In this study, GC-MS analysis has shown that whole plant butanol fraction of rheum ribes (WBFRR) comprises of 21 compounds which exhibited anticancer (MCF-7) activity having IC50 value of 36.01± 0.26. MTT assay (MCF-7), Oxidative Burst assay using chemiluminescence technique, and B-Hatching techniques were the methods used for anticancer MCF-7, anti-inflammatory, and Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA). GC-MS was used for structural elucidation. Whole plant methanol extract of rheum ribes (WMERR), whole plant n-hexane fraction of rheum ribes (WHFRR), and whole plant aqueous fraction of rheum ribes (WAFRR) were inactive against anticancer (MCF-7) cell line. Whole plant methanol extract of rheum ribes (WMERR), whole plant aqueous fraction of rheum ribes (WAFRR) and whole plant butanol fraction of rheum ribes (WBFRR) showed anti-inflammatory activity on ROS having IC50 value of 23.2±1.9, 24.2±2.7 and 12.0±0.6. Whole plant butanol fraction of rheum ribes (WBFRR) showed Brine Shrimp Lethality with LD50 693.302 while whole plant methanol extract of rheum ribes (WMERR) and whole plant aqueous fraction of rheum ribes (WAFRR) showed high lethality at highest concentration. This study revealed that whole plant butanol fraction of rheum ribes (WBFRR) exhibited significant anticancer (MCF-7) activity. In the near future, the constituent of whole plant butanol fraction of rheum ribes (WBFRR) can be the alternative drug against MCF-7 cell line with least toxicity and side effects.

In this study, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, brine shrimp lethality, and FTIR studies were evaluated. The oxidative burst assay using the chemiluminescence technique, MTT assay, brine shrimp lethality assay, and FTIR analysis were the methods used for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory, anticancer, brine shrimp lethality, and FTIR studies, respectively. The whole-plant butanol fraction of Heliotropium europaeum (WBFHE) showed anti-inflammatory activity on ROS having IC₅₀14.7±2.5 while the extract and other fractions of the whole plant of Heliotropium europaeum exhibited no anti-inflammatory activity. None of the extract and fractions of the whole plant of Heliotropium europaeum exhibited anticancer (MCF-7, 3T3, and HeLa cell lines) activities. The whole-plant aqueous fraction of Heliotropium europaeum (WAFHE) and whole-plant butanol fraction of Heliotropium europaeum (WBFHE) showed lethality at high concentration while at low concentration, no toxicity was shown. The whole-plant methanolic extract of Heliotropium europaeum (WMEHE) and whole-plant n-hexane fraction of Heliotropium europaeum (WHFHE) exhibited no toxicity. FTIR interpretation showed the functional groups for the aromatic compounds, phenols, carboxylic acids, esters, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, alkyl halides, sulfate esters, phosphines, silanes, nitriles, thiols, amines, phosphoric acids, and nitro compounds.

In this study, GC-MS analysis has shown that whole plant hexane fraction of Achillea wilhelmsii (WHFAW) consists of 66 compounds which exhibited antileishmanial activity. Antileishmanial bioassay was the method used for determining antileishmanial activity. The inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) which was observed for whole plant hexane fraction of Achillea wilhelmsii (WHFAW) against parasitic and vector-borne disease, leishmaniasis, is 58.27 ± 0.52 μg/mL. For leishmanicidal assay, Leishmania major is the species used for analysis. Whole plant methanol extract of Achillea wilhelmsii (WMEAW) and whole plant aqueous fraction of Achillea wilhelmsii (WAFAW) exhibited no antileishmanial activity.

Propolis is a well‐known resinous natural substance collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) from plants exudations. Variations in chemical composition of propolis are due to different sources from which it is collected and change in climate and geographical location. In this study, different propolis samples were collected from different regions of Balochistan and examined for its chemical composition, total phenolics and total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant potential by using DPPH radical scavenging assay and antimicrobial activity. Bioactive components analysis revealed the presence of steroids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, quinones, anthraquinones, terpenoids, tannins, and phlobatannins at different levels. The total phenolics contents were ranged from 2.9343 ± 1.247 to 6.0216 ± 2.873 mg GAE g^-1, and flavonoid contents were found to be 0.1546 ± 0.087 to 0.6586 ± 0.329 mg QE g^-1, respectively. The antioxidant ability of each extract was analyzed by their concentration having 50% inhibition (IC₅₀). The propolis sample P3 possessed lower IC₅₀27.07 ± 0.73 mg mL⁻¹ with higher % inhibition of DPPH radical, and P8 showed lower % inhibition by having IC₅₀84.43 ± 2.07 mg mL⁻¹. The antibacterial activity of all samples was analyzed against a wide group of bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia and propolis extract (P4) was highly active against Klebsiella pneumoniae with the maximum diameter of zone of inhibition 20.33 ± 1.52 mm, and propolis extract (P3) showed maximum zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli 19.06 ± 1.90, while propolis extract (P2) was found less active with minimum diameter of zone of inhibition 7.46 ± 1.50 mm. The antifungal activity of extract was considered as active against the fungal species. Propolis extract (P3) showed 82% of zone of inhibition against Aspergillus Niger, and propolis extract (P1) was highly active against Aspergillus parasiticus with 80% of zone of inhibition. By comparing the vibration frequencies in wave numbers of the sample spectrograph acquired from an FTIR spectrophotometer, the functional groups present in the extracts were identified. The presence of seven elements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cr) was analyzed through atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The obtained concentrations were within the permissible ranges established by the World Health Organization. The GC‐MS analysis revealed the presence of 80 different compounds belonged to different classes. The obtained results confirmed the imperative potential of propolis which can be used in various biological applications.

Propolis oil (PO) was examined for chemical composition, phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were 2.388±1.116mg GAE/g and 0.579±0.140mg QE/g. Oil showed 64.59±14.59 inhibition of DPPH radical and significant antibacterial activities against target bacteria. Salmonella typhi was found to be highly sensitive (27.23±4.35mm) to PO, compared to Escherichia coli (23.40±3.21), Staphylococcus aureus (21.43±2.80), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.26±3.25). The MIC and MBS values of PO were 0.35 and 0.7mg/mL for S. typhi and E. coli, whereas they were 0.7 and 1.4mg/mL for S. aureus. Moreover, the PO was found to be bacteriostatic for K. pneumoniae. Aspergillus flavus was found to be highly sensitive to PO, with an effective growth inhibition percentage of 73, followed by Aspergillus niger (70), whereas Aspergillus parasiticus was less sensitive with 25 growth inhibition. Functional groups in PO were determined with an FTIR spectrophotometer, and alcohol, alkane, aldehydes, alkenes, and ketones groups were found to be present, whereas GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 27 different medicinal compounds, among which α-copanene (29.85), benzyl benzoate (26.8), 2,4-bis[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)isopropyl]phenol, acetophenone (14.92), undecylenic aldehyde (7.46), p-linalool (5.9), and ethyl 3-phenylpropionate (4.47) were found in abundance.

Biodesulfurization is a promising approach, capable of reducing the sulfur content of recalcitrant sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene and their alkylated derivatives. The performance of bio-desulfurization is undoubtfully dependent on different operating parameters. The effect of different process parameters on the growth rate and desulfurization capability of the bacterial consortium IQMJ-5 have been examined. The parameters that were optimized include the temperature of incubation, initial pH of the medium, and DBT concentration. In addition, the effect of several carbon and sulfur compounds on the growth of bacterial consortia IQMJ-5 was also analyzed. Moreover, the concentration of the most effective carbon compound was also examined in shake flask fermentation. The results showed that 25 ºC temperature, 7.6 pH, and 0.3 mM DBT were the optimum conditions for the highest growth and desulfurization of the DBT. In addition, glycerol and Na2SO4 were the bioavailable carbon and sulfur sources respectively, at which the consortium IQMJ-5 showed maximum growth. Moreover, 2gL-1 glycerol appeared as the carbon concentration at which the consortium IQMJ-5 showed the highest activity. An enhanced rate of desulfurization was encountered when a medium with optimized conditions was employed, compared to non-optimized conditions. The current research study uncovered the potential of the bacterial consortium IQMJ-5 to desulfurize sulfur-containing organic compounds at the optimized conditions of different process parameters.