We compared the age-adjusted death rates (AADR) for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among 206,159 inhabitants analyzed between 2000 and 2010 in four wine territories of Hungary: Tokaj (white wines), Eger (mostly red wines), Balaton (mostly white wines), Szekszárd-Villány (mostly red wines) and Hódmezővásárhely (HMV) (not a wine region). The mortality rates were also assessed from the aspects of total hardness of drinking water and index of socio-economic deprivation (ID). We found the highest cardiovascular mortality in the Tokaj region and HMV. On the other hand, lower numbers of CVD were observed in Szekszárd-Villány, Balaton and Eger. These findings on cardiovascular mortality correlated negatively and significantly with the values of total hardness of drinking waters, which were low in Tokaj and HMV. They were higher in Szekszárd-Villány, Balaton and Eger. Additionally, and surprisingly, the mortality of CVD correlated positively and significantly with the ID values despite of the small numeric differences. The hardness of drinking water and the level of socio-economic state seem to have a greater impact on the mortality rate of CVD than the consumption of “red” or “white” dominant types of wines at a region. This study shows data on a population larger than 200,000 persons.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A rákbetegségek incidencia- (gyakorisági) értékei világszerte, így Magyarországon is folyamatosan növekednek. Az emlőrákok előfordulása és kórlefolyása a két nemben azonban sajátosan különbözik. Célkitűzés: Célul tűztük ki, hogy megvizsgáljuk és értékeljük a női és a férfiemlőrák incidencia- és mortalitási (halálozási) adatait Magyarországon 2000 és 2016 között. Módszer: A Központi Statisztikai Hivatalból és a Nemzeti Rákregiszterből származó adatok standardizált, 100 000 főre számított feldolgozása. Eredmények: Magyarországon a vizsgált időszakban az emlőrákok gyakoriságának növekedése megközelítőleg ugyanolyan mértékű (39%) volt, mint az összes ráké (34%). Az emelkedés jelentős: a 2016-ban 8,7% részarányú női emlőrák esetében 39%, a 0,22%-os részarányú férfiráknál 60%. Ezzel szemben a halálozási adatok jelentős mértékű csökkenéseket mutatnak mind az összes daganat, mind a női emlőrák vonatkozásában, míg a férfiemlőrák esetében a csökkenés nagyobb mértékű. A rosszindulatú daganatok incidenciája és a 2-es típusú diabetes mellitus (2DM) prevalenciája egyaránt magasan szignifikáns korrelációt mutatott az egy főre jutó bruttó nemzeti össztermék (GDP) értékének növekedésével. Új megfigyelés, hogy a 2DM-növekedés időben megelőzte a daganatok incidenciájának növekedését. Következtetés: A vizsgált időszakban a női és a férfiemlőrákok magyarországi gyakorisági és halálozási adatai a nemzetköziekhez hasonló tendenciákat mutatnak. A férfiemlőrákok sokkal ritkábbak, de kezelésük kevésbé hatékony. Új szempont, hogy a rosszindulatú daganatok gyakoribb megjelenésében a klinikailag kedvezőtlenebb 2DM százalékos arányának (prevalenciájának) emelkedése is jelentős tényező lehet az elhízáshoz kapcsolódva. A GDP növekedése kedvezően hathatott a halálozások csökkenésében a kedvezőbb gyógyítási és megelőzési feltételek megteremtésével. Ugyanakkor ennek a növekedésnek szerepe lehet az elhízással összefüggő 2DM prevalenciájának emelkedésében is. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(5): 181–186. Summary. Introduction: The incidence of malignant cancers is continuously growing. In breast cancers, the incidence and clinical course are greatly different in the two genders. Objective: We aimed to investigate the incidence and mortality of breast cancers in females and males in Hungary between 2000 and 2016. Methods: The data derived from the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and the National Cancer Registry were evaluated and standardized for 100 000 inhabitants. Results: In Hungary, the elevation of breast cancer incidence (39%) showed a similar extent as that of total tumours (34%). In female breast cancers representing a much greater percent (8.7% in 2016) than that in males (0.22%), the increase was significant (39%) as in males (60 %). On the other hand, mortality was significantly lower for both of them regarding total malignant and female breast tumours, whereas the decrease was greater in the male breast cancers. The increase of GDP per capita showed highly significant correlation with the incidence of malignant tumours and prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (2DM). It was a new finding that the increase in the prevalence of 2DM precedes the elevation of the incidence of cancer. Conclusion: In Hungary, the data of incidence and mortality of female and male breast cancers showed similar tendencies as the international ones. The breast cancers of males were rarer but their treatment was less effective. However, it was a new aspect that in the increased incidence of malignant tumours also the greater prevalence of 2DM could be an important factor related to obesity. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(5): 181–186.

It was suggested that the measurement of chemiluminescence induced by cytochrome c plus hydrogen peroxide might characterize the peroxidase activity of various wines added and, furthermore, the Botrytis cinerea related quality of Aszú wines of Tokaj in Hungary. The chemiluminescence produced by cytochrome c plus hydrogen peroxide reaction was detected by a luminometer. The chemiluminescence stimulating effects of various wines (n = 146) including Aszú wines from Tokaj and other Hungarian white and red wines were compared and analysed by using an “Index of Stimulation”. The content of gluconic acid in Aszú wines was determined colorimetrically. All types of wines tested could stimulate the intensity of chemiluminescence induced by the cytochrome c plus hydrogen peroxide expressed by an Index of Stimulation. This effect could mainly be regarded as a result of the peroxidase activity of wines. The highest values of the Index of Stimulation were found in the Aszú wines of Tokaj reflecting their 5–6 „baskets” types, which characterized their „Botrytis related qualities”. Three categories of Aszú wines could be created on the basis of the Index of Stimulation. The stimulating effect was also proven by pure Botrytis cinerea particles owning peroxidase activity on the cytochrome c plus hydrogen peroxide reaction. The Botrytis influences and gluconic acid concentrations correlated positively. The augmentation of chemiluminescence in the cytochrome c plus hydrogen peroxide reaction could characterize the peroxidase activity of various wines and, furthermore, the „Botrytis cinerea related quality” of various Botrytis wines. However, this quality did not reflect completely the values of flavour and odour in these wines.

The age-adjusted death rates (AADRs) due to cancers were investigated in two historical regions of white wines (Tokaj and Balaton) and in Hódmezővásárhely (HMV) as a control territory in Hungary between 2000 and 2010 evaluating 111,910 persons. The results of AADRs due to the eight most frequent types/gastrointestinal cancers were as follows: Tokaj 2120/664, Balaton: 2417/824, HMV: 2770/821, nationwide: 2773/887. The values found in Tokaj and Balaton regions were significantly less than those of HMV and nationwide. However, the least values were found in Tokaj. This Tokaj-related strong difference was not found among the regions in the case of young populations with hematological diseases but only in the older people who have been consuming their wines for decades. Supposedly, this wine-specific anti-cancer phenomenon could be related to the chemical differences existing in the two types of white wines, namely, to the pro-oxidant molecules of Tokaj wines derived from Botrytis cinerea. The roles of red meat consumption, hardness of drinking water, mineral content of soil, and socioeconomic status were negligible. It should be stressed that these data are valid only for these populations, for this period. Noteworthily, the different types of wines may have different effects on mortality rates during long-lasting consumptions.

Urbanization with reduced microbial exposure is associated with an increased burden of asthma and atopic symptoms. Conversely, environmental exposure to endotoxins in childhood can protect against the development of allergies. Our study aimed to investigate whether the renaturation of the indoor environment with aerosolized radiation-detoxified lipopolysaccharide (RD-LPS) has a preventative effect against the development of ragweed-induced Th₂-type airway inflammation. To explore this, cages of six-week-old BALB/c mice were treated daily with aerosolized native LPS (N-LPS) or RD-LPS. After a 10-week treatment period, mice were sensitized and challenged with ragweed pollen extract, and inflammatory cell infiltration into the airways was observed. As dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the polarization of T-cell responses, in our in vitro experiments, the effects of N-LPS and RD-LPS were compared on human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). Mice in RD-LPS-rich milieu developed significantly less allergic airway inflammation than mice in N-LPS-rich or common environments. The results of our in vitro experiments demonstrate that RD-LPS-exposed moDCs have a higher Th₁-polarizing capacity than moDCs exposed to N-LPS. Consequently, we suppose that the aerosolized, non-toxic RD-LPS applied in early life for the renaturation of urban indoors may be suitable for the prevention of Th₂-mediated allergies in childhood.

Earlier models of stress reactions did not consider the concurrent coupling of intracellular Ca² ⁺ levels with the concomitant release of ATP and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In such conditions, extracellular ATP acting on purinergic type 2 (P2) receptors can trigger the release of various mediator molecules that support cellular defence. Additionally, extracellular adenosine (Ado), formed from ATP, acts on P1 receptors to moderate and control mediator release, preventing cellular hyperactivity, supporting survival, replenishing ATP pools, or, in certain cases, inducing a pathological state. In this study, we present three integrated models, based on earlier publications and complemented by new original observations: a) “Model of the extracellular ATP–adenosine danger cycle coupled to stress hormones”; b) “Model of cellular homeostasis, apoptosis, and necrosis in various danger/stress situations related to Ca² ⁺ , ATP, and adenosine”; c) “Model of intracellular, extracellular, and systemic elements of stress responses related to the ATP-adenosine danger cycle, ROS, and hormones.”