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Potentially toxic element (PTE) pollution is a major abiotic stress, which reduces plant growth and affects food quality by entering the food chain, and ultimately poses hazards to human health. Currently, the use of slag in PTE-contaminated soils has been reported to reduce PTEs and toxicity in plants. This review highlights the role of slag used as a fertilizer for better crop production and sustainable agricultural development. The application of slag increased the growth, yield, and quality of crops under PTE toxicity. The mechanisms followed by slag are the immobilization of PTEs in the soil, enhancement of soil pH, changes in the redox state of PTEs, and positive changes in soil physicochemical and biological properties under PTE toxicity. Nevertheless, these processes are influenced by the plant species, growth conditions, imposition length of stress, and type of slag used. The current review provides an insight into improving plant tolerance to PTE toxicity by slag-based fertilizer application and highlights the theoretical basis for applying slag in PTE-contaminated environments worldwide.
Sajid Mehmood; Xiukang Wang; Waqas Ahmed; Muhammad Imtiaz; Allah Ditta; Muhammad Rizwan; Sana Irshad; Saqib Bashir; Qudsia Saeed; Adnan Mustafa; Weidong Li. Removal Mechanisms of Slag against Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants for Sustainable Agriculture Development: A Critical Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5255 .
AMA StyleSajid Mehmood, Xiukang Wang, Waqas Ahmed, Muhammad Imtiaz, Allah Ditta, Muhammad Rizwan, Sana Irshad, Saqib Bashir, Qudsia Saeed, Adnan Mustafa, Weidong Li. Removal Mechanisms of Slag against Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants for Sustainable Agriculture Development: A Critical Review. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5255.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajid Mehmood; Xiukang Wang; Waqas Ahmed; Muhammad Imtiaz; Allah Ditta; Muhammad Rizwan; Sana Irshad; Saqib Bashir; Qudsia Saeed; Adnan Mustafa; Weidong Li. 2021. "Removal Mechanisms of Slag against Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil and Plants for Sustainable Agriculture Development: A Critical Review." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5255.
Phytoremediation is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach that can be used for the remediation of metals in polluted soil. This study used a hedge plant–calico (Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson) to determine the role of citric acid in lead (Pb) phytoremediation by exposing it to different concentrations of Pb (0, 200, 500, and 1000 mg kg−1) as well as in a combination with citric acid concentration (0, 250, 500 µM). The analysis of variance was applied on results for significant effects of the independent variables on the dependent variables using SPSS (ver10). According to the results, maximum Pb concentration was measured in the upper parts of the plant. An increase in dry weight biomass, plant growth parameters, and photosynthetic contents was observed with the increase of Pb application (200 mg kg−1) in soil while a reduced growth was experienced at higher Pb concentration (1000 mg kg−1). The antioxidant enzymatic activities like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were enhanced under lower Pb concentration (200, 500 mg kg−1), whereas the reduction occurred at greater metal concentration Pb (1000 mg kg−1). There was a usual reduction in electrolyte leakage (EL) at lower Pb concentration (200, 500 mg kg−1), whereas EL increased at maximum Pb concentration (1000 mg kg−1). We concluded that this hedge plant, A. Bettzickiana, has the greater ability to remediate polluted soils aided with citric acid application.
Urooj Kanwal; Muhammad Ibrahim; Farhat Abbas; Muhammad Yamin; Fariha Jabeen; Anam Shahzadi; Aitazaz Farooque; Muhammad Imtiaz; Allah Ditta; Shafaqat Ali. Phytoextraction of Lead Using a Hedge Plant [Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson]: Physiological and Biochemical Alterations through Bioresource Management. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5074 .
AMA StyleUrooj Kanwal, Muhammad Ibrahim, Farhat Abbas, Muhammad Yamin, Fariha Jabeen, Anam Shahzadi, Aitazaz Farooque, Muhammad Imtiaz, Allah Ditta, Shafaqat Ali. Phytoextraction of Lead Using a Hedge Plant [Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson]: Physiological and Biochemical Alterations through Bioresource Management. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5074.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUrooj Kanwal; Muhammad Ibrahim; Farhat Abbas; Muhammad Yamin; Fariha Jabeen; Anam Shahzadi; Aitazaz Farooque; Muhammad Imtiaz; Allah Ditta; Shafaqat Ali. 2021. "Phytoextraction of Lead Using a Hedge Plant [Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G. Nicholson]: Physiological and Biochemical Alterations through Bioresource Management." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5074.
Water scarcity and high input costs have compelled farmers to use untreated wastewater and industrial effluents to increase profitability of their farms. Normally, these effluents improve crop productivity by serving as carbon source for microbes, providing nutrients to plants and microbes, and improving soil physicochemical and biological properties. They, however, may also contain significant concentrations of potential heavy metals, the main inorganic pollutants affecting plant systems, in addition to soil deterioration. The continuous use of untreated industrial wastes and agrochemicals may lead to accumulation of phytotoxic concentration of heavy metals in soils. Phytotoxic concentration of heavy metals in soils has been reported in Pakistan along the road sides and around metropolitan areas, which may cause its higher accumulation in edible plant parts. A number of bacterial that can induce heavy metal tolerance in plants due to their ability to produce phytohormones strains have been reported. Inoculation of crop plants with these microbes can help to improve their growth and productivity under normal, as well as stressed, conditions. This review reports the recent developments in heavy metal pollution as one of the major inorganic sources, the response of plants to these contaminants, and heavy metal stress mitigation strategies. We have also summarized the exogenous application of phytohormones and, more importantly, the use of phytohormone-producing, heavy metal-tolerant rhizobacteria as one of the recent tools to deal with heavy metal contamination and improvement in productivity of agricultural systems.
Farheen Nazli; Adnan Mustafa; Maqshoof Ahmad; Azhar Hussain; Moazzam Jamil; Xiukang Wang; Qaiser Shakeel; Muhammad Imtiaz; Mohamed El-Esawi. A Review on Practical Application and Potentials of Phytohormone-Producing Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria for Inducing Heavy Metal Tolerance in Crops. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9056 .
AMA StyleFarheen Nazli, Adnan Mustafa, Maqshoof Ahmad, Azhar Hussain, Moazzam Jamil, Xiukang Wang, Qaiser Shakeel, Muhammad Imtiaz, Mohamed El-Esawi. A Review on Practical Application and Potentials of Phytohormone-Producing Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria for Inducing Heavy Metal Tolerance in Crops. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9056.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarheen Nazli; Adnan Mustafa; Maqshoof Ahmad; Azhar Hussain; Moazzam Jamil; Xiukang Wang; Qaiser Shakeel; Muhammad Imtiaz; Mohamed El-Esawi. 2020. "A Review on Practical Application and Potentials of Phytohormone-Producing Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria for Inducing Heavy Metal Tolerance in Crops." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9056.
Soybean is an important oilseed crop that provides high-quality protein and vegetable oil. Salinity constitutes a negative abiotic factor that reduces soybean plant growth, production, and quality. The adsorption of Na+ by chitosan-modified biochar (CMB) has a significant effect on salinity but the application of CMB is limited in soybean. In the current study, CMB was used for characterization of physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of soybean under salt stress. Comparison of CMB and unmodified (as-is) biochar (BR) demonstrated a significant difference between them shown by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scan electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), elemental analysis and z-potential measurement. Pseudo-first and second-order better suited for the analysis of Na+ adsorption kinetics. The salt-stress reduced the soybean plants growth, root architecture characteristics, biomass yield, nutrients acquisition, chlorophyll contents, soluble protein, and sugar contents, while CMB with salt-stress significantly increased the above parameters. Moreover, CMB also reduced the salinity-induced increase in the Na+, glycine betaine (GB), proline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plants. The antioxidant activity and gene expression levels triggered by salinity but with the application of CMB significantly further boosted the expression profile of four genes (CAT, APX, POD and SOD) encoding antioxidant enzyme and two salt-tolerant conferring genes (GmSALT3 and CHS). Overall, these findings demonstrate the crucial role of CMB in minimizing the adverse effects of high salinity on soybean growth and efficiency of the mechanisms enabling plant protection from salinity through a shift of the architecture of the root system and enhancing the antioxidant defense systems and stress-responsive genes for achieving sustainable crop production.
Sajid Mehmood; Waqas Ahmed; Muhammad Ikram; Muhammad Imtiaz; Sammina Mahmood; Shuxin Tu; Diyun Chen. Chitosan Modified Biochar Increases Soybean (Glycine max L.) Resistance to Salt-Stress by Augmenting Root Morphology, Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms and the Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes. Plants 2020, 9, 1173 .
AMA StyleSajid Mehmood, Waqas Ahmed, Muhammad Ikram, Muhammad Imtiaz, Sammina Mahmood, Shuxin Tu, Diyun Chen. Chitosan Modified Biochar Increases Soybean (Glycine max L.) Resistance to Salt-Stress by Augmenting Root Morphology, Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms and the Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes. Plants. 2020; 9 (9):1173.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajid Mehmood; Waqas Ahmed; Muhammad Ikram; Muhammad Imtiaz; Sammina Mahmood; Shuxin Tu; Diyun Chen. 2020. "Chitosan Modified Biochar Increases Soybean (Glycine max L.) Resistance to Salt-Stress by Augmenting Root Morphology, Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms and the Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes." Plants 9, no. 9: 1173.
The modern agricultural practices have led to improve the contaminated soils with a variety of heavy metals that have become a major environmental concern. The use of arbuscular mycorrihizal fungi (AMF) is considered a potential tool for the sustainable agriculture especially in contaminated sites. Moreover, recently, the use of AMF has become a fascinating and multidisciplinary subject for the scientists dealing with plant protection. The present study was carried out to evaluate the interaction among arsenic (As) species, AMF, and two plant species: Pteris vittata and Astragalus sinicus, differing in their metal tolerance. Results about A. sinicus revealed that the biomass was affected as As (III and V) accumulated in the roots of A. sinicus, and in rachis and pinnae of P. vittata. The inoculation of AMF markedly increased the biomass yield of the both plants when exposed to As species. The exposure to the As species resulted variation and non-significant results about antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymes when grown in As stress with and without AMF. The inoculation of AMF under As species improved the organic acids concentrations in both plant species. Overall, the concentration of oxalate acid was more than formic and malic acids; however, AMF inoculation improved more organic acids in A. sinicus. P. vittata exhibited more activities of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymes under As stress with and without AMF than A. sinicus, and hence had a more efficient defense mechanism.
Liu Yizhu; Muhammad Imtiaz; Allah Ditta; Muhammad Shahid Rizwan; Muhammad Ashraf; Sajid Mehmood; Omar Aziz; Fathia Mubeen; Muhammad Ali; Nosheen Noor Elahi; Raina Ijaz; Sha Lele; Cao Shuang; Shuxin Tu. Response of growth, antioxidant enzymes and root exudates production towards As stress in Pteris vittata and in Astragalus sinicus colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019, 27, 2340 -2352.
AMA StyleLiu Yizhu, Muhammad Imtiaz, Allah Ditta, Muhammad Shahid Rizwan, Muhammad Ashraf, Sajid Mehmood, Omar Aziz, Fathia Mubeen, Muhammad Ali, Nosheen Noor Elahi, Raina Ijaz, Sha Lele, Cao Shuang, Shuxin Tu. Response of growth, antioxidant enzymes and root exudates production towards As stress in Pteris vittata and in Astragalus sinicus colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 27 (2):2340-2352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu Yizhu; Muhammad Imtiaz; Allah Ditta; Muhammad Shahid Rizwan; Muhammad Ashraf; Sajid Mehmood; Omar Aziz; Fathia Mubeen; Muhammad Ali; Nosheen Noor Elahi; Raina Ijaz; Sha Lele; Cao Shuang; Shuxin Tu. 2019. "Response of growth, antioxidant enzymes and root exudates production towards As stress in Pteris vittata and in Astragalus sinicus colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 2: 2340-2352.
Selenium (Se) is an essential element in animals and humans, and its deficiency may cause conditions such as cardiac disease. The production of Se-enriched rice is one of the most important ways to supply Se in the human body, and thus, understanding of the mechanisms of Se-enriched rice is of great significance. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of Se addition on the growth, antioxidation, Se uptake and distribution, and Se speciation in three different stages of panicle initiation stage (i.e., pistil and stamen formation stage, pollen mother cell formation stage, pollen mother cell meiosis stage) and the maturity stage. The results showed that soil Se application significantly increased Se uptake in rice. Low rates of Se (<5 mg kg-1) application enhanced the plant growth and rice yield. Se speciation assays showed that SeCys and SeMet were the two main forms found in rice, of which SeMet accounted for 65.5%-100% in the ears and leaves, while SeCys accounted for 61.4%-75.6% in brown rice. SeMet was also the main Se-species found in different subcellular parts at the panicle initiation stage. However, inorganic Se was present in brown rice, mainly as Se(VI), when the soil Se addition exceeded 5 mg kg-1. Lower rates of Se (<5 mg kg-1) promoted the antioxidant capacity, while high levels of Se (≥5 mg kg-1) reduced the antioxidant capacity of rice. The results indicate that Se effects are dose dependent, and the suitable amount of soil Se application for Se-enriched rice production would be <5 mg kg-1.
Zhihua Dai; Muhammad Imtiaz; Muhammad Rizwan; Yuan Yuan; Hengliang Huang; Shuxin Tu. Dynamics of Selenium uptake, speciation, and antioxidant response in rice at different panicle initiation stages. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 691, 827 -834.
AMA StyleZhihua Dai, Muhammad Imtiaz, Muhammad Rizwan, Yuan Yuan, Hengliang Huang, Shuxin Tu. Dynamics of Selenium uptake, speciation, and antioxidant response in rice at different panicle initiation stages. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 691 ():827-834.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhihua Dai; Muhammad Imtiaz; Muhammad Rizwan; Yuan Yuan; Hengliang Huang; Shuxin Tu. 2019. "Dynamics of Selenium uptake, speciation, and antioxidant response in rice at different panicle initiation stages." Science of The Total Environment 691, no. : 827-834.
Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses to sustainable agriculture and global food security. The present study was conducted to evaluate the integrated effect of algal biochar (BC) and plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth and physiology of maize under deficit irrigations. A pot experiment with different combinations of algal BC and PGPR under three deficit irrigations [field capacity (FC), 75% FC and 50% FC] was performed using maize as test crop. There were three controls without application of algal BC and PGPR under each water deficit irrigation. Both algal BC and plant growth–promoting rhizobacterial inoculation mitigated negative effects of deficit irrigations on maize performance, especially when applied in combined form. Under 50% FC, combined application of algal BC and PGPR significantly increased fresh and dry weights of shoot and root and root length by 2.76, 5.94, 3.24, 13.82, and 4.06 times compared to control, respectively. In case of physiological and nutrient uptake parameters, the same treatment caused the maximum increase in comparison to control. Post-harvest soil analysis also showed a positive treatment effect compared to their respective control. The combined application of algal BC and PGPR could be an effective strategy to improve growth and physiology of maize under deficit irrigations.
Naseer Ullah; Allah Ditta; Azeem Khalid; Sajid Mehmood; Muhammad Shahid Rizwan; Muhammad Ashraf; Fathia Mubeen; Muhammad Imtiaz; Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal. Integrated Effect of Algal Biochar and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Physiology and Growth of Maize Under Deficit Irrigations. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 2019, 20, 346 -356.
AMA StyleNaseer Ullah, Allah Ditta, Azeem Khalid, Sajid Mehmood, Muhammad Shahid Rizwan, Muhammad Ashraf, Fathia Mubeen, Muhammad Imtiaz, Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal. Integrated Effect of Algal Biochar and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Physiology and Growth of Maize Under Deficit Irrigations. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 2019; 20 (2):346-356.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaseer Ullah; Allah Ditta; Azeem Khalid; Sajid Mehmood; Muhammad Shahid Rizwan; Muhammad Ashraf; Fathia Mubeen; Muhammad Imtiaz; Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal. 2019. "Integrated Effect of Algal Biochar and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Physiology and Growth of Maize Under Deficit Irrigations." Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 20, no. 2: 346-356.
Vanadium causes metabolic interruption with normal growth of plants, and therefore, contamination issues are of major concern. Seed germination is a critical point in seedling establishment and subsequent plant health and vigor. The present study was carried out to assess the physio-biochemical responses: seed germination, seedling growth, activities of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymes, and amylase contents in rice varieties. The obtained results showed variations in all observed parameters, and the rice varieties respond differently to vanadium treatments. Overall, the protrusion and germination rates of rice seeds were affected and reduced when exposed to vanadium. The fresh biomass and height of shoots and roots were also decreased when seedlings of rice were exposed to vanadium, especially at 30 mg L−1. The results about antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymes indicated that rice varieties respond differently; however, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased when treated with vanadium. Furthermore, the contents of antioxidant non-enzymes were also altered in all rice varieties seedlings when exposed to vanadium. The soluble protein contents were also significantly declined in all rice varieties when treated with vanadium. The activities of α, β and total amylase enzymes in rice seeds were also affected when exposed to vanadium; taken as whole, the maximum observed inhibition in amylolytic enzyme activities was observed at 30 mg L−1 of vanadium treatment. In summary, rice seedlings were markedly influenced in terms of seed germination, early growth as well as amylase contents when exposed to vanadium. Overall, the toxic effects of vanadium with respect to rice varieties are maximum during seed germination and growth while variations regarding amylase activities were recorded. These results suggested that rice varieties: Chao you 37 and Chao ji 1 hao exhibited maximum losses, while less damage in Tai guo xiang nuo and Qi dao 2000 might be related to strong antioxidant defense system proved them to be tolerant against vanadium.
Y. Yuan; M. Imtiaz; M. Rizwan; X. Dong; S. Tu. Effect of vanadium on germination, growth and activities of amylase and antioxidant enzymes in genotypes of rice. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2019, 17, 383 -394.
AMA StyleY. Yuan, M. Imtiaz, M. Rizwan, X. Dong, S. Tu. Effect of vanadium on germination, growth and activities of amylase and antioxidant enzymes in genotypes of rice. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2019; 17 (1):383-394.
Chicago/Turabian StyleY. Yuan; M. Imtiaz; M. Rizwan; X. Dong; S. Tu. 2019. "Effect of vanadium on germination, growth and activities of amylase and antioxidant enzymes in genotypes of rice." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 17, no. 1: 383-394.
Silica is deposited extra- and intracellularly in plants in solid form, as phytoliths. Phytoliths have emerged as accepted taxonomic tools and proxies for reconstructing ancient flora, agricultural economies, environment, and climate. The discovery of silicon transporter genes has aided in the understanding of the mechanism of silicon transport and deposition within the plant body and reconstructing plant phylogeny that is based on the ability of plants to accumulate silica. However, a precise understanding of the process of silica deposition and the formation of phytoliths is still an enigma and the information regarding the proteins that are involved in plant biosilicification is still scarce. With the observation of various shapes and morphologies of phytoliths, it is essential to understand which factors control this mechanism. During the last two decades, significant research has been done in this regard and silicon research has expanded as an Earth-life science superdiscipline. We review and integrate the recent knowledge and concepts on the uptake and transport of silica and its deposition as phytoliths in plants. We also discuss how different factors define the shape, size, and chemistry of the phytoliths and how biosilicification evolved in plants. The role of channel-type and efflux silicon transporters, proline-rich proteins, and siliplant1 protein in transport and deposition of silica is presented. The role of phytoliths against biotic and abiotic stress, as mechanical barriers, and their use as taxonomic tools and proxies, is highlighted.
Muhammad Amjad Nawaz; Alexander Mikhailovich Zakharenko; Ivan Vladimirovich Zemchenko; Muhammad Sajjad Haider; Muhammad Amjad Ali; Muhammad Imtiaz; Gyuhwa Chung; Aristides Tsatsakis; Sangmi Sun; Kirill Sergeyevich Golokhvast. Phytolith Formation in Plants: From Soil to Cell. Plants 2019, 8, 249 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Amjad Nawaz, Alexander Mikhailovich Zakharenko, Ivan Vladimirovich Zemchenko, Muhammad Sajjad Haider, Muhammad Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imtiaz, Gyuhwa Chung, Aristides Tsatsakis, Sangmi Sun, Kirill Sergeyevich Golokhvast. Phytolith Formation in Plants: From Soil to Cell. Plants. 2019; 8 (8):249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Amjad Nawaz; Alexander Mikhailovich Zakharenko; Ivan Vladimirovich Zemchenko; Muhammad Sajjad Haider; Muhammad Amjad Ali; Muhammad Imtiaz; Gyuhwa Chung; Aristides Tsatsakis; Sangmi Sun; Kirill Sergeyevich Golokhvast. 2019. "Phytolith Formation in Plants: From Soil to Cell." Plants 8, no. 8: 249.
Sajid Mehmood; Muhammad Imtiaz; Saqib Bashir; Muhammad Rizwan; Sana Irshad; Gutha Yuvaraja; Muhammad Ikram; Omar Aziz; Allah Ditta; Sana Ur Rehman; Qaiser Shakeel; Muhammad Ali Mumtaz; Waqas Ahmed; Sammina Mahmood; Di-Yun Chen; Shuxin Tu. Leaching Behavior of Pb and Cd and Transformation of Their Speciation in Co-Contaminated Soil Receiving Different Passivators. Environmental Engineering Science 2019, 36, 749 -759.
AMA StyleSajid Mehmood, Muhammad Imtiaz, Saqib Bashir, Muhammad Rizwan, Sana Irshad, Gutha Yuvaraja, Muhammad Ikram, Omar Aziz, Allah Ditta, Sana Ur Rehman, Qaiser Shakeel, Muhammad Ali Mumtaz, Waqas Ahmed, Sammina Mahmood, Di-Yun Chen, Shuxin Tu. Leaching Behavior of Pb and Cd and Transformation of Their Speciation in Co-Contaminated Soil Receiving Different Passivators. Environmental Engineering Science. 2019; 36 (6):749-759.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajid Mehmood; Muhammad Imtiaz; Saqib Bashir; Muhammad Rizwan; Sana Irshad; Gutha Yuvaraja; Muhammad Ikram; Omar Aziz; Allah Ditta; Sana Ur Rehman; Qaiser Shakeel; Muhammad Ali Mumtaz; Waqas Ahmed; Sammina Mahmood; Di-Yun Chen; Shuxin Tu. 2019. "Leaching Behavior of Pb and Cd and Transformation of Their Speciation in Co-Contaminated Soil Receiving Different Passivators." Environmental Engineering Science 36, no. 6: 749-759.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) modulates plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, but its regulatory effects on nitrogen metabolism and chloroplast protection under nickel (Ni) stress in crop plants remain elusive. Taking this into account, we investigated the potential roles of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a H2S generator, in the improvement of growth performance of rice plants under Ni stress. Results showed that NaHS successfully reversed the adverse effects of Ni, as reflected in plant growth and biomass, and photosynthesis attributes including photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration and photosynthetic pigment contents. NaHS generated H2S plays a crucial role in controlling the photosynthetic machinery of rice as evidenced by the ultrastructure of chloroplast viewed under transmission electron microscope (TEM). The reduced content of Ni in roots and leaves of NaHS-supplemented Ni-stressed plants has revealed the restricted uptake and accumulation of Ni. A rescue of NaHS to the Ni-induced decline in nitrate (NO3−) content and the activities NO3− biosynthesizing enzymes nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamate synthase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase in leaves indicated a positive role of H2S on NO3− metabolism in rice under Ni stress. NaHS application also reverted Ni-mediated increases in ammonium (NH4+) content and glutamate dehydrogenase activity, implying H2S-induced alleviation of NH4+ toxicity. The regulatory effects of H2S on nitrogen metabolism was further confirmed by increased and decreased transcript abundance of NO3− and NH4+ metabolism associated genes, respectively. Our study suggests a decisive role of H2S in controlling Ni toxicity as elucidated by the novel findings such as enhanced gas exchanged parameters, Ni homeostasis and chloroplast protection. Moreover, this article highlights the significance of H2S in controlling chloroplast biogenesis and nitrogen metabolism in rice crop under Ni stress.
Muhammad Rizwan; Mohammad Golam Mostofa; Muhammad Zulfiqar Ahmad; Yaoyu Zhou; Muhammad Adeel; Sajid Mehmood; Rabia Javed; Muhammad Imtiaz; Omar Aziz; Muhammad Ikram; Shuxin Tu; Yongxian Liu. Hydrogen sulfide enhances rice tolerance to nickel through the prevention of chloroplast damage and the improvement of nitrogen metabolism under excessive nickel. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2019, 138, 100 -111.
AMA StyleMuhammad Rizwan, Mohammad Golam Mostofa, Muhammad Zulfiqar Ahmad, Yaoyu Zhou, Muhammad Adeel, Sajid Mehmood, Rabia Javed, Muhammad Imtiaz, Omar Aziz, Muhammad Ikram, Shuxin Tu, Yongxian Liu. Hydrogen sulfide enhances rice tolerance to nickel through the prevention of chloroplast damage and the improvement of nitrogen metabolism under excessive nickel. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2019; 138 ():100-111.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Rizwan; Mohammad Golam Mostofa; Muhammad Zulfiqar Ahmad; Yaoyu Zhou; Muhammad Adeel; Sajid Mehmood; Rabia Javed; Muhammad Imtiaz; Omar Aziz; Muhammad Ikram; Shuxin Tu; Yongxian Liu. 2019. "Hydrogen sulfide enhances rice tolerance to nickel through the prevention of chloroplast damage and the improvement of nitrogen metabolism under excessive nickel." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 138, no. : 100-111.
Phosphorus availability from rock phosphate (RP) can be increased via composting with organic fertilizer and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) in the soil. Incubation and pot experiments were conducted to investigate the comparative efficacy of RP-enriched organic fertilizer with PSMs vs. diammonium phosphate (DAP) as a control to enhance the production of legumes. In incubation studies, RP-enriched organic fertilizer with PSM2 significantly increased soil aggregate stability (37%) and P-release (2.35 folds) as compared to control, whereas, in pot study, the number and dry weight of nodules plant−1, shoot length, number of pods plant−1, and grain yield of chickpea increased by 23%, 13%, 17%, 15%, and 15% with RP-enriched organic fertilizer + PSM2 compared to control. Similarly, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in straw (11 and 42% respectively) and grains (11 and 13% respectively) and protein contents (16%) of chickpea were also increased. A similar trend was observed regarding the growth and yield parameters of lentil. The use of RP-enriched organic fertilizer with PSM could produce results similar to that of DAP for the optimum production of legumes.
Allah Ditta; Muhammad Imtiaz; Sajid Mehmood; Muhammad Shahid Rizwan; Fathia Mubeen; Omar Aziz; Zheng Qian; Raina Ijaz; Shuxin Tu. Rock phosphate-enriched organic fertilizer with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms improves nodulation, growth, and yield of legumes. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 2018, 49, 2715 -2725.
AMA StyleAllah Ditta, Muhammad Imtiaz, Sajid Mehmood, Muhammad Shahid Rizwan, Fathia Mubeen, Omar Aziz, Zheng Qian, Raina Ijaz, Shuxin Tu. Rock phosphate-enriched organic fertilizer with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms improves nodulation, growth, and yield of legumes. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2018; 49 (21):2715-2725.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAllah Ditta; Muhammad Imtiaz; Sajid Mehmood; Muhammad Shahid Rizwan; Fathia Mubeen; Omar Aziz; Zheng Qian; Raina Ijaz; Shuxin Tu. 2018. "Rock phosphate-enriched organic fertilizer with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms improves nodulation, growth, and yield of legumes." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 49, no. 21: 2715-2725.
Cellulose synthase A (CESA) is a key enzyme involved in the complex process of plant cell wall biosynthesis, and it remains a productive subject for research. We employed systems biology approaches to explore structural diversity of eudicot CESAs by exon–intron organization, mode of duplication, synteny, and splice site analyses. Using a combined phylogenetics and comparative genomics approach coupled with co-expression networks we reconciled the evolution of cellulose synthase gene family in eudicots and found that the basic forms of CESA proteins are retained in angiosperms. Duplications have played an important role in expansion of CESA gene family members in eudicots. Co-expression networks showed that primary and secondary cell wall modules are duplicated in eudicots. We also identified 230 simple sequence repeat markers in 103 eudicot CESAs. The 13 identified conserved motifs in eudicots will provide a basis for gene identification and functional characterization in other plants. Furthermore, we characterized (in silico) eudicot CESAs against senescence and found that expression levels of CESAs decreased during leaf senescence.
Muhammad Amjad Nawaz; Xiao Lin; Tingfung Chan; Muhammad Imtiaz; Hafiz Mamoon Rehman; Muhammad Amjad Ali; Faheem Shehzad Baloch; Rana Muhammad Atif; Seung Hwan Yang; Gyuhwa Chung. Characterization of Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) Gene Family in Eudicots. Biochemical Genetics 2018, 57, 248 -272.
AMA StyleMuhammad Amjad Nawaz, Xiao Lin, Tingfung Chan, Muhammad Imtiaz, Hafiz Mamoon Rehman, Muhammad Amjad Ali, Faheem Shehzad Baloch, Rana Muhammad Atif, Seung Hwan Yang, Gyuhwa Chung. Characterization of Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) Gene Family in Eudicots. Biochemical Genetics. 2018; 57 (2):248-272.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Amjad Nawaz; Xiao Lin; Tingfung Chan; Muhammad Imtiaz; Hafiz Mamoon Rehman; Muhammad Amjad Ali; Faheem Shehzad Baloch; Rana Muhammad Atif; Seung Hwan Yang; Gyuhwa Chung. 2018. "Characterization of Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) Gene Family in Eudicots." Biochemical Genetics 57, no. 2: 248-272.
Cadmium stress is the most opposing environmental factor that affects plant growth and subsequently the food chain supply. This particular study is related to effects of Cd on rice cultivars. In order to prove the above argument, the response of ten elite cultivars of rice was exposed to different levels of CdCl2 (0, 50 and 100 µM). The Cd toxicity reduced the root and shoot lengths, and in fresh and dry biomass in all the genotypes. The maximum reduction was found at 100 µM of Cd in Guang 1298 and in Shan 63. The antioxidant enzymes activities, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase increased up to a certain level in aerial part under Cd toxicity; the maximum activity was found in Qi 908 and Lu 9083. It was also observed that the Cd toxicity reduced the translocation from roots to shoots (of/in) Fe and Zn; however, the accumulation of these elements was higher in roots as compared to shoots. The accumulation of Cd in the shoots and roots was found maximum at 100 µM of Cd. The bio-concentration factor (BCF) from root to shoot showed variation among all the cultivars; the BCF was recorded more at 50 than 100 µM of Cd. The translocation factor (TF) of Cd from root to shoot ranged from 0.11 to 0.17 and 0.09 to 0.30 against 50 and 100 µM of Cd, respectively. Resultantly, the genotypes: Qi 908 and Lu 9803, proved to be resistant, while Shan 63 and Guang 1298 showed sensitivity when exposed to different levels of Cd.
J. Afzal; C. Hu; Muhammad Imtiaz; A. M. Elyamine; M. S. Rana; M. Imran; M. A. Farag. Cadmium tolerance in rice cultivars associated with antioxidant enzymes activities and Fe/Zn concentrations. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2018, 16, 4241 -4252.
AMA StyleJ. Afzal, C. Hu, Muhammad Imtiaz, A. M. Elyamine, M. S. Rana, M. Imran, M. A. Farag. Cadmium tolerance in rice cultivars associated with antioxidant enzymes activities and Fe/Zn concentrations. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2018; 16 (8):4241-4252.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Afzal; C. Hu; Muhammad Imtiaz; A. M. Elyamine; M. S. Rana; M. Imran; M. A. Farag. 2018. "Cadmium tolerance in rice cultivars associated with antioxidant enzymes activities and Fe/Zn concentrations." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16, no. 8: 4241-4252.
Soil co-contamination with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) is a tenacious risk to crop production globally. The current experiment observed the roles of amendments [biochar (BC), slag (SL), and ferrous manganese ore (FMO)] for enhancing Pb and Cd tolerance in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Our results revealed that application of amendments significantly enhanced the nutrient level of sesame seedlings developed under extreme Pb and Cd conditions. The higher Pb and Cd-tolerance in sesame encouraged by amendments might be credited to its capability to restrict Pb and Cd uptake and decreased oxidative damage induced by Pb and Cd that is also demonstrated by lesser production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced electrolyte leakage (EL) in plant biomass. The added amendments relieved Pb and Cd toxicity and improved photosynthetic pigments, soluble protein, and proline content. Not only this amendments also decreased the antioxidant bulk, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in sesame plants compared to control when exposed to Pb and Cd. Moreover, the added amendments = down-regulated the genes expression which regulate the SOD, POD, and CAT activity in sesame under Pb and Cd-stress. Furthermore, supplementation of amendments to the soil, reduced the bio accessibility (SBET), leachability (TCLP), and mobility (CaCl2) of Pb and Cd. Collectively, our findings conclude that the application of amendments enhanced sesame tolerance to Pb and Cd stress by restricting Pb and Cd accumulation, maintained photosynthetic presentation and dropped oxidative loss through enhanced antioxidant system, thus signifying amendments as an operational stress regulators in modifying Pb and Cd-toxicity that is highly important economically in all crops including sesame.
Sajid Mehmood; Dawood Anser Saeed; Muhammad Rizwan; Mohammad Nauman Khan; Omar Aziz; Saqib Bashir; Muhammad Ibrahim; Allah Ditta; Muhammad Akmal; Muhammad Ali Mumtaz; Waqas Ahmed; Sana Irshad; Muhammad Imtiaz; Shuxin Tu; Asia Shaheen. Impact of different amendments on biochemical responses of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plants grown in lead-cadmium contaminated soil. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2018, 132, 345 -355.
AMA StyleSajid Mehmood, Dawood Anser Saeed, Muhammad Rizwan, Mohammad Nauman Khan, Omar Aziz, Saqib Bashir, Muhammad Ibrahim, Allah Ditta, Muhammad Akmal, Muhammad Ali Mumtaz, Waqas Ahmed, Sana Irshad, Muhammad Imtiaz, Shuxin Tu, Asia Shaheen. Impact of different amendments on biochemical responses of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plants grown in lead-cadmium contaminated soil. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2018; 132 ():345-355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajid Mehmood; Dawood Anser Saeed; Muhammad Rizwan; Mohammad Nauman Khan; Omar Aziz; Saqib Bashir; Muhammad Ibrahim; Allah Ditta; Muhammad Akmal; Muhammad Ali Mumtaz; Waqas Ahmed; Sana Irshad; Muhammad Imtiaz; Shuxin Tu; Asia Shaheen. 2018. "Impact of different amendments on biochemical responses of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plants grown in lead-cadmium contaminated soil." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 132, no. : 345-355.
The present study aimed to elucidate the photosynthetic performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, anthocyanin contents, anthocyanin biosynthetic gene expression, and vanadium uptake in mustard genotypes (purple and green) that differ in photosynthetic capacity under vanadium stress. The results indicated that vanadium significantly reduced photosynthetic activity in both genotypes. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes were increased significantly in response to vanadium in both genotypes, although the purple exhibited higher. The anthocyanin contents were also reduced under vanadium stress. The anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were highly expressed in the purple genotype, notably the genes TT8, F3H, and MYBL2 under vanadium stress. The results indicate that induction of TT8, F3H, and MYBL2 genes was associated with upregulation of the biosynthetic genes required for higher anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple compared with the green mustard. The roots accumulated higher vanadium than shoots in both mustard genotypes. The results indicate that the purple mustard had higher vanadium tolerance.
Muhammad Imtiaz; Muhammad Adnan Mushtaq; Muhammad Amjad Nawaz; Muhammad Ashraf; Muhammad Shahid Rizwan; Sajid Mehmood; Omar Aziz; Muhammad Safiullah Virk; Qaiser Shakeel; Raina Ijaz; Vasilis P. Androutsopoulos; Aristides M. Tsatsakis; Michael D. Coleman. Physiological and anthocyanin biosynthesis genes response induced by vanadium stress in mustard genotypes with distinct photosynthetic activity. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2018, 62, 20 -29.
AMA StyleMuhammad Imtiaz, Muhammad Adnan Mushtaq, Muhammad Amjad Nawaz, Muhammad Ashraf, Muhammad Shahid Rizwan, Sajid Mehmood, Omar Aziz, Muhammad Safiullah Virk, Qaiser Shakeel, Raina Ijaz, Vasilis P. Androutsopoulos, Aristides M. Tsatsakis, Michael D. Coleman. Physiological and anthocyanin biosynthesis genes response induced by vanadium stress in mustard genotypes with distinct photosynthetic activity. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2018; 62 ():20-29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Imtiaz; Muhammad Adnan Mushtaq; Muhammad Amjad Nawaz; Muhammad Ashraf; Muhammad Shahid Rizwan; Sajid Mehmood; Omar Aziz; Muhammad Safiullah Virk; Qaiser Shakeel; Raina Ijaz; Vasilis P. Androutsopoulos; Aristides M. Tsatsakis; Michael D. Coleman. 2018. "Physiological and anthocyanin biosynthesis genes response induced by vanadium stress in mustard genotypes with distinct photosynthetic activity." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 62, no. : 20-29.
Water conservation is an integral part of precision agriculture. In rice (Oryza sativa L.) producing countries, the looming water crisis necessitates the development of water-saving technologies. A field study was conducted to evaluate the advantages of different irrigation methods on water productivity, rice grain yield, and growth responses for the two consecutive years during 2015 and 2016. Two irrigation methods, conventional irrigation (CI) and thin-shallow-moist-dry irrigation (TSMDI), and three nitrogen (N) levels (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha−1) were tested in a split plot design with three replications. The results revealed that TSMDI significantly increased water productivity compared with CI without jeopardizing grain yield, and no significant difference was observed on crop growth parameters between irrigation methods. Two years of study results showed that under both irrigation methods, grain yield ranged from 7.59 to 8.01 t ha−1, 8.61 to 9.26 t ha−1, and 9.30 to 10.01 t ha−1 at 0 kg N ha−1, 90 kg N ha−1, and 180 kg N ha−1, respectively. Thus, TSMDI required the same fertilizer management as CI and saved water up to 16% to 21% when keeping other inputs constant. In the present study, the best combination of water and N application is TSMDI and 180 kg N ha−1, over other treatments' combinations.
O. Aziz; L. Bin; Muhammad Imtiaz; Jiazhou Chen; Y. He; L. Lin; S. Ali; M. Riaz; S. Mehmood; M. Rizwan; G. Lu. Irrigation methods affect water productivity, grain yield, and growth responses of rice at different levels of nitrogen. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 2018, 73, 329 -336.
AMA StyleO. Aziz, L. Bin, Muhammad Imtiaz, Jiazhou Chen, Y. He, L. Lin, S. Ali, M. Riaz, S. Mehmood, M. Rizwan, G. Lu. Irrigation methods affect water productivity, grain yield, and growth responses of rice at different levels of nitrogen. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 2018; 73 (3):329-336.
Chicago/Turabian StyleO. Aziz; L. Bin; Muhammad Imtiaz; Jiazhou Chen; Y. He; L. Lin; S. Ali; M. Riaz; S. Mehmood; M. Rizwan; G. Lu. 2018. "Irrigation methods affect water productivity, grain yield, and growth responses of rice at different levels of nitrogen." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 73, no. 3: 329-336.
The agricultural soil contaminated with heavy metals induces toxic effects on plant growth. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vanadium (V) on growth, H2O2 and enzyme activities, cell death, ion leakage, and at which concentration; V induces the toxic effects in chickpea plants grown in red soil. The obtained results indicated that the biomass (fresh and dry) and lengths of roots and shoots were significantly decreased by V application, and roots accumulated more V than shoots. The enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and POD) and ion leakage were increased linearly with increasing V concentrations. However, the protein contents, and tolerance indices were significantly declined with the increasing levels of V. The results about the cell death indicated that the cell viability was badly damaged when plants were exposed to higher V, and induction of H2O2 might be involved in this cell death. In conclusion, all the applied V levels affected the enzymatic activities, and induced the cell death of chickpea plants. Furthermore, our results also confirmed that vanadium ≥ 130 mg kg−1 induced detrimental effects on chickpea plants. Additional investigation is needed to clarify the mechanistic explanations of V toxicity at the molecular level and gene expression involved in plant cell death.
Muhammad Imtiaz; Muhammad Ashraf; Muhammad Shahid Rizwan; Muhammad Amjad Nawaz; Sajid Mehmood; Balal Yousaf; Yuan Yuan; Allah Ditta; Muhammad Ali Mumtaz; Muhammad Ali; Sammina Mahmood; Shuxin Tu. Vanadium toxicity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown in red soil: Effects on cell death, ROS and antioxidative systems. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2018, 158, 139 -144.
AMA StyleMuhammad Imtiaz, Muhammad Ashraf, Muhammad Shahid Rizwan, Muhammad Amjad Nawaz, Sajid Mehmood, Balal Yousaf, Yuan Yuan, Allah Ditta, Muhammad Ali Mumtaz, Muhammad Ali, Sammina Mahmood, Shuxin Tu. Vanadium toxicity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown in red soil: Effects on cell death, ROS and antioxidative systems. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2018; 158 ():139-144.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Imtiaz; Muhammad Ashraf; Muhammad Shahid Rizwan; Muhammad Amjad Nawaz; Sajid Mehmood; Balal Yousaf; Yuan Yuan; Allah Ditta; Muhammad Ali Mumtaz; Muhammad Ali; Sammina Mahmood; Shuxin Tu. 2018. "Vanadium toxicity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) grown in red soil: Effects on cell death, ROS and antioxidative systems." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 158, no. : 139-144.
Wide-coverage spatial information on irrigated croplands is a vital foundation for food security and water resources studies at the regional level. Several global irrigated-cropland maps have been released to the public over the past decade due to the efforts of the remote sensing community. However, the consistency and discrepancy between these maps is largely unknown because of a lack of comparative studies, limiting their use and improvement. To close this knowledge gap, we compared the latest four irrigated-cropland datasets (GMIA, GRIPC, GlobCover, and GFSAD) in mainland China. First, the four maps were compared quantitatively and neutral regional- and provincial-level statistics of the relative proportions of irrigated land were obtained through regression analysis. Second, we compared the similarities and discrepancies of the datasets on spatial grids. Furthermore, the contributions of mosaic cropland pixels in GlobCover and GFSAD were also analyzed because of their extensive distribution and ambiguous content. Results showed that GMIA has the lowest dispersion and best statistical correlation followed by GRIPC, while the corresponding features of GlobCover and GFSAD are approximately equal. Spatial agreement of the four maps is higher in eastern than western China, and disagreement is contributed mostly by GlobCover and GFSAD. However, divergence exists in the ratios of the different agreement levels, as well as their sources, on a regional scale. Mosaic pixels provide more than half of the irrigated areas for GlobCover and GFSAD, and they include both correct and incorrect information. Our results indicate a need for a uniform quantitative classification system and for greater focus on heterogeneous regions. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the advantage of numerical restriction in the calculations. Therefore, special attention should be paid to integrating databases and to exploring remote sensing features and methods for spatial reconstruction and identification of untypical irrigation areas.
Yizhu Liu; Wenbin Wu; Hailan Li; Muhammad Imtiaz; Zhaoliang Li; Qingbo Zhou. Intercomparison on Four Irrigated Cropland Maps in Mainland China. Sensors 2018, 18, 1197 .
AMA StyleYizhu Liu, Wenbin Wu, Hailan Li, Muhammad Imtiaz, Zhaoliang Li, Qingbo Zhou. Intercomparison on Four Irrigated Cropland Maps in Mainland China. Sensors. 2018; 18 (4):1197.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYizhu Liu; Wenbin Wu; Hailan Li; Muhammad Imtiaz; Zhaoliang Li; Qingbo Zhou. 2018. "Intercomparison on Four Irrigated Cropland Maps in Mainland China." Sensors 18, no. 4: 1197.
Nitrogen (N) metabolism is of great economic importance because it provides proteins and nucleic acids which in turn control many cellular activities in plants. Salinity affects different steps of N metabolism including N uptake, NO3− reduction, and NH4+ assimilation, leading to a severe decline in crop yield. Major mechanisms of salinity effects on N metabolism are salinity-induced reductions in water availability and absorption, disruption of root membrane integrity, an inhibition of NO3− uptake by Cl−, low NO3− loading into root xylem, alteration in the activities of N assimilating enzymes, decrease in transpiration, and reduction in relative growth rate which results in a lower N demand. However, the effects of salinity on N metabolism are multifaceted and may vary depending on many plant and soil factors. The present review deals with salinity effects on N metabolism in plants, emphasizing on the activities of N metabolizing enzymes in a saline environment.
Muhammad Ashraf; Sher Muhammad Shahzad; Muhammad Imtiaz; Muhammad Shahid Rizwan. Salinity effects on nitrogen metabolism in plants – focusing on the activities of nitrogen metabolizing enzymes: A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition 2018, 41, 1065 -1081.
AMA StyleMuhammad Ashraf, Sher Muhammad Shahzad, Muhammad Imtiaz, Muhammad Shahid Rizwan. Salinity effects on nitrogen metabolism in plants – focusing on the activities of nitrogen metabolizing enzymes: A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2018; 41 (8):1065-1081.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Ashraf; Sher Muhammad Shahzad; Muhammad Imtiaz; Muhammad Shahid Rizwan. 2018. "Salinity effects on nitrogen metabolism in plants – focusing on the activities of nitrogen metabolizing enzymes: A review." Journal of Plant Nutrition 41, no. 8: 1065-1081.