Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can damage the genome of microorganisms to hinder replication, thus can serve as a disinfection method. UV disinfection has been in practice for decades in a broad range of applications including water, air and solid surface disinfection. Conventional mercury vapor UV lamps have been used most commonly in such disinfection applications, while new UV radiation sources, such as UV light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs), possess a high potential for the expansion of UV technologies. Pathogenic microorganisms pose a big threat to human health, and viruses have been an important target of UV disinfection. Moreover, at present, the inactivation of viruses is of particular concern due to the worldwide spread of novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and associated symptoms called COVID-19. This is an intensive review of UV disinfection of water with a particular focus on virus inactivation.

Collaborative environmental governance (CEG) is a tripartite process that engages the government, private sector, and general public in decision-making related to environmental challenges, focusing on fostering more sustainable and efficient solutions. Understanding the specific factors influencing the degree of CEG presents a significant challenge, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to identify and assess the socio-economic determinants affecting the degree of CEG in Thailand, a representative developing country. Utilizing robust panel data models, which are well-suited to handle the complex variability of socio-economic factors, we analyzed provincial-level data from 2017 and 2019. Our findings revealed the associations between the degree of CEG and variables such as the internet access divide, economic activities, income inequality, and budget allocations for environmental activities. This research fills critical gaps in our understanding of how these determinants shape collaborative governance efforts, offering novel insights that challenge existing paradigms and providing actionable recommendations for policymakers striving to enhance environmental governance in developing regions.