Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of various clinical and biochemical abnormalities, needs early diagnosis and treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality. The present study is designed to compare Atherogenic Index of Plasma, Lipid Accumulation Product and Visceral Adiposity Index with metabolic syndrome components in patients with metabolic syndrome. The study comprises of 150 metabolic syndrome patients and 150 age and sex matched healthy controls of both genders in the age group of 20 – 65 years. Atherogenic Index of Plasma, lipid accumulation and Visceral Adiposity Index product index were calculated for all participants. Pearson Correlation was used to compare atherogenic Index of plasma, lipid accumulation and Visceral Adiposity Index product between cases and controls. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to compare the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of Atherogenic Index of Plasma, lipid accumulation and Visceral Adiposity Index product with metabolic syndrome. The comparisons between the BMI, WC, Atherogenic Index of Plasma ,lipid accumulation and Visceral Adiposity Index product were significantly higher in metabolic syndrome cases (p <0.001).Although the entire index were independently associated with Mets, AIP showed the highest area under the curve (0.954, 95% CI 0.929 0.978,p value ≤0.0001) in identifying metabolic syndrome.

Quadriceps weakness and morphological alteration is a documented phenomenon that can have a major impact on strength and functional performance of PFPS patients. An effective and trustworthy non-invasive technique for measuring the quadriceps muscle's anatomy and architecture is B- Mode Ultrasonography. The aim of the study is to assess & compare the effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation application, quadriceps strengthening & in combination on the quadriceps muscle architecture and functional capacity in patients with Patello femoral pain syndrome. One hundred and twenty-four participants aged 18 - 40 years old with anterior knee pain were included. Participants were randomly allocated into four groups. Group A participants were given NMES, group B were given QS, group C were given combination therapy (NMES+QS) and group D was control group. Cross sectional area, Fascicle length & pennation angle were measured using B-Mode (2D) ultrasound for Quadriceps Femoris muscle. Knee function & pain were assessed using Kujala score and VAS. All parameters were evaluated before and after the intervention. The mean age, weight, height & BMI of control, NMES, QS and NMES+QS were not statistically significant (P = 0.881, 0.960, 0.951 & 0.953) which shows that the control and experimental groups were homogenous. Combination group showed significant improvement when compared to QS group followed by NMES group. Control group did not show any improvement. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in combination with quadriceps strengthening showed a better outcome than in isolation on quadriceps muscle architecture after 10 weeks.

Type-2 Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder and is combined with co-morbidities, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular disease which taken together, comprise the ‘Metabolic Syndrome’. This disease causes crucial morbidity and mortality at considerable expense to patients, their families and society. Different categories of drugs such as insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, DPP4 inhibitors, Dual PPAR agonists etc are used for its management. In this review, we have highlighted the recent advances in diagnosis and therapeutics used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. The classical and online-literature were studied in order to compile the data which includes the electronic search engine such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Sci Finder, PubMed and Web of Science etc. The scientific data showed that at present, there are different families of oral and injectable drugs are at hand for the treatment of T2DM which has deleterious side effects. Hence, we need to develop a novel, safety and effective agents that will improve the quality of life of T2DM patients, considering the properties of the treatment such as effectiveness and durability of lowering blood Glucose, risk of hypoglycemia and diabetes complications.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological condition that worsens with age (i.e., 1% of people over 65) with no permanent cure. Hence, finding a disease-modifying agent with fewer undesirable side effects is urgently needed. Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology results in the degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons by accumulating lewy bodies, alpha-synuclein (-syn), lowering anti-oxidants, increasing neuronal inflammation, and altering neuron shape. A well-researched natural substance called withania somnifera (WS) has a potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neurodegenerative impact. WS, sometimes called as Indian Ginseng, is a subtropical undershrub of the Solanaceae family together with Ashwagandha. In the current work, EWSR's anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective efficacy was assessed in relation to rotenone-induced oxidative stress (i.e., LPO, CAT, and SOD & GSH), microglial activation, and neurodegeneration in the rotenone rat PD model. In ROT-induced brains, EWSR therapy resulted in a considerable decrease in LPO and increased levels of the antioxidants SOD, CAT, and GSH. Furthermore, our research showed that the intraperitoneal treatment of EWSR (40 mg/kg) in rotenone-induced rats reduced microglial activation and neuron loss in the substantia nigra (SN) and hippocampus caused by rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. Based on the observations, EWSR can be considered as an excellent source for neuroprotection, due to its significant anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-neurodegenerative and anti-microglial properties when administered individually and in combination with known anti-inflammatory compounds (Doxycycline and Ellagic acids). But, further research is required before replacing the known neuroprotective treatments with phytochemical treatments.