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There is a strong scientific consensus that anthropogenic climate change is happening and that its impacts can put both ecological and human systems in jeopardy. Social psychology, the scientific study of human behaviours in their social and cultural settings, is an important tool for understanding how humans interpret and respond to climate change. In this article, we offered a systematic review of the social psychological literature of climate change. We sampled 130 studies on climate change or global warming from 80 articles published in journals indexed under the “Psychology, social” category of Journal Citation Reports. Based on this sample, we observe that social psychologists have produced an impressive canon of research on this pressing topic, the strengths of which include diversity of research designs, outcome variables, and theoretical angles. However, there are some gaps in this literature, including weak presence of authors and data from non‐Western, developing, and nondemocratic societies, lack of cross‐cultural comparisons, reliance on young and Amazon MTurk samples, lack of attention to some crucial outcome variables, and overemphasis on intrapersonal and intrapsychic processes. We recommend that future social psychological research on climate change needs to broaden geographical and demographic representation, examine study outcomes other than mitigation behaviour, and adopt more “social” theoretical perspectives. We also offer suggestions as to how these needs can be addressed.
Kim‐Pong Tam; Angela K.‐Y. Leung; Susan Clayton. Research on climate change in social psychology publications: A systematic review. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleKim‐Pong Tam, Angela K.‐Y. Leung, Susan Clayton. Research on climate change in social psychology publications: A systematic review. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim‐Pong Tam; Angela K.‐Y. Leung; Susan Clayton. 2021. "Research on climate change in social psychology publications: A systematic review." Asian Journal of Social Psychology , no. : 1.
Kim‐Pong Tam; Angela K.‐Y. Leung; Susan Clayton. Social psychology of climate change in the Asian context: Introduction to special issue. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2021, 24, 113 -116.
AMA StyleKim‐Pong Tam, Angela K.‐Y. Leung, Susan Clayton. Social psychology of climate change in the Asian context: Introduction to special issue. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. 2021; 24 (2):113-116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim‐Pong Tam; Angela K.‐Y. Leung; Susan Clayton. 2021. "Social psychology of climate change in the Asian context: Introduction to special issue." Asian Journal of Social Psychology 24, no. 2: 113-116.
Kim‐Pong Tam; Angela K.‐Y. Leung; Sammyh Khan. The new normal of social psychology in the face of the COVID‐19 pandemic: Insights and advice from leaders in the field. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2021, 24, 8 -9.
AMA StyleKim‐Pong Tam, Angela K.‐Y. Leung, Sammyh Khan. The new normal of social psychology in the face of the COVID‐19 pandemic: Insights and advice from leaders in the field. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. 2021; 24 (1):8-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim‐Pong Tam; Angela K.‐Y. Leung; Sammyh Khan. 2021. "The new normal of social psychology in the face of the COVID‐19 pandemic: Insights and advice from leaders in the field." Asian Journal of Social Psychology 24, no. 1: 8-9.
The impacts of climate change on human cultures receive increasing attention in recent years. However, the extent to which people are aware of these impacts, whether such awareness motivates climate action, and what kinds of people show stronger awareness are rarely understood. The present investigation provides the very first set of answers to these questions. In two studies (with a student sample with N = 198 from Singapore and a demographically representative sample with N = 571 from the United States), we observed a generally high level of awareness among our participants. Most important, perceived cultural impacts of climate change robustly predicted intentions to engage in climate change mitigation behavior and climate activism, as well as support for climate policy. We also found expected associations between perceived cultural impacts and psychological and demographic variables (e.g., cosmopolitan orientation, moral inclusion, political orientation). These findings not only add a cultural dimension to the research on public understanding of climate change but also reveal a viable application of cultural frames as an effective climate communication strategy.
Kim-Pong Tam; Angela Leung; Brandon Koh. Perceived Cultural Impacts of Climate Change Motivates Climate Action and Support for Climate Policy. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleKim-Pong Tam, Angela Leung, Brandon Koh. Perceived Cultural Impacts of Climate Change Motivates Climate Action and Support for Climate Policy. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim-Pong Tam; Angela Leung; Brandon Koh. 2021. "Perceived Cultural Impacts of Climate Change Motivates Climate Action and Support for Climate Policy." , no. : 1.
Feeling grateful to nature for its bountiful benefits to humans and wanting to give thanks to nature is a familiar theme in personal stories and cultural rituals, but this emotional experience has rarely been understood scientifically. The present research fills this gap by presenting a theory of gratitude to nature. Findings from four correlational studies and one experiment robustly support its propositions. Gratitude to nature can be conceptualized as a form of benefit-triggered gratitude. The distinction between trait and state gratitude to nature was found to be valid, and both forms of gratitude can be reliably measured. Trait gratitude to nature was associated with interpersonal gratitude as well as a number of constructs relevant to the human-nature relationship (e.g., experience with nature, connectedness to nature, anthropomorphism). Also, gratitude to nature strongly and robustly motivated not only intention but also actual performance of pro-environmental behavior. The theory offers novel insights into the understanding of humans’ relations with nature and responses to environmental problems. It also suggests potential directions for environmental education and communication.
Kim-Pong Tam. Gratitude to Nature: Presenting a Theory of its Conceptualization, Measurement, and Effects on Pro-Environmental Behavior. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleKim-Pong Tam. Gratitude to Nature: Presenting a Theory of its Conceptualization, Measurement, and Effects on Pro-Environmental Behavior. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim-Pong Tam. 2020. "Gratitude to Nature: Presenting a Theory of its Conceptualization, Measurement, and Effects on Pro-Environmental Behavior." , no. : 1.
Despite the importance of overcoming the persistent delay in climate action, almost no research has investigated the psychological underpinnings of climate change denial in Asian countries. Addressing this research gap, our study compares results obtained in Hong Kong with those of samples from New Zealand and Sweden regarding correlations of climate change denial with acceptance of dominance between social groups (Social Dominance Orientation), acceptance of two additional forms of group‐based dominance (humans over nature, and humans over animals), and empathic concern. Results showed that only acceptance of human dominance over nature and animals predicted climate change denial in Hong Kong. In New Zealand and Sweden, however, the results resembled those found in previous research: The strongest predictor was Social Dominance Orientation, followed by acceptance of human dominance over nature. Low empathic concern predicted climate change denial only in Sweden. Results in Hong Kong differ from previous findings and indicate that climate change denial in this East Asian society is motivated more by hierarchical attitudes related to nature than social groups. We discuss possible reasons for these distinct findings and conclude that there is a need for cross‐cultural research to further investigate the psychological and culture‐specific motivations to dismiss climate change.
Kirsti M. Jylhä; Kim‐Pong Tam; Taciano L. Milfont. Acceptance of group‐based dominance and climate change denial: A cross‐cultural study in Hong Kong, New Zealand, and Sweden. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2020, 24, 198 -207.
AMA StyleKirsti M. Jylhä, Kim‐Pong Tam, Taciano L. Milfont. Acceptance of group‐based dominance and climate change denial: A cross‐cultural study in Hong Kong, New Zealand, and Sweden. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. 2020; 24 (2):198-207.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirsti M. Jylhä; Kim‐Pong Tam; Taciano L. Milfont. 2020. "Acceptance of group‐based dominance and climate change denial: A cross‐cultural study in Hong Kong, New Zealand, and Sweden." Asian Journal of Social Psychology 24, no. 2: 198-207.
Kim-Pong Tam. Understanding the psychology X politics interaction behind environmental activism: The roles of governmental trust, density of environmental NGOs, and democracy. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2020, 71, 1 .
AMA StyleKim-Pong Tam. Understanding the psychology X politics interaction behind environmental activism: The roles of governmental trust, density of environmental NGOs, and democracy. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2020; 71 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim-Pong Tam. 2020. "Understanding the psychology X politics interaction behind environmental activism: The roles of governmental trust, density of environmental NGOs, and democracy." Journal of Environmental Psychology 71, no. : 1.
Despite the global scale of climate change, research comparing people’s behavioural expression of their concern for the problem across societies is lacking. The present investigation adopts a person‐context interaction approach to provide such a comparison and demonstrates the influences of societal‐level factors. We propose that some sociocultural contexts tend to be more agentic, allowing people to express their internal attributes, including climate change concern, whereas some contexts tend to be more restrictive, hindering people from doing so. With two international datasets, we observed that the association between climate change concern and mitigation behaviour was stronger among societies with higher levels of self‐expression affordance (indicated by lower levels of disease threat and higher levels of governance quality, economic development, and individualism). These results indicate the importance of considering not only individual‐level determinants but also societal‐level factors in the study of people’s behavioural response to climate change. They also offer insights into how environmental practitioners and decision makers can promote mitigation behaviour.
Hoi‐Wing Chan; Kim‐Pong Tam. Exploring the association between climate change concern and mitigation behaviour between societies: A person‐context interaction approach. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2020, 24, 184 -197.
AMA StyleHoi‐Wing Chan, Kim‐Pong Tam. Exploring the association between climate change concern and mitigation behaviour between societies: A person‐context interaction approach. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. 2020; 24 (2):184-197.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoi‐Wing Chan; Kim‐Pong Tam. 2020. "Exploring the association between climate change concern and mitigation behaviour between societies: A person‐context interaction approach." Asian Journal of Social Psychology 24, no. 2: 184-197.
Environmental psychology is a field concerned with transactions between humans and their environments. Since human–environment interactions are culture-bound, a fuller understanding of such interactions requires sensitivity to the role of culture in the ways researchers theorize human behavior, conduct empirical studies, and interpret observed findings. In this article, we aim to advance the development of a culturally informed understanding of human–environment interactions, which we refer to as cross-cultural environmental psychology. We first discuss why a cultural perspective is useful. We then survey the field of environmental psychology as indexed by publications in this journal with a complementary set of three bibliometric analyses, which show that the field lacks cultural diversity in both its research participants and its authors, and it is in need of more cross-border, particularly cross-continent, collaboration. We offer a summary of previous cross-cultural studies in terms of how the influence of culture was conceptualized and how cross-cultural data was collected. We also provide resources and recommendations to environmental psychology researchers who are interested in conducting cross-cultural studies. We conclude the article with an illustration of the important principles and recommendations with reference to the articles in this special issue.
Kim-Pong Tam; Taciano L. Milfont. Towards cross-cultural environmental psychology: A state-of-the-art review and recommendations. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2020, 71, 101474 .
AMA StyleKim-Pong Tam, Taciano L. Milfont. Towards cross-cultural environmental psychology: A state-of-the-art review and recommendations. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2020; 71 ():101474.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim-Pong Tam; Taciano L. Milfont. 2020. "Towards cross-cultural environmental psychology: A state-of-the-art review and recommendations." Journal of Environmental Psychology 71, no. : 101474.
Ecologists and conservation scientists use social science research methods to carry out studies around the world. The language and cultural context in which study instruments are applied often differ from the context in which they were originally developed. Study instruments used in cross‐cultural research need to maintain equivalency in order to ensure that the results and conclusions are not affected. Translation is a crucial part of research design, so a carefully planned methodological approach needs to be taken to adapt existing tools. We present a clear, concise and easy‐to‐use procedure for researchers in conservation and ecology to translate study instruments. This five‐step guide first requires researchers to recruit a diverse and balanced team of translators, who are tasked with performing a series of forward and back‐translations. A committee approach is used to resolve differences in format, wording, grammar, sentence structure, item meanings, relevance, and culturally specific references to reach a consensus on the best possible translation, which can then be pilot tested and validated. As a case study to demonstrate how our method works, we adapted the ‘connectedness to nature’ scale into Chinese. Originally created in English by Mayer and Frantz, the ‘connectedness to nature’ scale measures an individual’s emotional connection to nature, which is an important predictor of environmental behavior. It is theorized that reconnecting humans to the natural world can help mitigate environmental crises. Although no method is fail‐safe, by following the structured, five‐step method we present in this paper, ecologists and conservationists can employ a more thorough and rigorous approach to translating their study instruments for cross‐cultural research than commonly used methods like direct translation. Ultimately, researchers must decide on what translation procedures are appropriate for their work given constraints on time and resources.
Hubert Cheung; Lorraine Mazerolle; Hugh P. Possingham; Kim‐Pong Tam; Duan Biggs. A methodological guide for translating study instruments in cross‐cultural research: Adapting the ‘connectedness to nature’ scale into Chinese. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2020, 11, 1379 -1387.
AMA StyleHubert Cheung, Lorraine Mazerolle, Hugh P. Possingham, Kim‐Pong Tam, Duan Biggs. A methodological guide for translating study instruments in cross‐cultural research: Adapting the ‘connectedness to nature’ scale into Chinese. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 2020; 11 (11):1379-1387.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHubert Cheung; Lorraine Mazerolle; Hugh P. Possingham; Kim‐Pong Tam; Duan Biggs. 2020. "A methodological guide for translating study instruments in cross‐cultural research: Adapting the ‘connectedness to nature’ scale into Chinese." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 11: 1379-1387.
Feeling guilty about the occurrence of environmental problems is not uncommon; however, not everyone experiences it. Why are there such individual differences? Considering that guilt is a predominantly interpersonal phenomenon, as emotion research has demonstrated, how is it possible that some individuals feel guilty for the degradation of the non-human environment, and some others do not? The present investigation tests an integrated solution to these two questions based on the concept of anthropomorphism. In three studies, with an individual difference approach, it was observed that anthropomorphism of nature predicted the experience of environmental guilt, and this feeling in turn was associated with engagement in pro-environmental behavior. That is, it appears that individuals who view nature in anthropomorphic terms are more likely to feel guilty for environmental degradation, and they take more steps toward environmental action. This observation not only improves existing understanding of environmental guilt, but also adds evidence to the theoretical possibility of describing and understanding the human–nature relationship with reference to psychological knowledge regarding interpersonal relationships.
Kim-Pong Tam. Anthropomorphism of Nature, Environmental Guilt, and Pro-Environmental Behavior. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5430 .
AMA StyleKim-Pong Tam. Anthropomorphism of Nature, Environmental Guilt, and Pro-Environmental Behavior. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (19):5430.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim-Pong Tam. 2019. "Anthropomorphism of Nature, Environmental Guilt, and Pro-Environmental Behavior." Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5430.
Research has established that people’s environmental concern does not always translate into pro-environmental behavior. On the basis of the social dilemma perspective, the present article examines how this concern-behavior gap can be narrowed. We posit that individuals who are concerned about environmental problems feel reluctant to contribute because they fear being exploited by free riders. We further argue that generalized trust can temper this fear because it allows people to expect others to contribute. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the concern-behavior association is stronger among individuals and societies with higher levels of trust. Findings from multilevel analyses on two international survey datasets (World Values Survey and International Social Survey Programme) support our hypothesis. These findings not only elucidate the concern-behavior gap but also suggest how environmental campaigns can be improved. They also signify the need to explore cross-national variations in phenomena pertaining to environmental concern and behavior.
Kim-Pong Tam; Hoi Wing Chan. Generalized trust narrows the gap between environmental concern and pro-environmental behavior: Multilevel evidence. Global Environmental Change 2018, 48, 182 -194.
AMA StyleKim-Pong Tam, Hoi Wing Chan. Generalized trust narrows the gap between environmental concern and pro-environmental behavior: Multilevel evidence. Global Environmental Change. 2018; 48 ():182-194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim-Pong Tam; Hoi Wing Chan. 2018. "Generalized trust narrows the gap between environmental concern and pro-environmental behavior: Multilevel evidence." Global Environmental Change 48, no. : 182-194.
Taciano L. Milfont; Kim-Pong Tam. Cross-cultural environmental psychology. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2017, 54, 1 .
AMA StyleTaciano L. Milfont, Kim-Pong Tam. Cross-cultural environmental psychology. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2017; 54 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaciano L. Milfont; Kim-Pong Tam. 2017. "Cross-cultural environmental psychology." Journal of Environmental Psychology 54, no. : 1.
Zhi Liu; Xiao-Xiao Liu; Ying-Yi Hong; Joel Brockner; Kim-Pong Tam; Yan-Mei Li. Is individual bribery or organizational bribery more intolerable in China (versus in the United States)? Advancing theory on the perception of corrupt acts. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2017, 143, 111 -128.
AMA StyleZhi Liu, Xiao-Xiao Liu, Ying-Yi Hong, Joel Brockner, Kim-Pong Tam, Yan-Mei Li. Is individual bribery or organizational bribery more intolerable in China (versus in the United States)? Advancing theory on the perception of corrupt acts. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 2017; 143 ():111-128.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhi Liu; Xiao-Xiao Liu; Ying-Yi Hong; Joel Brockner; Kim-Pong Tam; Yan-Mei Li. 2017. "Is individual bribery or organizational bribery more intolerable in China (versus in the United States)? Advancing theory on the perception of corrupt acts." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 143, no. : 111-128.
Kim-Pong Tam; Hoi Wing Chan. Environmental concern has a weaker association with pro-environmental behavior in some societies than others: A cross-cultural psychology perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology 2017, 53, 213 -223.
AMA StyleKim-Pong Tam, Hoi Wing Chan. Environmental concern has a weaker association with pro-environmental behavior in some societies than others: A cross-cultural psychology perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2017; 53 ():213-223.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim-Pong Tam; Hoi Wing Chan. 2017. "Environmental concern has a weaker association with pro-environmental behavior in some societies than others: A cross-cultural psychology perspective." Journal of Environmental Psychology 53, no. : 213-223.
Although it is widely accepted that women are more pro-environmental than men, findings regarding gender differences in environmental concern have actually been mixed. In this study, we attempt to reconcile these mixed findings by considering the influence of sociocultural contexts. Specifically, we propose that some sociocultural contexts tend to hinder the psychological process that underlies gender differences in environmental concern. We tested this sociocultural hindrance hypothesis with an international survey data set (International Social Survey Programme) that involved respondents from 32 countries. We found that gender differences in environmental concern were smaller in societies with higher levels of gender inequality, economic scarcity, power distance, and collectivism. These results highlight the need to examine both the “why” and “when” questions for gender differences in environmental concern. They also indicate the importance of considering not only individual-level variables but also societal-level factors in the study of environmental concern.
Hoi Wing Chan; Vivien Pong; Kim-Pong Tam. Cross-National Variation of Gender Differences in Environmental Concern: Testing the Sociocultural Hindrance Hypothesis. Environment and Behavior 2017, 51, 81 -108.
AMA StyleHoi Wing Chan, Vivien Pong, Kim-Pong Tam. Cross-National Variation of Gender Differences in Environmental Concern: Testing the Sociocultural Hindrance Hypothesis. Environment and Behavior. 2017; 51 (1):81-108.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoi Wing Chan; Vivien Pong; Kim-Pong Tam. 2017. "Cross-National Variation of Gender Differences in Environmental Concern: Testing the Sociocultural Hindrance Hypothesis." Environment and Behavior 51, no. 1: 81-108.
Hoi-Wing Chan; Kim-Pong Tam. Identification With Society Scale. PsycTESTS Dataset 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleHoi-Wing Chan, Kim-Pong Tam. Identification With Society Scale. PsycTESTS Dataset. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoi-Wing Chan; Kim-Pong Tam. 2016. "Identification With Society Scale." PsycTESTS Dataset , no. : 1.
People from all cultures are averse to looking dumb in front of others, especially if there is a large audience. However, there could be a difference between Face and Dignity cultures in the extent to which their members see themselves as dumb when they perform poorly before a large versus small audience. In the present study, Chinese and Americans were asked to imagine themselves performing poorly on tasks either in front of 10 others or one other and make judgments about how poorly (a) they thought and (b) others would think they performed on the tasks. Chinese were found to judge their performance more negatively in the large (vs. small) audience, but Americans were not. Audience size effect on self-judgments was mediated by how the Chinese perceived others to judge their performance in the large (vs. small) audience. Findings are discussed in the context of the logic of Face and Dignity cultures.
Minjae Seo; Young-Hoon Kim; Kim-Pong Tam; Paul Rozin. I Am Dumber When I Look Dumb in Front of Many (vs. Few) Others. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2016, 47, 1019 -1032.
AMA StyleMinjae Seo, Young-Hoon Kim, Kim-Pong Tam, Paul Rozin. I Am Dumber When I Look Dumb in Front of Many (vs. Few) Others. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2016; 47 (8):1019-1032.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinjae Seo; Young-Hoon Kim; Kim-Pong Tam; Paul Rozin. 2016. "I Am Dumber When I Look Dumb in Front of Many (vs. Few) Others." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 47, no. 8: 1019-1032.
The parent–child value similarity is typically far from perfect. In this research, we propose that this phenomenon is attributable to the very first step in value socialization—parents’ selection of socialization values. The premise of this account is that parents consider not only values they personally endorse but also values they perceive to be normative in relevant societies when socializing children. Accordingly, parent–child similarity is not a necessary outcome of value socialization. We found supporting evidence to this account in a study of 94 immigrant mother–child dyads in Hong Kong. Our mother participants indeed referred to both their perceived value norms in the settlement society and the original society and their personal values when selecting socialization values. Also, the dual perceived value norms were to some extent internalized by their children. Furthermore, our mother participants’ degree of reference to value norms benefited their children’s psychosocial functioning. Specifically, participants who referred to the value norms in the settlement society to a larger extent had children with fewer adaptation difficulties, and participants who referred to the value norms in the original society had children with stronger identification with that society. Altogether, our findings indicate that investigating how parents select socialization values can illuminate our understanding of parent–child value similarity. Implications of these findings for the theoretical understanding of value socialization and children’s functioning are discussed.
Hoi-Wing Chan; Kim-Pong Tam. Understanding the Lack of Parent–Child Value Similarity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2016, 47, 651 -669.
AMA StyleHoi-Wing Chan, Kim-Pong Tam. Understanding the Lack of Parent–Child Value Similarity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2016; 47 (5):651-669.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoi-Wing Chan; Kim-Pong Tam. 2016. "Understanding the Lack of Parent–Child Value Similarity." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 47, no. 5: 651-669.
Prior studies on value development across adulthood have generally shown that as people age, they espouse communal values more strongly and agentic values less strongly. Two studies investigated whether these age differences in personal values might differ according to cultural values. Study 1 examined whether these age differences in personal values, and their associations with subjective well-being, showed the same pattern across countries that differed in individualism-collectivism. Study 2 compared age differences in personal values in the Canadian culture that emphasized agentic values more and the Chinese culture that emphasized communal values more. Personal and cultural values of each individual were directly measured, and their congruence were calculated and compared across age and cultures. Findings revealed that across cultures, older people had lower endorsement of agentic personal values and higher endorsement of communal personal values than did younger people. These age differences, and their associations with subjective well-being, were generally not influenced by cultural values. (PsycINFO Database Record
Helene H. Fung; Yuan Wan Ho; Rui Zhang; Xin Zhang; Kimberly A. Noels; Kim-Pong Tam. Age differences in personal values: Universal or cultural specific? Psychology and Aging 2016, 31, 274 -286.
AMA StyleHelene H. Fung, Yuan Wan Ho, Rui Zhang, Xin Zhang, Kimberly A. Noels, Kim-Pong Tam. Age differences in personal values: Universal or cultural specific? Psychology and Aging. 2016; 31 (3):274-286.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHelene H. Fung; Yuan Wan Ho; Rui Zhang; Xin Zhang; Kimberly A. Noels; Kim-Pong Tam. 2016. "Age differences in personal values: Universal or cultural specific?" Psychology and Aging 31, no. 3: 274-286.