Floods are still a significant threat to people, despite of the considerable developments in forecasting, management, defensive, and rescue works. In the near future, climate and societal changes as both urbanization of flood prone areas and individual dangerous behaviors could increase flood fatalities. This paper analyzes flood mortality in eight countries using a 39-year database (1980–2018) named EUFF (EUropean Flood Fatalities), which was built using documentary sources. The narratives of fatalities were investigated and standardized in the database reporting the details of the events. The entire dataset shows a stable trend on flood fatalities, despite the existence of individual increasing (Greece, Italy, and South France) and decreasing (Turkey and Catalonia) trends. The 2466 fatalities were mainly males, aged between 30–49 years and the majority of them happened outdoor. Most often people were dragged by water/mud when travelling by motor vehicles. Some cases of hazardous behaviors, such as fording rivers, were also detected. The primary cause of death was drowning, followed by heart attack. This work contributes to understand the human–flood interaction that caused fatalities. The changes in society’s vulnerability highlighted throughout this study contribute to manage future risks, to improve people protection actions, and to reduce risk behaviors.

Les lourdes conséquences des catastrophes naturelles restent (trop) souvent expliquées, à travers les médias notamment, par les phénomènes de changements climatiques, par la défaillance des systèmes de défense ou par le caractère exceptionnel des conditions naturelles comme ce fut le cas lors des événements de février 2010 « Xynthia ». Or de tels phénomènes de submersion marine ont déjà atteint le littoral atlantique par le passé. Certes les dommages matériels et humains étaient moindres mais les conditions naturelles similaires. La différence se trouve dans l’occupation des sols bien plus tournée vers l’urbanisation ces 50 dernières années. Notre objectif est de montrer que loin d’être le fruit d’un phénomène exceptionnel, la submersion marine issue de la tempête Xynthia est l’aboutissement d’un processus de production du risque massif et récent. L’étude a concerné les communes de Charente-Maritime et Vendée qui ont subi des pertes humaines. La densification de l’urbanisation et plus généralement l’aménagement du territoire, même s’ils ne sont pas à l’origine du phénomène, ont accru les enjeux toujours plus vulnérables dans les zones à risques, accentuant ainsi les conséquences matérielles et humaines des phénomènes naturels. La tempête Xynthia a généré une submersion marine d’occurrence sans doute rare mais qui rencontre des dynamiques territoriales très rapides. Un espace quasi désert peut se retrouver en trente ans fortement urbanisé. Cet exemple rappelle que les mesures de prévention du risque en particulier les mesures de réglementation de l’occupation des sols doivent s’apprécier sur la longue durée car leur transgression est quasiment irréversible.

Recent events in Western Attica in Greece (24 deaths in November 2017), in the Balearic Islands (13 deaths in October 2018), and in southern France (15 deaths in October 2018) show that flood-related mortality remains a major concern in Mediterranean countries facing flash floods. Over the past several years, many initiatives have arisen to create databases on flood-related mortality. An international initiative started in 2011 pooling regional and national databases on flood mortality from region and/or countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. The MEditerranean Flood Fatality Database (MEFF DB) brings together, in 2018, six Mediterranean regions/countries: Catalonia (Spain), Balearic Islands (Spain), Southern France, Calabria (Italy), Greece, and Turkey, and covers the period 1980–2018. MEFF DB is on progress and, every year, new data are included, but for this study, we kept only the preliminary data that were geolocated and validated on 31st of December 2018. This research introduces a new step in the analysis of flood-related mortality and follows the statistical description of the MEFF DB already published. The goals of this paper are to draw the spatial distribution of flood mortality through a geographical information system (GIS) at different spatial scales: country, NUTS 3 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics. Level 3) regions, catchment areas, and grid. A fatality rate (F: number of deaths/year/million of inhabitants) is created to help this analysis. Then, we try to relate mortality to basic (human or physical) drivers such as population density, rainfall seasonality, or rainfall frequency across the Mediterranean Basin. The mapping of F shows a negative mortality gradient between the western and the eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea. The south of France appears to be the most affected region. The maps also highlight the seasonality of flood-related deaths with the same west–east gradient. It confirms that flood mortality follows the climatological seasonal patterns across the Mediterranean Basin. Flood-related fatalities mainly occur during the early fall season in the western part of the Mediterranean area, while the Easter Basin is affected later, in November or during the winter season. Eastern Turkey introduces another pattern, as mortality is more severe in summer. Mortality maps are then compared with factors that potentially contribute to the occurrence of flood fatalities, such as precipitation intensity (rainfall hazard), to explain geographical differences in the fatality rate. The density of a fatal event is correlated to the population density and the rainfall frequency. Conversely, the average number of deaths per event depends on other factors such as prevention or crisis management.

À partir de deux cas d’inondations récentes qui ont fait respectivement 41 et 26 morts en France en 2010, cet article examine le profil des victimes et les circonstances de décès des personnes. Le premier événement est une submersion marine qui eut lieu de nuit le 28 février 2010 sur la côte atlantique dans les départements de Vendée et de Charente-Maritime. Le second est une crue torrentielle méditerranéenne survenue le 15 juin en fin de journée entre 18 h et 20 h dans le bassin versant de la Nartuby (département du Var). Il s’avère que le type de population et les circonstances de décès sont forts différents. Dans le premier cas, les personnes, la plupart âgées, ont été surprises dans leur sommeil et sont décédées noyées dans leur habitation submergée. Dans le cas des crues torrentielles, le nombre de décès liés aux déplacements est plus élevé et concerne une population moins âgée. L’article tente de dégager les facteurs qui influencent la mortalité en distinguant rapidement une vulnérabilité passive d’une vulnérabilité active caractérisée par la prise de risque. La discussion s’ouvre sur la portée réelle des consignes de sécurité et sur l’appropriation des mesures de prévention qui doivent pour être efficaces s’adapter au contexte local.

Over the last 25 years, flash floods in the South of France have killed almost 250 people. The protection of prone populations is a priority for the French government. It is also a goal of the 2007 European flood directive. However, no accurate database exists gathering the fatalities due to floods in France. Fatalities are supposed to be rare and hazardous, mainly due to individual behaviour. A Ph. D. work has initiated the building of a database gathering a detailed analysis of the circumstances of death and the profiles of the deceased (age, gender…). The study area covers the French Mediterranean departments prone to flash floods over the period 1988-2015. This presentation details the main features of the sample, 244 fatalities collected through newspapers completed with field surveys near police services and municipalities. The sample is broken down between huge events that account for two thirds of the fatalities and “small” events (34 % of the fatalities). Deaths at home account for 35 % of the total number of fatalities, mainly during huge events. 30 % of fatalities are related to vehicles. The last part of the work explains the relations between fatalities and prevention and how better knowledge of flood-related deaths can help to improve flood prevention. The given example shows the relationship between flood forecasting and fatalities. Half of the deaths took place in a small watershed (<150 km2). It emphasizes the need for the dissemination of a complementary system of flash flood forecast based on forecasted rainfall depth and adapted to small watersheds.