This paper examines the current No-Claim Discount (NCD) system used in Ghana’s auto insurance market as inefficient and outmoded and, therefore, proposes an alternative optimal Bonus-Malus System (BMS) intended to meet the present market conditions and demand. It appears that the existing BMS fails to acknowledge the frequency and severity of policyholders’ claims in its design. We minimized the auto insurance portfolios’ risk through Bayesian estimation and found that the risk is well fitted by gamma, with the claim distribution modeled by the negative binomial law with the expected number of claims (a priori) as 14%. The models presented in this paper recognize the longevity of accident-free driving and fully reward higher discounts to policyholders from the second year when the true characteristics of the hidden risks posed to the pool have been ascertained. The BMS finally constructed using the net premium principle is very optimal and has reasonable punishment and rewards for both good and bad drivers, which could also be useful in other developing economies.

This study studies how impulses affect the bounded behaviours of delay system with bounded disturbance. By employing the method of Lyapunov function, several criteria of finite‐gain stability from disturbance to output are established. It is shown that a linear delay differential system can be finite‐gain stabilised from disturbance to output using impulsive feedback control even there is an unstable matrix. Moreover, delay differential equations also maybe finite‐gain stable from disturbance to output under an appropriate sequence of impulses treated as disturbances. Two examples and simulations are also given to illustrate our results.

Results on finite-gain \(\mathcal{L_{\infty}}\) stability from a disturbance to the output of a time-variant delay system are presented via a delay decomposition approach. By constructing an appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and a novel integral inequality, which gives a tighter upper bound than Jensen’s inequality and Bessel-Legendre inequality, some sufficient conditions are established and desired feedback controllers are designed in terms of the solution to certain LMIs. Compared with the existing results, the obtained criteria are more effective due to the tuning scalars and free-weighting matrices. Numerical examples and their simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

This study investigated the factors hindering the successful implementation of online complaints system in tertiary institutions in Northern Ghana, and developed an effective complaint system to enhance service delivery, using iterative waterfall models with CSS, MYSQL, JavaScript, HTML, and visual studio codes. To identify the factors hindering the successful implementation of online complaints system, a structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 308 participants to ascertain the factors that influence the implementation of online complaints system. The findings revealed that lack of education and training, and inadequate resources are the key factors hindering the implementation of online complaint system. Consequently, a new complaint system was developed from this study which incorporated speech-to-text, and text-to-speech features to cater for the needs of diverse users, unlike the previous ones. This new complaint system was found to be cost effective since students only need access to internet connectivity to lodge complaints, unlike previous ones where students have to travel to school before lodging complaint. Finally, the new complaint system equally efficiently handles students’ complaints by keeping a record of all previously lodged complaints of the user, this particular feature provides educational institutions with insights on the frequency of complaints lodged by users. Based on the results, it is evident that tertiary institutions which are looking forward to adopting and implementing students’ complaints system, should consider educating and training for both staff and students on its usefulness. Also, tertiary institutions are encouraged to adopt and implement this system since it is less frustrating and cost effective.