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David Neil Bird
Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, LIFE—Institute for Climate, Energy and Society, Waagner-Biro Straße 100, 8020 Graz, Austria

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Journal article
Published: 03 June 2021 in Sustainability
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The goal to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is spurring interest in renewable energy systems from time-varying sources (e.g., photovoltaics, wind) and these can require batteries to help load balancing. However, the batteries themselves add additional GHG emissions to the electricity system in all its life cycle phases. This article begins by investigating the GHG emissions for the manufacturing of two stationary lithium-ion batteries, comparing production in Europe, US and China. Next, we analyze how the installation and operation of these batteries change the GHG emissions of the electricity supply in two pilot sites. Life cycle assessment is used for GHG emissions calculation. The regional comparison on GHG emissions of battery manufacturing shows that primary aluminum, cathode paste and battery cell production are the principal components of the GHG emissions of battery manufacturing. Regional variations are linked mainly to high grid electricity demand and regional changes in the electricity mixes, resulting in base values of 77 kg CO2-eq/kWh to 153 kg CO2-eq/kWh battery capacity. The assessment of two pilot sites shows that the implementation of batteries can lead to GHG emission savings of up to 77%, if their operation enables an increase in renewable energy sources in the electricity system.

ACS Style

Johanna Pucker-Singer; Christian Aichberger; Jernej Zupančič; Camilla Neumann; David Bird; Gerfried Jungmeier; Andrej Gubina; Andreas Tuerk. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Stationary Battery Installations in Two Renewable Energy Projects. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6330 .

AMA Style

Johanna Pucker-Singer, Christian Aichberger, Jernej Zupančič, Camilla Neumann, David Bird, Gerfried Jungmeier, Andrej Gubina, Andreas Tuerk. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Stationary Battery Installations in Two Renewable Energy Projects. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6330.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johanna Pucker-Singer; Christian Aichberger; Jernej Zupančič; Camilla Neumann; David Bird; Gerfried Jungmeier; Andrej Gubina; Andreas Tuerk. 2021. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Stationary Battery Installations in Two Renewable Energy Projects." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6330.

Concept paper
Published: 04 November 2019 in Sustainability
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The analytical framework presented herein is based on the identification of social groups with distinct patterns in their energy-relevant behaviour. This was achieved by clustering individuals according to their primary energy demands in six main areas of life. Due to the close relationship between energy-relevant behaviour and associated impacts, the suggested approach is considered better suited for the identification of groups with actual differences in their climate and energy-related behaviour than conventional approaches that cluster individuals based on their psychological or sociodemographic characteristics. Moreover, it is assumed that this focus on energy-relevant behaviour leads to a higher measuring equivalence in a country comparison or in a longitudinal setting. From an analytical point of view, the most significant benefit of the presented method over conventional lifestyle typologies is that all psychological, cultural and sociodemographic factors can be used as explanatory variables without resulting in circular reasoning. In terms of required data, the approach was designed around what could be collected by conventional survey methods. Variables such as energy use and emissions were calculated by the means of life cycle assessment (LCA) based on self-reported behaviour and equipment use.

ACS Style

Stephan Schwarzinger; David Neil Bird; Tomas Moe Skjølsvold. Identifying Consumer Lifestyles through Their Energy Impacts: Transforming Social Science Data into Policy-Relevant Group-Level Knowledge. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6162 .

AMA Style

Stephan Schwarzinger, David Neil Bird, Tomas Moe Skjølsvold. Identifying Consumer Lifestyles through Their Energy Impacts: Transforming Social Science Data into Policy-Relevant Group-Level Knowledge. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (21):6162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stephan Schwarzinger; David Neil Bird; Tomas Moe Skjølsvold. 2019. "Identifying Consumer Lifestyles through Their Energy Impacts: Transforming Social Science Data into Policy-Relevant Group-Level Knowledge." Sustainability 11, no. 21: 6162.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2019 in Urban Climate
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Climate change is expected to increase temperatures worldwide and exacerbate urban heat load due to the urban heat island effect. Urban populations will be more exposed to climate change impacts on human health and mortality as compared to citizens living in rural areas. To adapt, urban populations will increase the use of air conditioning and an increase in electricity consumption for cooling is forecast. We use a top-down method, based on the hourly electricity consumption and daily temperatures for years 2015 and 2016 for 19 European countries, to estimate the future annual demand and daily peak demand for cooling in Vienna, Austria, until 2050. The estimation is based on an ensemble average of seven downscaled climate models under two climate scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and includes a factor for the increase in air conditioning penetration with climate change. The estimate of peak demand, inclusion of penetration and application to a locality make the study somewhat novel. Our results suggest that annual electrical energy for cooling in Vienna will increase from the current amount of 22 GWh/year to 95 (33–189) GWh/year by 2050 – with little difference during this time frame between RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. During the same period, peak electrical energy demand will increase to around 117 (64–191) MWh/day in 2050 from its current value of 65.5 MWh/day.

ACS Style

David Neil Bird; Rosmarie de Wit; Hannes Peter Schwaiger; Konrad Andre; Martin Beermann; Maja Žuvela-Aloise. Estimating the daily peak and annual total electricity demand for cooling in Vienna, Austria by 2050. Urban Climate 2019, 28, 100452 .

AMA Style

David Neil Bird, Rosmarie de Wit, Hannes Peter Schwaiger, Konrad Andre, Martin Beermann, Maja Žuvela-Aloise. Estimating the daily peak and annual total electricity demand for cooling in Vienna, Austria by 2050. Urban Climate. 2019; 28 ():100452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Neil Bird; Rosmarie de Wit; Hannes Peter Schwaiger; Konrad Andre; Martin Beermann; Maja Žuvela-Aloise. 2019. "Estimating the daily peak and annual total electricity demand for cooling in Vienna, Austria by 2050." Urban Climate 28, no. : 100452.

Original paper
Published: 22 May 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
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In recent years, accounting for greenhouse gas emissions due to national consumption has been of increasing interest, as transformative strategies towards a “low-carbon” economy are inevitable to restrict climate change below 2 °C temperature increase. Thus, every country has to implement effective measures to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions at global level by including impacts abroad due to international trade and avoiding the outsourcing of emissions (“carbon leakage”). The sources and origins of emissions should be known to elaborate appropriate emission reduction strategies, requiring a detailed investigation of products in consumption. This article aims at investigating whether an accounting of emissions due to national consumption of products is considered as important and feasible with current methods, what future research gaps are, and how they can be solved by presenting new methodical approaches in the form of life cycle-based physical supply chains. The results have shown that existing methods are based mainly on monetary data at sectoral level, so that a detailed analysis of the national consumption of products is still missing and global effects as “carbon leakage” cannot be identified. Nevertheless, the demand for calculating consumption-based greenhouse gas emissions at product level was confirmed in various studies, but is currently seen as too complex and time-consuming. Finally, proposed methodical solutions to address existing research gaps were elaborated and applied exemplarily for the mineral sector in Austria and shall further serve as a kind of guidance how an accounting of emissions due to national consumption of products can be put in practice.

ACS Style

B. Windsperger; A. Windsperger; D. N. Bird; H. Schwaiger; G. Jungmeier; C. Nathani; R. Frischknecht. Greenhouse gas emissions due to national product consumption: from demand and research gaps to addressing key challenges. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2018, 16, 1025 -1038.

AMA Style

B. Windsperger, A. Windsperger, D. N. Bird, H. Schwaiger, G. Jungmeier, C. Nathani, R. Frischknecht. Greenhouse gas emissions due to national product consumption: from demand and research gaps to addressing key challenges. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2018; 16 (2):1025-1038.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B. Windsperger; A. Windsperger; D. N. Bird; H. Schwaiger; G. Jungmeier; C. Nathani; R. Frischknecht. 2018. "Greenhouse gas emissions due to national product consumption: from demand and research gaps to addressing key challenges." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16, no. 2: 1025-1038.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2017 in Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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ACS Style

Maja Žuvela-Aloise; Konrad Andre; Hannes Schwaiger; David Neil Bird; Heinz Gallaun. Modelling reduction of urban heat load in Vienna by modifying surface properties of roofs. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2017, 131, 1005 -1018.

AMA Style

Maja Žuvela-Aloise, Konrad Andre, Hannes Schwaiger, David Neil Bird, Heinz Gallaun. Modelling reduction of urban heat load in Vienna by modifying surface properties of roofs. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2017; 131 (3-4):1005-1018.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maja Žuvela-Aloise; Konrad Andre; Hannes Schwaiger; David Neil Bird; Heinz Gallaun. 2017. "Modelling reduction of urban heat load in Vienna by modifying surface properties of roofs." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 131, no. 3-4: 1005-1018.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Journal of Environmental Management
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ACS Style

Chun Sheng Goh; Birka Wicke; André Faaij; David Neil Bird; Hannes Schwaiger; Martin Junginger. Linking carbon stock change from land-use change to consumption of agricultural products: Alternative perspectives. Journal of Environmental Management 2016, 182, 542 -556.

AMA Style

Chun Sheng Goh, Birka Wicke, André Faaij, David Neil Bird, Hannes Schwaiger, Martin Junginger. Linking carbon stock change from land-use change to consumption of agricultural products: Alternative perspectives. Journal of Environmental Management. 2016; 182 ():542-556.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chun Sheng Goh; Birka Wicke; André Faaij; David Neil Bird; Hannes Schwaiger; Martin Junginger. 2016. "Linking carbon stock change from land-use change to consumption of agricultural products: Alternative perspectives." Journal of Environmental Management 182, no. : 542-556.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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Tourism represents an important source of income and employment in many Mediterranean regions, including the island of Sardinia (Italy) and the Cap Bon peninsula (Tunisia). Climate change may however impact tourism in both regions, for example, by altering the regions' climatic suitability for common tourism types or affecting water availability. This paper assesses the potential impacts of climate change on tourism in the case study regions of Sardinia and Cap Bon. Direct impacts are studied in a quantitative way by applying a range of climate scenario data on the empirically estimated relationship between climatic conditions and tourism demand, using two different approaches. Results indicate a potential for climate-induced tourism revenue gains especially in the shoulder seasons during spring and autumn, but also a threat of climate-induced revenue losses in the summer months due to increased heat stress. Annual direct net impacts are nevertheless suggested to be (slightly) positive in both case study regions. Significant climate-induced reductions in total available water may however somewhat counteract the positive direct impacts of climate change by putting additional water costs on the tourism industry.

ACS Style

Judith Köberl; Franz Prettenthaler; David Neil Bird. Modelling climate change impacts on tourism demand: A comparative study from Sardinia (Italy) and Cap Bon (Tunisia). Science of The Total Environment 2016, 543, 1039 -1053.

AMA Style

Judith Köberl, Franz Prettenthaler, David Neil Bird. Modelling climate change impacts on tourism demand: A comparative study from Sardinia (Italy) and Cap Bon (Tunisia). Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 543 ():1039-1053.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Judith Köberl; Franz Prettenthaler; David Neil Bird. 2016. "Modelling climate change impacts on tourism demand: A comparative study from Sardinia (Italy) and Cap Bon (Tunisia)." Science of The Total Environment 543, no. : 1039-1053.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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In Europe, there is concern that climate change will cause significant impacts around the Mediterranean. The goals of this study are to quantify the economic risk to crop production, to demonstrate the variability of yield by soil texture and climate model and to investigate possible adaptation strategies. In the Rio Mannu di San Sperate watershed, located in Sardinia (Italy) we investigate production of wheat, a rainfed crop. In the Chiba watershed located in Cap Bon (Tunisia), we analyze irrigated tomato production. We find, using the FAO model AquaCrop that crop production will decrease significantly in a future climate (2040-2070) as compared to the present without adaptation measures. Using "value-at-risk", we show that production should be viewed in a statistical manner. Wheat yields in Sardinia are modelled to decrease by 64% on clay loams, and to increase by 8% and 26% respectively on sandy loams and sandy clay loams. Assuming constant irrigation, tomatoes sown in August in Cap Bon are modelled to have a 45% chance of crop failure on loamy sands; a 39% decrease in yields on sandy clay loams; and a 12% increase in yields on sandy loams. For tomatoes sown in March; sandy clay loams will fail 81% of the time; on loamy sands the crop yields will be 63% less while on sandy loams, the yield will increase by 12%. However, if one assume 10% less water available for irrigation then tomatoes sown in March are not viable. Some adaptation strategies will be able to counteract the modelled crop losses. Increasing the amount of irrigation one strategy however this may not be sustainable. Changes in agricultural management such as changing the planting date of wheat to coincide with changing rainfall patterns in Sardinia or mulching of tomatoes in Tunisia can be effective at reducing crop losses.

ACS Style

David Neil Bird; Sihem Benabdallah; Nadine Gouda; Franz Hummel; Judith Koeberl; Isabelle La Jeunesse; Swen Meyer; Franz Prettenthaler; Antonino Soddu; Susanne Woess-Gallasch. Modelling climate change impacts on and adaptation strategies for agriculture in Sardinia and Tunisia using AquaCrop and value-at-risk. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 543, 1019 -1027.

AMA Style

David Neil Bird, Sihem Benabdallah, Nadine Gouda, Franz Hummel, Judith Koeberl, Isabelle La Jeunesse, Swen Meyer, Franz Prettenthaler, Antonino Soddu, Susanne Woess-Gallasch. Modelling climate change impacts on and adaptation strategies for agriculture in Sardinia and Tunisia using AquaCrop and value-at-risk. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 543 ():1019-1027.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Neil Bird; Sihem Benabdallah; Nadine Gouda; Franz Hummel; Judith Koeberl; Isabelle La Jeunesse; Swen Meyer; Franz Prettenthaler; Antonino Soddu; Susanne Woess-Gallasch. 2016. "Modelling climate change impacts on and adaptation strategies for agriculture in Sardinia and Tunisia using AquaCrop and value-at-risk." Science of The Total Environment 543, no. : 1019-1027.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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We extend the concept of 'Weather Value at Risk' - initially introduced to measure the economic risks resulting from current weather fluctuations - to describe and compare sectoral income risks from climate change. This is illustrated using the examples of wheat cultivation and summer tourism in (parts of) Sardinia. Based on climate scenario data from four different regional climate models we study the change in the risk of weather-related income losses between some reference (1971-2000) and some future (2041-2070) period. Results from both examples suggest an increase in weather-related risks of income losses due to climate change, which is somewhat more pronounced for summer tourism. Nevertheless, income from wheat cultivation is at much higher risk of weather-related losses than income from summer tourism, both under reference and future climatic conditions. A weather-induced loss of at least 5% - compared to the income associated with average reference weather conditions - shows a 40% (80%) probability of occurrence in the case of wheat cultivation, but only a 0.4% (16%) probability of occurrence in the case of summer tourism, given reference (future) climatic conditions. Whereas in the agricultural example increases in the weather-related income risks mainly result from an overall decrease in average wheat yields, the heightened risk in the tourism example stems mostly from a change in the weather-induced variability of tourism incomes. With the extended 'Weather Value at Risk' concept being able to capture both, impacts from changes in the mean and the variability of the climate, it is a powerful tool for presenting and disseminating the results of climate change impact assessments. Due to its flexibility, the concept can be applied to any economic sector and therefore provides a valuable tool for cross-sectoral comparisons of climate change impacts, but also for the assessment of the costs and benefits of adaptation measures.

ACS Style

Franz Prettenthaler; Judith Köberl; David Neil Bird. ‘Weather Value at Risk’: A uniform approach to describe and compare sectoral income risks from climate change. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 543, 1010 -1018.

AMA Style

Franz Prettenthaler, Judith Köberl, David Neil Bird. ‘Weather Value at Risk’: A uniform approach to describe and compare sectoral income risks from climate change. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 543 ():1010-1018.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Franz Prettenthaler; Judith Köberl; David Neil Bird. 2016. "‘Weather Value at Risk’: A uniform approach to describe and compare sectoral income risks from climate change." Science of The Total Environment 543, no. : 1010-1018.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2016 in Science of The Total Environment
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Water scarcity and water security are linked, not only through the direct effects of water shortages on each water users' access to water, but also because of water conflicts generated. Climate change is predicted to raise temperatures in the Mediterranean region and reduce rainfall, leading to a reduction in water yield and possibly worsening the situation of water resource shortages that Mediterranean regions are already experiencing. In its dissemination strategy, the EU FP7 CLIMB project addressed water security threats through an analysis of water uses and water use rivalries within a few target catchments distributed over the Mediterranean region. The present work explores whether climate change is locally perceived by stakeholders (water users and managers) as a key issue for their water uses and water security. Individual interviews, meetings, and compilation of questionnaires were conducted at five sites located in the Mediterranean region. The methodology permitted an analysis of water use and its evolution in the water management context, an identification of the state of awareness of local stakeholders and of the pressures on water use and water use rivalries, and a prioritization of water uses. Currently, the main response to increasing water demand in the Mediterranean region, while not yet considering climate change as a driving force, is a progressive externalization of water resources, with limits represented by national borders and technological possibilities. Overall, 'climate change' was not mentioned by stakeholders during both interviews and in answers to the questionnaires. Even the prospect of decreasing precipitation was not considered a relevant or threatening issue in the coming 20years. This confirms the need to continue all efforts to disseminate the state of knowledge on climate change impacts in the Mediterranean region, such as water scarcity, especially to local water managers, as initiated by various research programs of the European Commission.

ACS Style

I. La Jeunesse; C. Cirelli; David Aubin; C. Larrue; H. Sellami; S. Afifi; Alberto Bellin; Sihem Benabdallah; David Neil Bird; Roberto Deidda; M. Dettori; Guleda Onkal Engin; F. Herrmann; R. Ludwig; B. Mabrouk; Bruno Majone; Claudio Paniconi; A. Soddu. Is climate change a threat for water uses in the Mediterranean region? Results from a survey at local scale. Science of The Total Environment 2016, 543, 981 -996.

AMA Style

I. La Jeunesse, C. Cirelli, David Aubin, C. Larrue, H. Sellami, S. Afifi, Alberto Bellin, Sihem Benabdallah, David Neil Bird, Roberto Deidda, M. Dettori, Guleda Onkal Engin, F. Herrmann, R. Ludwig, B. Mabrouk, Bruno Majone, Claudio Paniconi, A. Soddu. Is climate change a threat for water uses in the Mediterranean region? Results from a survey at local scale. Science of The Total Environment. 2016; 543 ():981-996.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I. La Jeunesse; C. Cirelli; David Aubin; C. Larrue; H. Sellami; S. Afifi; Alberto Bellin; Sihem Benabdallah; David Neil Bird; Roberto Deidda; M. Dettori; Guleda Onkal Engin; F. Herrmann; R. Ludwig; B. Mabrouk; Bruno Majone; Claudio Paniconi; A. Soddu. 2016. "Is climate change a threat for water uses in the Mediterranean region? Results from a survey at local scale." Science of The Total Environment 543, no. : 981-996.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2013 in Biomass and Bioenergy
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ACS Style

David Neil Bird; Giuliana Zanchi; Naomi Pena. A method for estimating the indirect land use change from bioenergy activities based on the supply and demand of agricultural-based energy. Biomass and Bioenergy 2013, 59, 3 -15.

AMA Style

David Neil Bird, Giuliana Zanchi, Naomi Pena. A method for estimating the indirect land use change from bioenergy activities based on the supply and demand of agricultural-based energy. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2013; 59 ():3-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Neil Bird; Giuliana Zanchi; Naomi Pena. 2013. "A method for estimating the indirect land use change from bioenergy activities based on the supply and demand of agricultural-based energy." Biomass and Bioenergy 59, no. : 3-15.

Letter
Published: 19 February 2013 in Environmental Research Letters
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Landscape scale quantification enables farmers to pool resources and expertise. However, the problem remains of how to quantify these gains. This article considers current greenhouse gas (GHG) quantification methods that can be used in a landscape scale analysis in terms of relevance to areas dominated by smallholders in developing countries. In landscape scale carbon accounting frameworks, measurements are an essential element. Sampling strategies need careful design to account for all pools/fluxes and to ensure judicious use of resources. Models can be used to scale-up measurements and fill data gaps. In recent years a number of accessible models and calculators have been developed which can be used at the landscape scale in developing country areas. Some are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method and others on dynamic ecosystem models. They have been developed for a range of different purposes and therefore vary in terms of accuracy and usability. Landscape scale assessments of GHGs require a combination of ground sampling, use of data from census, remote sensing (RS) or other sources and modelling. Fitting of all of these aspects together needs to be performed carefully to minimize uncertainties and maximize the use of scarce resources. This is especially true in heterogeneous landscapes dominated by smallholders in developing countries.

ACS Style

Eleanor Milne; Henry Neufeldt; Todd Rosenstock; Mike Smalligan; Carlos Eduardo Cerri; Daniella Malin; Mark Easter; Martial Bernoux; Stephen Ogle; Felipe Casarim; Timothy Pearson; David Neil Bird; Evelyn Steglich; Madelene Ostwald; Karolien Denef; Keith Paustian. Methods for the quantification of GHG emissions at the landscape level for developing countries in smallholder contexts. Environmental Research Letters 2013, 8, 015019 .

AMA Style

Eleanor Milne, Henry Neufeldt, Todd Rosenstock, Mike Smalligan, Carlos Eduardo Cerri, Daniella Malin, Mark Easter, Martial Bernoux, Stephen Ogle, Felipe Casarim, Timothy Pearson, David Neil Bird, Evelyn Steglich, Madelene Ostwald, Karolien Denef, Keith Paustian. Methods for the quantification of GHG emissions at the landscape level for developing countries in smallholder contexts. Environmental Research Letters. 2013; 8 (1):015019.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eleanor Milne; Henry Neufeldt; Todd Rosenstock; Mike Smalligan; Carlos Eduardo Cerri; Daniella Malin; Mark Easter; Martial Bernoux; Stephen Ogle; Felipe Casarim; Timothy Pearson; David Neil Bird; Evelyn Steglich; Madelene Ostwald; Karolien Denef; Keith Paustian. 2013. "Methods for the quantification of GHG emissions at the landscape level for developing countries in smallholder contexts." Environmental Research Letters 8, no. 1: 015019.

Research article
Published: 14 September 2012 in Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management
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This article focuses on differences between incentives of current and post-2012 Kyoto Protocol land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) accounting rules. Three changes to the LULUCF accounting rules were agreed to in Durban. These changes alter national-level incentives for retaining wood in forests, using wood for products or using it for energy. Post-2012, accounting for emissions from managed forests will be mandatory rather than voluntary, as is currently the case. Reference levels, rather than historical carbon stock levels, will be used to measure these emissions. Finally, increases and decreases in harvested wood products (HWP) pools will be reported. These changes provide national-level incentives to increase forest carbon stocks and to use nationally harvested wood for products. However, the rule that no emissions are counted at the point of combustion of biomass remains unaltered. This gives entities with greenhouse gas (GHG) obligations under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) an incentive to use wood for energy, counteracting the national-level incentives. Use of additionally harvested wood for energy may increase national emissions within commitment period time-frames because combustion of biomass, in most cases, results in higher carbon dioxide emissions per unit of energy supplied than combustion of the fossil fuels it replaces. In contrast, retention of wood in forests or use of domestic wood for products, will, particularly under the post-2012 rules, tend to result in lower national-level emissions being accounted. However, neither retention of wood in forests nor increases in the HWP pool results in benefits to individual entities, as currently there is no EU scheme under which the entities involved face GHG obligations.

ACS Style

Dorian Frieden; Naomi Pena; David Neil Bird. Incentives for the use of forest biomass: a comparative analysis of Kyoto Protocol accounting pre- and post-2012. Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management 2012, 2, 84 -92.

AMA Style

Dorian Frieden, Naomi Pena, David Neil Bird. Incentives for the use of forest biomass: a comparative analysis of Kyoto Protocol accounting pre- and post-2012. Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management. 2012; 2 (2-3):84-92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dorian Frieden; Naomi Pena; David Neil Bird. 2012. "Incentives for the use of forest biomass: a comparative analysis of Kyoto Protocol accounting pre- and post-2012." Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management 2, no. 2-3: 84-92.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2012 in GCB Bioenergy
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Interest and research in the use of algae for energy is growing but an analysis of the different methods for the accounting for the carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions that result, is lacking. In this article, four accounting systems are evaluated for their completeness, simplicity, sectoral accuracy, and scale‐independence. Two options under the Kyoto Protocol (KP), a value‐chain (end‐user responsibility) approach, and Point of Uptake and Release (POUR) are evaluated.

ACS Style

Naomi Pena; Dorian Frieden; David Neil Bird. Accounting for Algae. GCB Bioenergy 2012, 5, 243 -256.

AMA Style

Naomi Pena, Dorian Frieden, David Neil Bird. Accounting for Algae. GCB Bioenergy. 2012; 5 (3):243-256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naomi Pena; Dorian Frieden; David Neil Bird. 2012. "Accounting for Algae." GCB Bioenergy 5, no. 3: 243-256.

Journal article
Published: 03 May 2012 in Biomass and Bioenergy
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The establishment of tree plantations in rural areas in Uganda could provide renewable energy to rural communities, while decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from conventional electricity sources and unsustainable forest use. The study evaluates the greenhouse gas benefits that could be produced by biomass based energy systems in Anaka, a rural settlement in the Amuru district in northern Uganda. Two alternative energy uses are explored: a) electricity production through wood gasification and b) traditional fuelwood use. It is estimated that a small-scale wood gasifier could provide electricity for basic community services by planting less than 10 ha of new short rotation coppices (SRCs). The gasification system could save 50–67% of the GHG emissions produced by traditional diesel based electricity generators in terms of CO2-eq. (0.61–0.83 t MWh−1 or 7.1 t y−1 per hectare of SRCs). It was also estimated that traditional use of fuelwood in households is currently unsustainable, i.e. the consumption of wood is higher than the annual growth from natural wood resources in the study area. It is estimated that 0.02–0.06 ha per capita of plantations could render the current consumption of wood sustainable. In this way, the CO2 emissions produced through unsustainable extraction of wood could be avoided (2.0–7.3 t per capita per year or 50–130 t y−1 per hectare of SRCs).

ACS Style

Giuliana Zanchi; Dorian Frieden; Johanna Pucker; David Neil Bird; Thomas Buchholz; Kai Windhorst. Climate benefits from alternative energy uses of biomass plantations in Uganda. Biomass and Bioenergy 2012, 59, 128 -136.

AMA Style

Giuliana Zanchi, Dorian Frieden, Johanna Pucker, David Neil Bird, Thomas Buchholz, Kai Windhorst. Climate benefits from alternative energy uses of biomass plantations in Uganda. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2012; 59 ():128-136.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuliana Zanchi; Dorian Frieden; Johanna Pucker; David Neil Bird; Thomas Buchholz; Kai Windhorst. 2012. "Climate benefits from alternative energy uses of biomass plantations in Uganda." Biomass and Bioenergy 59, no. : 128-136.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2011 in GCB Bioenergy
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Accounting for bioenergy's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as done under the Kyoto Protocol (KP) and European Union (EU) Emissions Trading Scheme, fails to capture the full extent of these emissions. As a consequence, other approaches have been suggested. Both the EU and United States already use value‐chain approaches to determine emissions due to biofuels – an approach quite different from that of the KP. Further, both the EU and United States are engaged in consultation processes to determine how emissions connected with use of biomass for heat and power will be handled under regulatory systems. The United States is considering whether CO2 emissions from biomass should be handled like fossil fuels. In this context, this article reviews and evaluates the three basic bioenergy accounting options. CO2 emissions from bioenergy are not counted at the point of combustion. Instead emissions due to use of biomass are accounted for in the land‐use sector as carbon stock losses – a combustion factor (CoF) = 0 approach;CO2 emissions from bioenergy are accounted for in the energy sector – a CoF = 1 approach; andEnd users account for all or a specified subset of CO2 emissions, regardless of where geographically these emissions occur – 0 < CoF < 1.Following short descriptions of the basic options, this article discusses variations to these options and uses numerical examples to illustrate the impacts of approaches at a local and international level. Finally, the alternative accounting systems are evaluated against general criteria and for impacts on selected stakeholder goals. General criteria considered are: (a) comprehensiveness, (b) simplicity, and (c) scale independence. Stakeholder goals reviewed are: (a) stimulation of rural economies, (b) food security, (c) GHG reductions, and (d) preservation of forests.

ACS Style

David Neil Bird; Naomi Pena; Dorian Frieden; Giuliana Zanchi. Zero, one, or in between: evaluation of alternative national and entity-level accounting for bioenergy. GCB Bioenergy 2011, 4, 576 -587.

AMA Style

David Neil Bird, Naomi Pena, Dorian Frieden, Giuliana Zanchi. Zero, one, or in between: evaluation of alternative national and entity-level accounting for bioenergy. GCB Bioenergy. 2011; 4 (5):576-587.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Neil Bird; Naomi Pena; Dorian Frieden; Giuliana Zanchi. 2011. "Zero, one, or in between: evaluation of alternative national and entity-level accounting for bioenergy." GCB Bioenergy 4, no. 5: 576-587.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2010 in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
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Initiatives for reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and degradation require transparent and robust methodologies for the estimation of emissions reduction or removal. Although carbon (C) stock change in degradation and devegetation by remote sensing are becoming increasingly powerful, the drivers of degradation, wood collection and harvest dynamics, cannot be understood without “on the ground” sampling. A methodological tool for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of forest degradation is proposed as developed based on a research on the stump history in the black locust degrading stands sampled in southwest Romania. Based on the survey of stumps, the cutting regime and wood extraction is determined over a past period of some 15 years. Stump age classification comprises multiple qualitative criteria (i.e. bark features; adherence of sprouts; cut edge features; etc.). The method allows for a quantitative assessment of wood removal over time, and is suitable for the development of a dynamic baseline and monitoring of degradation avoidance activities.

ACS Style

Viorel Blujdea; David Neil Bird; Gerald Kapp; Martin Burian; Ilie Silvestru Nuta; Liviu Ciuvat. Robinia pseudoacacia stump feature based methodology for in situ forest degradation assessment. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2010, 16, 463 -476.

AMA Style

Viorel Blujdea, David Neil Bird, Gerald Kapp, Martin Burian, Ilie Silvestru Nuta, Liviu Ciuvat. Robinia pseudoacacia stump feature based methodology for in situ forest degradation assessment. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2010; 16 (4):463-476.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viorel Blujdea; David Neil Bird; Gerald Kapp; Martin Burian; Ilie Silvestru Nuta; Liviu Ciuvat. 2010. "Robinia pseudoacacia stump feature based methodology for in situ forest degradation assessment." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 16, no. 4: 463-476.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2010 in Forest Ecology and Management
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Due to impacts of albedo on climate change, benefits of afforestation/reforestation regimes are under debate. In this paper we investigate how to incorporate albedo changes in a carbon accounting tool to show the net effect of land use change on the climate. Using a study area in southern Europe, albedo and carbon sequestration modelling results are linked to determine the combined radiative forcing balance. The results show that under specific circumstances afforestation/reforestation measures may not automatically have positive impacts in a global warming context because the cooling effect of most of the carbon sequestered is neutralized by the warming effect of albedo changes. However, sensitivity analyses lead to the conclusion that improved albedo data from satellite images (MODIS) could influence and enhance outputs significantly. The paper points out that accounting based exclusively on GHG units does not, in the case of land use change, reflect the entire picture. It is highly recommended that in future global warming impacts of land use systems and biogenic products (e.g. solid biomass, liquid biofuels) should be studied using life cycle assessments (LCA) and should include these additional—non-GHG effects—on climate change.

ACS Style

Hannes P. Schwaiger; David Neil Bird. Integration of albedo effects caused by land use change into the climate balance: Should we still account in greenhouse gas units? Forest Ecology and Management 2010, 260, 278 -286.

AMA Style

Hannes P. Schwaiger, David Neil Bird. Integration of albedo effects caused by land use change into the climate balance: Should we still account in greenhouse gas units? Forest Ecology and Management. 2010; 260 (3):278-286.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hannes P. Schwaiger; David Neil Bird. 2010. "Integration of albedo effects caused by land use change into the climate balance: Should we still account in greenhouse gas units?" Forest Ecology and Management 260, no. 3: 278-286.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2009 in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
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The Kyoto Protocol accounting system and its market mechanisms, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI), are built on the key principle that emission and emission reduction units generated by afforestation/reforestation activities under national systems and projects are fully comparable, no matter their origin. Lack of consistency in the quality of emission and emission reduction units can undermine the environmental integrity of the climate stabilization actions. Therefore, it is the ambition that units generated in the land-use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector are of similar quality with those from non-LULUCF sectors. In this paper, the authors pose the question of whether there is full estimation and accounting consistency between Annex I Party’s national GHG systems and CDM projects methodologies in the LULUCF sector, in terms accuracy, completeness, levels of uncertainty and permanence risk. We focus on methodological aspects related to the applicability and practicability of using approved afforestation/reforestation CDM methodologies; estimation, reporting and accounting rules; the small pools and sources issue, uncertainty of removal estimate; leakage and handling of non-permanence risk. We conclude that there is significant scope for improving the consistency of greenhouse gas emission accounting from land use activities in the post-2012 climate change agreement, between Annex I domestic and project activities. As well, we conclude that the preparation and implementation of project activities has to be made simpler by a project framework guideline, which is then adapted to any project circumstances.

ACS Style

Viorel N.B. Blujdea; David Neil Bird; Carmenza Robledo. Consistency and comparability of estimation and accounting of removal by sinks in afforestation/reforestation activities. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2009, 15, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Viorel N.B. Blujdea, David Neil Bird, Carmenza Robledo. Consistency and comparability of estimation and accounting of removal by sinks in afforestation/reforestation activities. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2009; 15 (1):1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Viorel N.B. Blujdea; David Neil Bird; Carmenza Robledo. 2009. "Consistency and comparability of estimation and accounting of removal by sinks in afforestation/reforestation activities." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 15, no. 1: 1-18.