behavior was established. Recommendations were made on using the obtained findings when optimizing the systems for detecting and recording the start of a compartment fire.